Evaluation of the effects of skeletal anchoraged Forsus FRD using miniplates inserted on mandibular symphysis: A new approach for the treatment of Class II malocclusion

Objective:To evaluate the skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue effects of the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FRD) appliance with miniplate anchorage for the treatment of skeletal Class II malocclusion.Material and Methods:The prospective clinical study group included 17 patients (11 girls and 6 boys; mean age 12.96 ± 1.23 years) with Class II malocclusion due to mandibular retrusion and treated with skeletal anchoraged Forsus FRD. After 0.019 × 0.025-inch stainless steel archwire was inserted and cinched back in the maxillary arch, two miniplates were placed bilaterally on the mandibular symphysis. Then, the Forsus FRD EZ2 appliance was adjusted to the miniplates without leveling the mandibular arch. The changes in the leveling and skeletal anchoraged Forsus FRD phases were evaluated by means of the Paired and Student''s t-tests using the cephalometric lateral films.Results:The success rate of the miniplates was found to be 91.5% (38 of 42 miniplates). The mandible significantly moved forward (P < .001) and caused a significant restraint in the sagittal position of the maxilla (P < .001). The overjet correction (−5.11 mm) was found to be mainly by skeletal changes (A-VRL, −1.16 mm and Pog-VRL, 2.62 mm; approximately 74%); the remaining changes were due to the dentoalveolar contributions. The maxillary and mandibular incisors were significantly retruded (P < .001).Conclusion:This new approach was an effective method for treating skeletal Class II malocclusion due to the mandibular retrusion via a combination of skeletal and dentoalveolar changes.     

Treatment effects of skeletally anchored Forsus FRD EZ and Herbst appliances: A retrospective clinical study

Objective:To evaluate the skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue effects of the Forsus FRD appliance with miniplate anchorage inserted in the mandibular symphyses and to compare the findings with a well-matched control group treated with a Herbst appliance for the correction of a skeletal Class II malocclusion due to mandibular retrusion.Materials and Methods:The sample consisted of 32 Class II subjects divided into two groups. Group I consisted of 16 patients (10 females and 6 males; mean age, 13.20 ± 1.33 years) treated using the Forsus FRD EZ appliance with miniplate anchorage inserted in the mandibular symphyses. Group II consisted of 16 patients (9 females and 7 males; mean age, 13.56 ± 1.27 years) treated using the Herbst appliance. Seventeen linear and 10 angular measurements were performed to evaluate and compare the skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue effects of the appliances using paired and Student''s t-tests.Results:Both appliances were effective in correcting skeletal class II malocclusion and showed similar skeletal and soft tissue changes. The maxillary incisor was statistically significantly more retruded in the skeletally anchored Forsus FRD group (P < .01). The mandibular incisor was retruded in the skeletally anchored Forsus FRD group (−4.09° ± 5.12°), while it was protruded in the Herbst group (7.50° ± 3.98°) (P < .001).Conclusion:Although both appliances were successful in correcting the skeletal Class II malocclusion, the skeletally anchored Forsus FRD EZ appliance did so without protruding the mandibular incisors.     

微型种植体与口外弓治疗成人骨性Ⅱ类错（牙合）的比较张雄单丽华赵士芳黄吉娜毛靖王虎中郭家平王蕾赵今史建陆微型种植体与口外弓治疗成人骨性Ⅱ类错（牙合）的比较

目的 比较微型种植体和口外弓作为强支抗在治疗成人骨性II类错（牙合）中的临床效果.方法 微型种植体支抗组16名,口外弓支抗组10名,收集两组治疗前后的X线头颅侧位定位片,通过X线头影测量比较两组的上下颌骨及上下颌牙齿的各角度、线距的变化.结果 两种方法在对上下颌骨的影响、覆（牙合）覆盖的控制上有相同的效果,但对上颌前后牙的移动上两种方法有明显区别（P〈0.05）,上颌磨牙近中移动量分别为1.1mm（微型种植体组）和2.6mm（口外弓组）,上颌切牙内收量8.9mm（微型种植体组）和5.5mm（口外弓组）.结论 两种加强支抗的方法在正畸治疗中均可获到较好的治疗效果,但微型种植体支抗在上颌磨牙的近中移动和上颌切牙的内收上更具有优势.     

Unpredictability of soft tissue changes after camouflage treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusion with maximum anterior retraction using miniscrews

Objective:To compare soft and hard tissue responses based on the degree of maxillary incisor retraction using maximum anchorage in patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion.Materials and Methods:This retrospective study sample was divided into moderate retraction (<8.0 mm; n = 28) and maximum retraction (≥8.0 mm; n = 29) groups based on the amount of maxillary incisor retraction after extraction of the maxillary and mandibular first premolars for camouflage treatment. Pre- and posttreatment lateral cephalograms were analyzed.Results:There were 2.3 mm and 3.0 mm of upper and lower lip retraction, respectively, in the moderate group; and 4.0 mm and 5.3 mm, respectively, in the maximum group. In the moderate group, the upper lip was most influenced by posterior movement of the cervical point of the maxillary incisor (β = 0.94). The lower lip was most influenced by posterior movement of B-point (β = 0.84) and the cervical point of the mandibular incisor (β = 0.83). Prediction was difficult in the maximum group; no variable showed a significant influence on upper lip changes. The lower lip was highly influenced by posterior movement of the cervical point of the maxillary incisor (β = 0.50), but this correlation was weak in the maximum group.Conclusions:Posterior movement of the cervical point of the anterior teeth is necessary for increased lip retraction. However, periodic evaluation of the lip profile is needed during maximum retraction of the anterior teeth because of limitations in predicting soft tissue responses.     

Prospective study of dentoskeletal changes in Class II division malocclusion treatment with twin force bite corrector

Objective:To evaluate the dentoskeletal changes of Class II malocclusion treatment with the Twin Force Bite Corrector (TFBC).Materials and Methods:The sample comprised 86 lateral cephalograms obtained from 43 subjects with Class II division 1 malocclusion; the subjects were divided into two groups. The experimental group comprised 23 patients with a mean initial age of 12.11 years who were treated with the TFBC for a mean period of 2.19 years. The control group included 40 lateral cephalograms from 20 Class II nontreated patients, with an initial mean age of 12.55 years and a mean observation period of 2.19 years. The lateral cephalograms were evaluated before and after orthodontic treatment in group 1 and in the beginning and end of the observation period in group 2. t-Tests were used to compare the initial and final cephalometric characteristics of the groups as well as the amount of change.Results:The experimental group presented greater maxillary growth restriction and mandibular retrusion than the control group, as well as greater maxillomandibular relationship improvement and greater labial tipping of the mandibular incisors. The results also showed a greater decrease in overbite and overjet in the experimental group, and there were no statistically significant differences in the craniofacial growth pattern between groups.Conclusions:The TFBC promotes restriction of anterior maxillary displacement without significant changes in mandibular length and position and improvement of maxillomandibular relationship without changes in facial growth and significant buccal tipping of mandibular incisors. Class II correction with the TFBC occurred primarily as a result of dentoalveolar changes.     

Total arch maxillary distalization using infrazygomatic crest miniscrews in the treatment of Class II malocclusion: a prospective study

ObjectivesTo evaluate treatment effects in Class II patients using infrazygomatic crest (IZC) miniscrews (MS).Materials and MethodsA prospective sample of 25 adolescents (14 females and 11 males; mean age: 13.6 ± 1.5 years) who underwent maxillary dentition distalization treatment with IZC MSs were recruited. Lateral cephalograms and digital models at the beginning of treatment (T1) and after Class II molar correction (T2) were obtained. To compare cephalometric and digital model changes, paired t-test and Wilcoxon test were used. A significance level of 5% was used.ResultsAll patients achieved Class II molar correction over a mean period of 7.7 ± 2.5 months. The IZC MS therapy provided 4 mm of distalization; there was 1.2 mm of intrusion of the first molar with 11.2° distal tipping. The maxillary incisors were retracted 4.7 mm and tipped lingually 13.4°. Overjet and overbite showed a reduction of 3.6 mm and 2.4 mm, respectively. The occlusal plane rotated clockwise 2.8°. The upper lip was retracted by 1 mm and the nasolabial angle increased 5.1°. There was an increase in the interpremolar and intermolar distances.ConclusionsTotal arch distalization of the maxillary dentition using IZC MS was effective in the treatment of Class II malocclusions.     

Three-dimensional surgical guide approach to correcting skeletal Class II malocclusion with idiopathic condylar resorption

Treatment of skeletal Class II patients with dual bite and idiopathic condylar resorption (ICR) is challenging for orthodontists because of the unstable position of the mandible as well as skeletal relapse attributed to improper seating of the mandibular condyles. This case report describes the successful treatment of an 18-year-old Mongolian man diagnosed with centric relation–maximum intercuspation discrepancy and ICR. After making a definitive diagnosis from verified centric relation using bilateral manipulation, orthodontic treatment was initiated followed by three-dimensional computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing prebent titanium plate–guided sagittal split ramus osteotomy and genioplasty. Postoperative 3D superimposition demonstrated that this surgical guide approach provided accurate repositioning of the condyles, which were well positioned in the fossae. Complete orthodontic and surgical treatment time was 24 months. The patient''s facial appearance and occlusion improved significantly, and a stable result was obtained with a 1-year follow-up.     

Predictors of patient compliance during Class II division 1 malocclusion functional orthodontic treatment

ObjectivesTo determine factors that could predict Class II/1 malocclusion patient compliance during functional treatment.Materials and MethodsThe sample consisted of 77 subjects (aged 11–13 years; 47% girls) presenting with Class II/1 malocclusion. Inclusion criteria were distal molar relationship, overjet greater than 5 mm, and confirmed pubertal growth spurt. Removable functional appliances (62% Twin Block [TB], 38% Sander Bite Jumping [BJ]) with built-in maxillary expansion screws were used. Follow-up period was 1 year. Patients and parents independently filled out the Child Perception Questionnaire, Parental/Caregiver Perception Questionnaire, and Family Impact Scale to assess emotional and social well-being, oral symptoms, functional limitations, parental emotions, family activities, conflicts, and financial burden as possible predictors of compliance during treatment. Sex, overjet, and appliance type were also analyzed.ResultsThere were more noncompliant than compliant patients (55% vs 45%). Parental perception of altered emotional well-being of their children was the strongest predictor, increasing compliance odds 3.4 times (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–9.4; P = .017). Patients were 3.2 times (95% CI, 1.1–9.3; P = .033) more likely to cooperate with TB compared with BJ appliance. OJ ≥ 8 mm increased compliance odds 3.1 times (95% CI, 1.0–9.4; P = .044).ConclusionsParental perception of child''s emotional well-being alteration, severity of malocclusion, and type of appliance are major predictors of compliance. Psychosocial issues and oral function limitations reported by children and family impact are of negligible influence.     

Effects of miniplate anchored and conventional Forsus Fatigue Resistant Devices in the treatment of Class II malocclusion

Objective:To compare the skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue effects of the miniplate anchored Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FRD) and the conventional Forsus FRD in the treatment of Class II malocclusion.Materials and Methods:The study was carried out with 30 patients (10 girls, 20 boys). In the MA-Forsus group, 15 patients (2 girls, 13 boys) were treated with a miniplate anchored Forsus FRD for 9.40 ± 2.25 months. In the C-Forsus group, 15 patients (8 girls, 7 boys) were treated with a conventional Forsus FRD for 9.46 ± 0.81 months. A total of 16 measurements were calculated and statistically analyzed to find intragroup and intergroup differences.Results:Statistically significant differences were found between the groups in IMPA, SN/Occ, SN/GoGn, overjet, overbite, and Li-S measurements (P < .05). In the C-Forsus group, a substantial amount of lower incisor protrusion was observed, whereas retrusion was found in the MA-Forsus group (P < .001). The mandible rotated backward in the MA-Forsus group, whereas it remained unchanged in the C-Forsus group (P < .05). Reductions in overjet (P < .001) and overbite were greater in the C-Forsus group (P < .05).Conclusion:Stimulation of mandibular growth and inhibition of maxillary growth were achieved in both treatment groups. In the C-Forsus group, a substantial amount of lower incisor protrusion was observed, whereas retrusion of lower incisors was found in the MA-Forsus group. The MA-Forsus group was found to be more advantageous as it had no dentoalveolar side effects on mandibular dentition.     

Effects of Class II elastics during growth on the functional occlusal plane according to skeletal pattern and extraction vs nonextraction

ObjectivesTo investigate the effect of Class II intermaxillary elastics on the functional occlusal plane (FOP) of growing patients.Materials and MethodsA total of 50 participants aged 11 to 16 years were selected from a university clinic archive >1-year after treatment and after undergoing 6 months of Class II elastic wear, taking pretreatment (T0) and posttreatment (T1) lateral cephalometric radiographs, and consenting to participate at recall (T2). Participants were divided into 3 groups according to skeletal pattern or into 2 groups according to treatment with extraction (E) or nonextraction (NE). Angular changes of FOP relative to the Sella-Nasion (SN), mandibular plane (MP), and Frankfort horizontal (FH) were compared within and between groups.ResultsA statistically significant reduction of FOP-SN/FH, but not of FOP-MP, was found from T0–T1–T2 when all patients were grouped together. FOP-SN/MP/FH was significantly the largest in the patients with a hyperdivergent skeletal pattern, but lowest in the patients with a hypodivergent skeletal pattern at T0, T1, and T2 (P < .032). FOP-MP at T0–T2 was statistically larger in group E than in group NE (P < .02). No differences were found for FOP changes (change before treatment minus after treatment and change after treatment minus 1 year after treatment) between different skeletal patterns (P > .433) and treatment groups (P > .193).ConclusionsUse of Class II elastics during the growth period was not found to show adverse effects on FOP rotation. Neither skeletal pattern nor treatment modality differed in the response to Class II elastics with regard to FOP changes. Individual patient growth pattern must be taken into consideration when treatment planning the use of Class II elastics. Orthodontists should take into account individual skeletal and growth patterns while using Class II elastics.     

A comparison of the effects of Forsus appliances with and without temporary anchorage devices for skeletal Class II malocclusion:: A systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectivesTo compare the effects of Forsus appliances with and without temporary anchorage devices (TADs) for patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion.Materials and MethodsThrough a predefined search strategy, electronic searching was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CENTRAL, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, and SIGLE with no language restrictions. Eligible study selection, data extraction, and evaluation of risk of bias (Cochrane Collaboration tool) were conducted by two authors independently and in duplicate. Any disagreement was solved by discussion or judged by a third reviewer. Statistical pooling, sensitivity analysis, subgroup analysis, and assessment of small-study effects were conducted by using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis and Stata 12.0. Heterogeneity was analyzed for different types of study designs, TADs, and radiographic examinations.ResultsElectronic search yielded a total of 256 studies after removing duplicates. Among them, six studies were finally included. All articles were of high quality. The pooled mean differences were –0.27 (95% confidence interval [CI]: –0.59, 0.05) for SNA, 0.58 (95% CI: –0.07, 1.23) for SNB, –0.86 (95% CI: –1.74, –0.03) for ANB, 1.63 (95% CI: 0.46, 2.80) for Co-Po, 0.75 (95% CI: 0.28, 1.23) for SN-MP, –7.56 (95% CI: –11.37, –3.76) for L1-MP, 0.47 (95% CI: –0.98, 1.91) for overjet, 0.39 (95% CI: –0.57, 1.35) for overbite, –1.84 (95% CI: −5.15, 1.47) for SN-OP, and 4.97 (95% CI: –1.22, 11.17) for nasolabial angle.ConclusionsTADs (especially miniplates) were able to eliminate dental adverse effects of Forsus appliances for correction of skeletal Class II malocclusion.     

Twin-block矫治器治疗早期骨性II类错牙合的X线头影测量分析

目的:分析Twin-block矫治器治疗早期骨性II类错牙合的牙颌形态变化,并探讨其适应证。方法:21例早期骨性II类错牙合患者(5°相似文献   

Twin-block矫治器对骨性Ⅱ类错儿童早期矫治的疗效分析

目的 分析Twin-block矫治器治疗生长发育期骨性Ⅱ类错儿童的临床疗效,探讨其机制。方法 选择生长发育期骨性Ⅱ类患者20例（男9例,女11例）,进行Twin-block功能矫治。所有患者治疗前后拍摄X线头颅侧位片,应用Pancherz分析法测量患者治疗前后硬组织指标变化情况,同时,测量治疗前后的上气道线距变化,采用配对t检验检测治疗前后各指标差异。结果 Twin-block治疗前后,ss/OLP、pg/OLP明显增大, Co/OLP和前牙覆盖明显减小, Go-Me长度明显增加,磨牙关系明显改善,有统计学意义（P<0.05）,其余各参数无统计学差异。气道测量值Adl-PNS、Ad2-PNS、Mcnamara线、U-MPW、TB-TPPW治疗后均有增大,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 Twin-block功能矫治器能有效地改善骨性Ⅱ类患者的咬关系和侧貌,可以有效增加上气道各段前后径长度,这些变化主要由髁突前移导致的下颌骨生长发育所致。     

Camouflage treatment of skeletal Class III malocclusion with multiloop edgewise arch wire and modified Class III elastics by maxillary mini-implant anchorage

Objective:To evaluate the effect of the multiloop edgewise arch wire (MEAW) technique with maxillary mini-implants in the camouflage treatment of skeletal Class III malocclusion.Materials and Methods:Twenty patients were treated with the MEAW technique and modified Class III elastics from the maxillary mini-implants. Twenty-four patients were treated with MEAW and long Class III elastics from the upper second molars as control. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were obtained and analyzed before and after treatment, and 1 year after retention.Results:Satisfactory occlusion was established in both groups. Through principal component analysis, it could be concluded the anterior-posterior dental position, skeletal sagittal and vertical position, and upper molar vertical position changed within groups and between groups; vertical lower teeth position and Wits distance changed in the experimental group and between groups. In the experimental group, the lower incisors tipped lingually 2.7 mm and extruded 2.4 mm. The lingual inclination of the lower incisors increased 3.5°. The mandibular first molars tipped distally 9.1° and intruded 0.4 mm. Their cusps moved 3.4 mm distally. In the control group, the upper incisors proclined 3°, and the upper first molar extruded 2 mm. SN-MP increased 1.6° and S-Go/N-ME decreased 1.Conclusions:The MEAW technique combined with modified Class III elastics by maxillary mini-implants can effectively tip the mandibular molars distally without any extrusion and tip the lower incisors lingually with extrusion to camouflage skeletal Class III malocclusions. Clockwise rotation of the mandible and further proclination of upper incisors can be avoided. The MEAW technique and modified Class III elastics provided an appropriate treatment strategy especially for patients with high angle and open bite tendency.     

固定式Twin-block矫治青春期骨性II类错的临床效果评价

目的: 评价固定式Twin-block矫治器的固位效果及治疗青春期骨性Ⅱ类错的临床疗效。方法: 选取26例（男12例,女14例）青春期骨性Ⅱ类1分类错畸形患者（年龄11~13岁,平均11.8岁）,采用固定式Twin-block矫治器引导下颌骨前伸,疗程1年。治疗前、后拍摄头颅定位侧位片,观察患者的骨性、牙性及软组织变化。采用Graphpad Prism 6.0软件对治疗前、后数据进行配对t检验。结果: 治疗中未出现矫治器松动、破坏,所有病例侧貌获得明显改善。发生显著变化的指标有:下颌骨长度和位置（Co-Gn、SNB、ANB、Pog-VL、Pos-VL）,上前牙位置和倾斜度（U1-VL、U1-SN）,下牙列矢状向位置（L1-VL、L6-VL）（P<0.05）;变化不显著的指标有:下颌平面角（MP-SN）,上颌骨位置和长度（SNA、A-VL）,上前牙垂直向位置（U1-HL）,上后牙位置（U6-VL、U6-HL）,下前牙倾斜度（IMPA）,下牙列垂直向位置（L6-MP、L1-MP）（P>0.05）。结论: 固定式矫治器Twin-block可增强下颌支抗,有效促进下颌骨生长,改善患者侧貌。     

Thoughts on the early treatment of Class II malocclusion

The timing of Class II, division 1 malocclusion treatment is discussed in the context of the development of the dentition within the craniofacial environment. The occlusion of the dentition actually serves as the key that controls and maintains the exact position of the mandible vis-à-vis the maxilla during childhood, pubescence and throughout adulthood. Research and clinical evidence suggest that treatment which ‘disturbs’ the interdigitation of teeth in the Class II malocclusion can lead to correction of the distocclusion. This correction can theoretically be undertaken throughout childhood and adolescence, and even thereafter. Treatment at a very young age was thought to normalize the occlusion, and consequently the growth process, leading to more stable results. Re-examination of this concept shows that, for practical purposes, the presence of the first premolars signals an early indication for treatment of Class II, division 1 malocclusion. The mobility of the deciduous second mandibular molars provides the last opportunity to prevent, whenever possible, a four premolar extraction approach.     

青少年骨性Ⅱ类错▉畸形上颌后牙区微种植体植入的安全性探讨

目的: 运用锥形束CT（cone-beam CT,CBCT）测量分析骨性Ⅱ类错青少年上颌第二前磨牙与第一磨牙之间不同截面的最小根间距及颊侧骨皮质表面与根间最窄处距离,为临床上微种植体的安全植入提供参考。方法: 选取44例骨性Ⅱ类错青少年患者的CBCT资料,其中,男23例,女21例,平均年龄14.07岁。取上颌第二前磨牙与第一磨牙根间的9个水平截面,每个截面相距1 mm,分别测量每个截面的最小根间距及颊侧骨皮质表面与根间最窄处距离。采用SPSS 20.0 软件包对测量结果进行统计学分析。结果: 每个截面最小根间距和颊侧皮质骨表面与根间最窄处的距离,男女之间无显著差异（P>0.05）,左右两侧无统计学差异（P>0.05）;左侧根尖部的骨皮质表面与根间最窄处距离,与SNA角呈正相关关系;最小根间距离由釉-牙骨质界（cementoenamel junction,CEJ）至根尖逐渐增大,各截面的颊侧皮质骨表面与根间最窄处距离的均值均大于5 mm。结论: 经CBCT获取了骨性Ⅱ类错青少年上颌第二前磨牙与第一磨牙之间各截面最小根间距和颊侧骨皮质表面与根间最窄处距离,了解了其分布规律,为临床上微种植体的安全植入提供了参考。