.舍曲林辅助治疗精神分裂症阴性症状40例

［摘要］目的观察舍曲林对精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效和安全性。方法以阴性症状为主的住院精神分裂症患者80例,随机分为治疗组与对照组,各40例。治疗组：利培酮起始剂量1 mg•d 1,po,平均（4.5±1.3） mg•d 1,联合舍曲林50～100 mg•d 1,平均（66.2±23.7） mg•d 1,po;对照组：利培酮起始剂量1 mg•d 1,平均（4.9±1.1） mg•d 1,po。疗程8周。采用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、不良反应量表（TESS）评定疗效和不良反应。结果4周末两组PANSS总分、阳性因子分、阴性因子分及8周末两组PANSS总分和各因子分与治疗前比较均差异有显著性或极显著性（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。8周末治疗组PANSS总分及阴性因子分明显低于对照组（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。结论舍曲林辅助治疗精神分裂症阴性症状有较好的疗效,且安全性好。     

奎的平与氯丙嗪治疗精神分裂症的对比研究

目的:探讨奎的平与氯丙嗪治疗精神分裂症的疗效及不良反应.方法:精神分裂症患者40例,随机分为治疗组和对照组各20例,分别给予奎的平与氯丙嗪治疗,奎的平及氯丙嗪初始剂量均为50 mg•d 1,隔日增加剂量50 mg,剂量范围300～500 mg•d 1,奎的平平均(433±19) mg•d 1,氯丙嗪平均(468±39) mg•d 1,疗程均为6周.采用阳性症状与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、不良反应症状量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应. 结果:治疗组显效率75.0%,有效率90.0%;对照组显效率50.0%,有效率90.0%.治疗组无明显锥体外系反应,对照组16例有锥体外系反应.结论:奎的平和氯丙嗪治疗精神分裂症均有确切疗效,奎的平对症状的改善更好.     

喹硫平治疗精神分裂症30例

目的 考察喹硫平治疗精神分裂症的有效性及安全性. 方法 将60例精神分裂症患者分为治疗组和对照组, 每组30例.治疗组给予喹硫平, 初始剂量100 mg&#8226;d^-1, 2周内加至400~800 mg&#8226;d^-1, 以后3周内视病情及不良反应调整剂量, 最大剂量1 200 mg&#8226;d^-1, 平均（728.3±199.9） mg&#8226;d^-1.对照组给予利培酮, 起始剂量1 mg&#8226;d^-1, 2周后加至治疗量3~6 mg&#8226;d^-1, 平均（4.9±0.9） mg&#8226;d^-1.疗程均为8周.两组根据情况给予苯海索、氮类药或普萘洛尔等对症处理, 以阴性和阳性症状量表（PANSS）、不良反应量表（TESS）分别评定疗效、病情严重程度和不良反应. 结果 治疗组与对照组的显效率均为70.0%, 有效率分别为90.0%和86.7%.两组在治疗前PANSS评分差异无显著性, 在治疗8周末, 两组PANSS评分较治疗前显著下降, 均差异有极显著性（均P< 0.01）.两组比较差异无显著性（P＞0.05）.治疗组的不良反应较对照组少而轻.结论 喹硫平可显著改善精神分裂症症状, 且不良反应发生率低, 是一种安全有效的抗精神病药物.     

齐拉西酮与利培酮治疗首发精神分裂症的对照研究

目的 探讨齐拉西酮治疗首发精神分裂症的有效性与安全性. 方法 将76例未服药的首发精神分裂症患者随机分为治疗组37例, 对照组39例. 治疗组给予齐拉西酮, 初始剂量为20～40 mg&#8226;d^-1 , bid, 餐时口服, 15 d内可视病情调整至最大剂量80～160 mg&#8226;d^-1 , 平均终末治疗剂量（90.1±10.2） mg&#8226;d^-1. 对照组给予利培酮, 初始剂量为0.5～1.0 mg&#8226;d-1 , 15 d内可视病情调整至2～6 mg&#8226;d^-1 , 平均治疗剂量（3.5 ±0.6） mg&#8226;d^-1. 疗程8周. 于治疗前和治疗第2, 4, 6, 8周末采用阳性症状与阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定临床疗效, 不良反应症状量表（TESS）评定不良反应. 结果 治疗第8周末治疗组和对照组PANSS评分均非常显著低于治疗前（P<0.01）, 但组间差异均无显著性（P>0.05）, 两组有效率分别为91.9%和89.8%, 差异无显著性（P>0.05）. 治疗组的不良反应较少, 两组差异无显著性（P>0.05）. 结论 齐拉西酮治疗首发精神分裂症的疗效与利培酮相当, 是安全、有效的新型抗精神病药物.     

哌罗匹隆治疗首发精神分裂症32例

目的探讨哌罗匹隆治疗首发精神分裂症的临床疗效及安全性。方法64例首发精神分裂症患者,随机分为治疗组和对照组各32例。治疗组给予哌罗匹隆,起始剂量12 mg&#8226;d－1,逐渐增加到治疗剂量,最大48 mg&#8226;d－1,平均（28.00±9.59） mg&#8226;d－1;对照组给予阿立哌唑,起始剂量5 mg&#8226;d－1,逐渐增加到治疗剂量,最大30 mg&#8226;d－1,平均（18.33±7.90） mg&#8226;d－1。疗程8周。两组治疗期间必要时使用苯二氮类药物和抗胆碱能药物。于用药前及用药后1,2,4,8周分别采用阳性与阴性症状量表和临床总体印象量表评定药物疗效,副作用量表评定不良反应。结果治疗8周后,治疗组有效率84.38%,对照组有效率87.50%,两组疗效差异无统计学意义。治疗组锥体外系不良反应少于对照组（P＜0.05）,两组头痛、嗜睡、体质量增加、恶心、呕吐、口干、心动过速或过缓、肝功能异常等不良反应差异无统计学意义。结论哌罗匹隆治疗精神分裂症疗效与阿立哌唑相当,不良反应明显少于阿立哌唑。     

氯氮平和利培酮治疗精神分裂症的疗效比较

目的:比较氯氮平和利培酮治疗精神分裂症的疗效和不良反应.方法:符合CCMD 3诊断标准的精神分裂症患者80例,随机分为治疗组和对照组各40例,治疗组给予氯氮平,初始量25 mg&#8226;d 1,po,2周内递增至治疗量200～500 mg&#8226;d 1;对照组给予利培酮,初始量1 mg&#8226;d 1,po,2周内递增至治疗量2～8 mg&#8226;d 1.疗程均为8周.用BPRS评定疗效,用TESS评定不良反应.结果:治疗组和对照组的显效率分别为65.0%,42.5%(P＜0.05).治疗组的主要不良反应为过度镇静、流涎、心动过速及白细胞异常等;对照组的主要不良反应为EPS、失眠、激越及泌乳等.结论:氯氮平治疗精神分裂症起效快且疗效优于利培酮.     

哌罗匹隆与奎硫平治疗首发精神分裂症临床对照

目的 比较哌罗匹隆与奎硫平治疗首发精神分裂症的临床疗效和安全性. 方法首发精神分裂症患者60例随机分成治疗组和对照组各30例. 治疗组给予哌罗匹隆片,po,起始剂量4 mg&#8226;d^-1,最大剂量48 mg&#8226;d^-1,平均(28.0±8.0) mg&#8226;d^-1. 对照组给予奎硫平,初始剂量100 mg&#8226;d^-1,最大剂量750 mg&#8226;d^-1,平均(650.0±75.0) mg&#8226;d^-1. 两组治疗均8周. 采用阳性与阴性症状量表(positive and negative syndrome scale,PANSS)评定疗效,以不良反应量表(treatment emergent symptom scale,TESS)及相关辅助检查评价耐受性. 结果 治疗8周后,治疗组PANSS分由治疗前 (92.4±22.6) 分降为(41.0±13.3)分(P<0.01);对照组PANSS总分由(92.5±23.1)分降为 (40.1±12.5)分(P<0.01); 治疗组和对照组显效率分别为80.0%和83.3%,不良反应发生率分别为30.0%和26.7%(P>0.05). 结论 哌罗匹隆与奎硫平治疗首发精神分裂症总体疗效相当,安全性好.     

奎硫平与奥氮平治疗老年期精神分裂症比较

目的比较奎硫平与奥氮平治疗老年精神分裂症的疗效和安全性。方法将60例老年精神分裂症患者随机分为两组各30例,治疗前均进行1周药物清洗。两组分别给予奎硫平或奥氮平口服。奎硫平起始剂量50 mg&#8226;d－1,逐渐加量至100～400 mg&#8226;d－1,平均（320.2±80.5） mg&#8226;d－1;奥氮平起始剂量2.5 mg&#8226;d－1,渐加量至5～15 mg&#8226;d－1,平均（10.1±5.4） mg&#8226;d－1。疗程8周,采用阳性与阴性症状量表及治疗中出现的症状量表评定疗效和不良反应。结果治疗8周后两组阳性与阴性症状量表评分均较治疗前显著下降。奎硫平组显效率70.0%,有效率90.0%;奥氮平组显效率73.3%,有效率93.3%,差异无统计学意义。奎硫平组的锥体外系反应、嗜睡、体质量增加均明显低于奥氮平组（P＜0.01）;奎硫平组头晕、便秘、口干亦低于奥氮平组（P＜0.05）。结论奎硫平与奥氮平对老年期精神分裂症均有较好的疗效,奎硫平安全性更高。     

齐拉西酮联合小剂量氯氮平治疗难治性精神分裂症30例

目的 探讨齐拉西酮联合小剂量氯氮平治疗难治性精神分裂症的疗效及安全性. 方法 按随机分组法, 将符合难治性精神分裂症条件的60例患者, 分为治疗组和对照组各30例. 治疗组给予齐拉西酮160 mg&#8226;d-1, 氯氮平150 mg&#8226;d-1. 对照组给予氯氮平500 mg&#8226;d-1. 研究周期为8周. 治疗前、治疗后第2, 4, 8周末评定阳性与阴性症状量表评分(PANSS)、不良反应量表评分(TESS). 治疗前后均测定血、尿常规; 肝、肾功能; 心、脑电图. 结果治疗2周后两组患者的PANSS总分、阳性症状分都明显下降(P<0.05). 治疗组阴性症状分第2周开始下降, 对照组从第4周开始下降, 提示治疗组对缓解阴性症状的作用更为迅速. 第8周末两组临床痊愈率、有效率相当(P＞0.05). 对照组嗜睡、流涎、便秘、头昏的出现率、脑电图异常率、体质量、体质量指数(BMI)增加要明显高于治疗组(P<0.01或P<0.05). 结论小剂量氯氮平联合齐拉西酮和大剂量的氯氮平治疗难治性精神分裂症同样有效, 而且不良反应相对较轻且少.     

舍曲林联合氯硝西泮治疗氯丙咪嗪无效的强迫症

目的: 探讨舍曲林联合氯硝西泮对氯丙咪嗪治疗无效的强迫症的疗效.方法: 对52例氯丙咪嗪治疗无效的强迫症住院患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各26例.治疗组给予舍曲林50 mg&#8226;d 1,3 d后增至100 mg&#8226;d 1,氯硝西泮4 mg&#8226;d 1,3 d后增至8 mg&#8226;d 1,均口服;对照组仅给予舍曲林,用法同治疗组.疗程均为8周.采用Yale Brow强迫量表(Y Bocs)和副作用量表(TESS)评定疗效和不良反应.结果: 治疗组显效率64.5%,对照组显效率38.5%;治疗第4,8周末Y Bocs评分治疗组优于对照组(P＜0.05);不良反应两组差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论: 舍曲林并氯硝西泮治疗氯丙咪嗪无效的强迫症安全,有效.     

Role of the liver in the disposition of intravenous nitroglycerin in the rat

Previous studies have indicated that the liver is the main site of nitroglycerin (NTG) elimination when the drug is systematically infused. To examine this hypothesis, we measured the apparent systemic clearance (Cls) of nitroglycerin in anesthesized rats receiving a constant intravenous infusion at a dose of 100 micrograms per kg per min. Animals were divided into shunt and sham groups; the former had undergone a portal vein ligation 10 days prior to the study, while the latter was subjected to a sham operation. On the study day, half of the animals of each group also received probenecid at 200 mg/kg, i.v., a drug previously reported to inhibit organic nitrate ester reductase (ONER) activity in rat liver. Arterial NTG samples were obtained at 41, 43 and 45 min of infusion in all four experimental groups; Cls was 439 +/- 32 ml per kg per min (mean +/- S.E.) in sham, 460 +/- 44 in sham and probenecid, 477 +/- 39 in shunt, and 461 +/- 34 in shunt and probenecid animals. During NTG infusion, hepatic blood flow (measured with a constant infusion of indocyanine green) was decreased markedly in shunted rats as was liver/body weight, indicating hepatic atrophy. The specific activity of hepatic ONER was similar in all four groups. In spite of marked differences in hepatic blood flow and hepatic mass, the Cls was similar in all four groups. The liver does not appear to be a major site for the elimination of systemic nitroglycerin as hitherto assumed.     

HACCP在学校集体食堂卫生管理中的应用研究

目的 通过HACCP在学校集体食堂管理中的应用,提高食品卫生水平,保障学生的身体健康。方法 HACCP原则。结果 食品卫生达到较高水平,极大地减少了食物中毒的发生。结论 提示HACCP原则可在学校集体食堂的卫生管理中发挥有效作用。     

半导体激光治疗老年人压疮疗效观察

目的探讨半导体激光局部照射治疗老年人压疮疗效.方法:收集2012年1月-2015年6月48例压疮患者,分为半导体组和常规组各24例.常规组采用常规治疗,半导体组采用半导体激光加常规治疗,10 d为1个疗程,不超过3个疗程.疗程结束后比较两组疗效.结果:半导体组压疮愈显率为83.33％,创面愈合时间为(12.75±5.51)d,常规组分别为54.17％和(19.63±8.65)d,组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),两组均未见不良反应.结论:半导体激光加常规治疗压疮效果肯定,无明显不良反应,且操作简便.     

脑卒中恢复期患者社区综合康复的疗效观察

目的：探讨社区开展康复活动对于脑卒中患者肢体功能康复的影响。方法：选取2014年4至10月参与社区“陈睿健康工作室”康复活动的脑卒中恢复期患者50例作为观察组,选取同期延吉社区卫生服务中心门诊的50例脑卒中恢复期患者作为对照组（进行门诊随访、服药、自我康复）。采用知识、信念、行为（KAP）量表对观察组患者进行问卷调查。采用简化Fugl-Meyer肢体运动功能评分表（Fugl-Meyer assessment of motor function,FAM）比较两组患者入组时和入组6个月时的肢体功能恢复情况及对家庭医生（门诊医师）的满意度。结果：入组6个月时,两组患者的FAM均有所改善,观察组FAM得分[上肢（50.92±7.05）分,下肢（33.01±1.37）分]较对照组[上肢（34.85±6.55）分,下肢（25.20±4.88）分]更高,差异有统计学意义（t上肢=11.8215,t下肢=10.8595,P均＜0.01）。观察组患者的满意率为92%（46/50）,明显高于对照组的30%（15/50,P＜0.05）。结论：在社区开展康复活动可以促进脑卒中患者肢体功能的康复,提高患者的满意度。     

Evaluation of the safety of enalapril in the treatment of heart failure in the very old

Summary We have introduced enalapril, in doses equal to or less than the 2.5 mg currently recommended, as an adjuvant to digoxin and diuretics in 17 patients of mean (SD) age 83 (5) years with severe heart failure. Only eleven patients tolerated its introduction. Unlike those reported in younger patients, all but one of the adverse drug reactions occurred 8 h or more after the first dose. Aged patients started on ACE inhibitors should be observed in hospital until stabilized on a maintenance dose. Three patients had an adverse reaction which differed in nature from those previously reported: acute confusional state, ataxia and mesenteric ischaemia.Ten patients were discharged on 5 mg or 10 mg maintenance doses of enalapril. In nine of them improvement on triple therapy was sustained for a minimum of three months. ACE inhibition was lost in the other patient when her compliance with enalapril therapy fell to around 75%: monitoring compliance is essential when ACE inhibitors are used in low dosages.Enalapril was withdrawn during follow up in three patients because of symptoms of mesenteric ischaemia and in four because of dramatic deterioration of renal function. One of the latter was found subsequently to have severe bilateral atheromatous renal artery stenosis. When isosorbide dinitrate was substituted for enalapril, symptoms of mesenteric ischaemia resolved and renal function returned to baseline. Continuing surveillance for adverse effects is essential in patients of this age group with severe heart failure, and the risk of occult renal artery stenosis requires regular biochemical screening during follow up.The benefit to cost ratio of ACE inhibitors might be improved in aged patients by their use at an earlier stage in the natural history of heart failure, when perfusion of essential organs is not grossly impaired, but carefully monitored trials would be necessary to establish this.     

替普瑞酮治疗老年慢性浅表性胃炎的疗效分析

目的分析替普瑞酮治疗老年慢性浅表性胃炎的疗效。方法100例老年慢性浅表性胃炎患者,通过计算机随机表数字法分为对照组和实验组,每组50例。对照组患者选择西咪替丁作为本次治疗药物,实验组患者选择替普瑞酮作为本次治疗药物。比较两组患者临床疗效、不良反应发生情况以及生活质量。结果实验组治疗总有效率92.00%高于对照组的76.00%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组不良反应发生率6.00%低于对照组的20.00%,差异具有统计学意义(χ^2=4.332,P=0.037<0.05)。实验组患者治疗后的生活质量评分(68.68±4.11)分高于对照组的(57.73±3.48)分,差异具有统计学意义(t=14.377,P=0.000<0.05)。结论对于老年慢性浅表性胃炎疾病患者,选择替普瑞酮进行治疗不仅疗效更为理想,而且还不易增加患者的用药不良反应,有利于提高患者的生活质量,建议进一步推广。     

Nifedipine in the treatment of hypertension in the elderly

The effect of nifedipine monotherapy, retard tablets, 20 mg bid, was evaluated in 23 hypertensive patients, mean age, 79 +/- 2 years. Twenty-one patients completed an eight-week study. Blood pressure (BP) decreased to 160/90 mm Hg in 15 patients; in four additional patients diastolic BP dropped by 15% to 28%. In a subset of five patients with isolated systolic hypertension, a significant reduction in systolic BP was noted. Side effects were relatively mild and only two patients discontinued the study. The results suggest that nifedipine monotherapy offers an alternative, logic, therapeutic approach to hypertension in the elderly.     

Interactions among the cannabinoids in the antagonism of the abdominal constriction response in the mouse

The ability of ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol (CBN), cannabidiol (CBD), 11-OH THC and 8,11-diOH THC to antagonise the abdominal constriction response in the mouse induced by formic acid, phenylquinone, 5-hydroxytryptamine, prostaglandin E₁ (PGE₁) and bradykinin was tested. THC was an effective antagonist against all nociceptive agents with an ED₅₀ in all cases between 1.0 and 2.6 mg/kg. CBN, while also effective against all nociceptive agents, was less potent than THC, with an ED₅₀ range between 46.2 and 112.5 mg/kg. CBD in doses as high as 200 mg/kg was without effect. Using PGE₁ as the nociceptive agent, 11-OH THC was equipotent to THC while 8,11-diOH THC was inactive. Naloxone, while able to antagonise the antinociceptive effect of morphine against formic acid-induced writhing, did not reverse the antinociceptive effects of THC. There were no pharmacological interactions between THC, CBD and CBN.     

Variation in the use of biologics in the management of rheumatoid arthritis across the UK

Abstract

Objectives:

Treatment options for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) include conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (sDMARDs) and newer biologic DMARDs (biologics). This study describes treatment patterns, adherence to guidance and outcomes at hospital/regional level in the UK.