大鼠原位肝移植胆道并发症的原因分析

目的研究胆道并发症的发生原因,建立稳定的大鼠原位肝移植模型。方法“二袖套法”行大鼠原位肝脏移植180例,即肝上下腔静脉（SVC）采用连续缝合法吻合,门静脉（PV）以及肝下下腔静脉（IVC）采用袖套法吻合,胆总管采用内支架胆管端端吻合法。结果模型稳定后,供肝冷缺血时间为（50．1±12．0）min,无肝期为（16．0±3．1）min,受体手术时间为（54．4±10．6）min,术后胆道并发症的发生率为40％,主要表现为肝脓肿、肝内外胆管扩张、胆泥形成等。结论胆管内支架管的选择以及手术技巧是影响大鼠肝移植术后胆道并发症发生发展的重要因素。     

三袖套法金黄地鼠至大鼠肝移植模型术式改进及并发症预防措施

目的；探讨大鼠原位肝移植法模型的术式改进方法及其并发症的预防措施。方法：应用改良Ｈａｒｉｌａｒａ氏三袖套法－用袖套法吻合肝上下腔静脉（ＳＶＣ），肝下下腔静脉（ＩＶＣ）及门静脉（ＰＶ），应用塑料胆汁引汉支架行胆总管（ＢＤ）或胆囊胆总管吻合法重建胆道连续性，建立金黄地鼠至大鼠原位肝移植模型，结果：成功施行金黄地鼠至大鼠原位肝移植术２１例，其中供肝手术３６例，供体手术，血管袖套准备及受体手术时间分别为５     

三袖套法大鼠原位肝移植术后近期并发症及死因分析

目的 探讨建立稳定的三袖套法大鼠原位肝移植模型。方法 对行三袖套法肝移植术后近期死亡的２８例大鼠进行解剖,分析其术后并发症及死亡原因。结果 术后并发症主要为：出血,肝上腔静脉狭窄,门静脉血栓,呼吸道梗阻,胃扩张,气胸,肝,膈粘连,胆道梗阻。结论 术后发生的８种并发症中多娄与手术操作有关。     

降低肝移植术后手术技术相关胆道并发症的体会

目的 探讨肝移植的手术技巧，以降低手术相关胆道并发症。方法 对89例终末期肝病患者施行腔静脉成形的改良背驮式原位肝移植，供肝肝总动脉与受者肝总动脉端端吻合，供肝肝总管或胆总管与受者胆总管端端吻合，未置T管。术后定期进行影像学检查，了解移植肝是否出现胆道并发症。结果 1例术后5个月发生肝门分叉处胆管狭窄，经球囊扩张后效果不佳，再次手术行胆管狭窄成形术后治愈；其余患者未发生胆漏、吻合口狭窄、胆泥或胆道结石、肝门部胆管狭窄、胆管炎、胆汁瘤、粘液囊肿及十二指肠乳头功能异常等胆道并发症。结论 注重供肝的灌洗和修整，提高肝动脉吻合和胆道重建技巧，可有效避免或减少技术性胆道并发症的发生。     

改良二袖套法大鼠原位肝移植180例

目的改进二袖套法大鼠原位肝移植方法,建立稳定的大鼠肝移植模型。方法采用改良Kamada二袖套法进行大鼠原位肝移植180例,观察手术成功率、手术时间、免疫病理改变和术中、术后并发症等。结果总手术成功率85.6%,供者手术时间(40.0±3.8)min,修肝时间(14.3±2.1)min,受者手术时间(48.0±4.2)min,无肝期(22.0±2.3)min。SD-Wistar大鼠肝移植后出现免疫排斥病理改变。常见并发症有麻醉意外、气胸、失血性休克、下腔静脉空气栓塞、血栓形成或胆道梗阻等。结论改良Kamada二袖套法可提高手术成功率,减少并发症。SD-Wistar大鼠肝移植为高排斥组合,可作为肝移植免疫耐受研究的模型。     

原位肝移植中下腔静脉逆灌注法对胆道并发症的影响

目的探讨原位肝移植中下腔静脉逆灌注法对肝移植术后胆道并发症的影响。方法对我院1999年10月至2007年10月间肝移植生存1年以上的86例病例进行回顾性分析。其中经典原位肝Σ植组36例、下腔静脉逆灌注原位肝移植组50例,观察各组胆道并发症的发生情况,分别对两组早期及晚期胆道并发症发生率进行统计分析。结果所有患者随访时间1个月～8年,总共有12例发生胆道并发症,发生率为13.95%。①原位肝移植组36例,5例发生胆道并发症,发生率为13.89%。其中2例为早期并发症 另3例为晚期并发症,5例患者经保守治疗后有好转。②下腔静脉逆灌注法原位肝移植组50例,7例发生胆道并发症,发生率为14%。其中3例为早期并发症,1例死于合并腹腔感染,2例经保守治疗后好转。另4例为晚期并发症,经保守治疗后好转。分别对两组早期及晚期胆道并发症发生率进行统计分析,无显著差异。结论下腔静脉逆灌注法并没有增加肝移植术后胆道并发症发生率。     

大鼠原位肝移植模型术式的改进

在Ｋａｍａｄａ等方法基础上，对大鼠肝上腔静脉吻合方式，操作步骤及门静脉套管的制备做了改进，采用改进术行大鼠原位肝移植６０例。平均供受体总手术时间约６８分钟，肝上腔静脉缝合约１０分钟，受体无肝期１３．６分钟，血管吻合成功率在９５％以上，结果说明：改进后的术式既缩短了手术时间和无肝期，又提高了手术成功率。     

改良单人操作大鼠原位肝移植模型的建立

目的探索改良传统手术方法单人操作大鼠原位肝移植模型的建立方法。方法 200只(100对)大鼠建立原位肝移植模型,其中80只(40对)进行正式实验,采用改良的Kamada二袖套法,再对手术中关键步骤进行改良,并对术中及术后恢复情况进行分析。结果本组80只大鼠原位肝移植手术均顺利完成。供体手术时间为(28.5±2.4)min,供肝修整时间为(10.2±1.8)min;肝上下腔静脉吻合时间为(15.3±1.9)min,门静脉吻合时间为(3.4±1.2)min,受体无肝期为(23.8±1.9)min,肝下下腔静脉吻合时间为(5.1±2.1)min,胆道重建时间为(3.1±0.9)min。整个手术过程中供、受体出血量均不足0.5 ml。40只受体大鼠,术后2 d成活率为90.0%(36/40),3只死于肝上下腔静脉缝合处出血,1只死于无肝期过长;术后7 d成活率为82.5%(33/40),3只均死于腹腔内感染。结论在单人操作建立大鼠原位肝移植模型中,通过腹主动脉和下腔静脉整块游离行腹主动脉灌注供肝、精细解剖左隔下静脉三角、术中热凝控制出血等方面的改良可减少手术并发症的发生,保证供肝质量,提高大鼠成活率。     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的预防与处理

回顾性研究20例原位肝移植的临床资料，并结合相关文献探讨原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的发生原因及防治措施。20 例患者中术后发生胆道并发症3例(15%) 。1例为术后1周内T管致胆管梗阻；1 例为术后3个月拔除T 管后胆漏，均经及时介入、置管引流而愈；1例为术后4个月弥漫性肝内外胆管狭窄经再次肝移植治愈。提示胆道并发症与留置T管、吻合等技术因素有关，而再灌注损伤、缺血性损伤是引起肝移植术后远期胆道并发症的重要原因。改进手术技术，缩短供肝缺血时间和确保供肝胆管系统的血供可减少胆道并发症的发生。     

背驮式原位肝移植及其并发症预防

目的探讨背驮式原位肝移植的手术方法及其并发症的预防。方法对1例原发性胆汁性肝硬化、1例肝癌术后复发病人实施了同种异体背驮式原位全肝移植手术。结果术中无肝期时间分别为90min、65min，出血量分别为1500ml、3500ml，术后恢复良好。结论背驮式肝移植手术要保留肝后下腔静脉及肝静脉，对切除病肝技术要求高，采用阻断肝下下腔静脉、肝上下腔静脉方法切除病肝，以及受体肝静脉及其肝后下腔静脉拼合的口径与供肝的肝上下腔静脉开口，及其肝后下腔静脉修剪口径吻合，可降低术中出血及移植肝静脉回流障碍并发症。     

背驮式同种原位肝移植一例

对１例患原发性胆汁性肝硬变合并门静脉高压征的终末期患者作了背驮式同种原位肝移植术，历时８小时３０分钟，手术获得成功，患者术后恢复良好。认为该术式由于保留受者的肝后下腔静脉，具有术中血流动力学稳定，肾功能不受影响，术后恢复快等优点，但是对手术前一般情况差或者估计无肝期时间长的患者，采用背驮式手术，加作门静脉－腋静脉（或颈静脉）转流是必要的。采用经胆囊管插管引流，可以减少胆总管的损伤和术后胆管狭窄的机会。     

大鼠原位肝移植制作过程中常见失败原因分析及处理策略

目的：分析大鼠位肝移植制作过程中常见失败原因及总结相应的处理策略。
方法：历时10个月,采用改良Kamada二袖套法制作大鼠原位肝移植模型150例。将每完成50例作为1个实验阶段,分早、中、后期3个阶段对失败原因进行分析,总结经验。
结果：大鼠原位肝移植常见失败原因在早期阶段主要以气胸（5.8%）,术中出血（10.6%）,无肝期过长（50.4%）为主;中、后期主要以肝上下腔静脉吻合失败（21.0%）,无肝期过长（20.6%）,门静脉及肝下下腔静脉袖套吻合失败（17.6%）,胆管重建失败（5.6%）为主。
结论：导致大鼠原位肝移植模型制作失败的原因较多,无肝期是影响成功与否的关键,及时地对失败原因进行分析总结并寻找合理的解决办法,有助于初学者熟练地掌握该技术。     

经升主动脉灌注的无心跳供体大鼠原位肝移植模型的建立

目的 探讨建立一个能灌注更彻底、更易操作、热缺血时间容易控制的原位肝移植动物模型。方法 在Kamada两袖套法的基础上进行改良，供体经升主动脉进行冷灌注，肝上下腔静脉用缝合法吻合，门静脉和肝下下腔静脉用袖套法吻合，胆总管采用胆管内支架端端吻合的方法。建立无心跳供体的大鼠原位肝移植模型。结果 40例移植后1d大鼠存活率为95．0％(38／40)，1周存活率为85．5％(35／40)。结论 经升主动脉灌注的供肝灌注更彻底、均匀，更易操作，热缺血时间控制更精准，行肝移植后1周存活率较文献报道高。     

20%小体积的大鼠肝脏移植模型

目的 应用显微外科技术建立20%小体积移植物的大鼠原位肝脏移植模型.方法 原位移植建立20%小体积大鼠肝脏移植模型.雄性Lewis大鼠40只,供体20只,受体20只.供肝经门静脉用4℃ UW液灌注.肝上下腔静脉用端端吻合连续缝合的方法.肝下下腔静脉和门静脉分别用套管方法固定.套叠缝合法重建肝动脉.胆管重建采用内支架管端端连接的方法.观察移植物的存活率.免疫组化检测肝细胞摄取溴脱氧尿核苷的情况.结果 共施行肝脏移植手术20例,移植手术成功率为100%.20%小体积肝脏移植物的存活率为93.8%(＞14 d).组织学检查移植后的肝脏组织结构良好.移植术后72 h溴脱氧尿核苷染色阳性的肝细胞计数明显增多.结论 20%小体积大鼠肝脏移植物可启动完成移植后的肝脏再生.显微外科技术是移植模型成功的关键.该模型稳定性强,适合于部分肝脏移植领域的基础研究.     

Venous complications after orthotopic liver transplantation

Complications involving the portal vein or the vena cava, are rare after orthotopic liver transplantation. We report on the incidence and treatment of venous complications following 1000 orthotopic liver transplantations in 911 patients. Twenty-six of the adult patients (2.7%) suffered from portal complications after transplantation, whereas complications of the vena cava were observed in only 17 patients (1.8%). Technical problems or recurrence of the underlying disease (e.g. Budd-Chiari syndrome) accounted for the majority of complications of the vena cava, whereas alteration of the vessel wall or splenectomy during transplantation could be identified as important risk factors for portal vein complications. In patients undergoing modification of the standard end-to-end veno-venous anastomosis of the portal vein due to pathological changes of the vessel wall, complications occurred in 8.3%, whereas only 2.4% of patients who received a standard anastomosis of the portal vein experienced complications of the portal vein. Furthermore, splenectomy during transplantation was also associated with an increased incidence of portal vein complications (10.5 vs. 2.2% in patients without splenectomy). Treatment was dependent on the signs and symptoms of the patients, and varied considerably between patients with portal vein complications and patients suffering from complications of the vena cava. Complications of the vena cava led to retransplantation in about one-third of the patients, whereas in patients with occlusion of the portal vein, retransplantation was necessary in only 15%, and more than half of the patients suffering from portal vein complications did not require any treatment at all. Usually, treatment of patients with portal vein complications only became necessary when additional complications such as arterial occlusion or bile duct injuries occurred.     

Segmental liver transplantation from living donors. Report of the technique and preliminary results in dogs

A technique of orthotopic liver transplantation using a segmental graft from living donors was developed in the dog. Male mongrel dogs weighing 25-30 kg were used as donors and 10-15 kg as recipients. The donor operation consists of harvesting the left lobe of the liver (left medial and left lateral segments) with the left branches of the portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct, and the left hepatic vein. The grafts are perfused in situ through the left protal branch to prevent warm ischemia. The recipient operation consists of two phases: total hepatectomy with preservation of the inferior vena cava using total vascular exclusion of the liver and veno-venous bypass, implantation of the graft in the orthotopic position with anastomosis of the left hepatic vein to the inferior vena cava and portal, arterial and biliary reconstruction. Preliminary experiments consisted of four autologous left lobe transplants and nine non survival allogenic left lobe transplants. Ten survival experiments were conducted. There were no intraoperative deaths in the donors and none required transfusions. One donor died of sepsis, but all the other donor dogs survived without complication. Among the 10 grafts harvested, one was not used because of insufficient bile duct and artery. Two recipients died intraoperatively of air embolus and cardiac arrest at the time of reperfusion. Three dogs survived, two for 24 hours and one for 48 hours. They were awake and alert a few hours after surgery, but eventually died of pulmonary edema in 2 cases and of an unknown reason in the other. Four dogs died 2-12 hours postoperatively as a result of hemorrhage for the graft's transected surface. An outflow block after reperfusion was deemed to be the cause of hemorrhage in these cases. On histologic examination of the grafts, there were no signs of ischemic necrosis or preservation damage. This study demonstrates the technical feasibility of living hepatic allograft donation. It shows that it is possible, in the dog, to safely harvest non ischemic segmental grafts with adequate pedicles without altering the vascularization and the biliary drainage of the remaining liver. We propose that this technique is applicable to human anatomy.     

Orthotopic transplantation of a partial hepatic autograft in dogs

The purpose of this study was to investigate the availability of an orthotopic transplantation of partial hepatic autograft in dogs as a means of surgical training. Male momgrel dogs weighting 10–15kg were used. The left lobe of the liver was harvested while preserving the left branches of the portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct, and the left hepatic vein. The remnant liver was removed while preserving the inferior vena cava using a veno-venous bypass. Orthotopic transplantation of the autograft was performed while anastomosing the left hepativ vein to the inferior vena cava, portal and arterial reconstruction, and external biliary drainage. Thirteen out of 29 dogs survived more than 48 h after transplantation. However, 6 out of 13 dogs were sacrificed after developing bile peritonitis due to a dislodgement of the biliary catheter, and only two dogs were able to survive for 7 days after transplantation. The arterial ketone body ratio recovered to 1.0 within 1 h after reperfusion, and the ratio of the dogs that survived for more than 48 h remained above 1.0 until sacrifice. Orthotopic transplantation of a partial hepatic autograft is a useful and simple procedure to train surgeons for partial liver transplantation.     

背驮式肝移植──连续成功9例的经验体会

目的　总结连续 9例背驮式肝移植 (POLT)的经验。　方法　从 1 999年 8月 31日开始施行首例肝移植至 2 0 0 1年 1月 31日连续进行了肝移植 9例。全部使用彭氏多功能手术解剖器 (PMOD)施行 ,9例中 2例为Caroli病 ;3例为肝细胞性肝癌 ;1例为肝糖原累积症I型伴多发性肝腺瘤 ;1例为硬化性胆管炎 ;2例为晚期肝硬化。 9例中除 1例行静脉转流辅助外 ,其余 8例均未行转流。供肝的流出道均采用受体的肝中肝左静脉共干与供肝的肝上下腔静脉端端吻合。胆道重建除 1例行胆管空肠Roux Y吻合外 ,其余 8例均为胆道端端吻合并于吻合口远端置T管 ,其近端超过吻合口 ,作为支撑管之用。　结果　 9例全部存活 ,首例至今已近 1 8个月。除 2例新近手术后仅 1 1天者外 ,其余 7例均自理生活 ,其中第 2例于术后 2月就恢复工作。　结论　背驮式肝移植术适用于绝大多数接受肝移植的患者。使用PMOD采取刮吸解剖法有助于POLT的开展。