白芷香豆素黏胶分散型贴剂的制备及体外经皮渗透研究

目的 制备白芷香豆素黏胶分散型贴剂,考察其离体皮肤渗透性和物理性状,筛选贴剂处方,提高白芷香豆素的透皮吸收速率。方法 将白芷香豆素分散于尤特奇压敏胶中,采用流涎工艺制备黏胶分散型贴剂。用Franz扩散池进行乳猪离体皮肤渗透实验,用HPLC测定欧前胡素的含量,考察了白芷香豆素含量、促渗剂的种类和用量、压敏胶的种类和用量、工艺参数对药物稳态透皮速率和贴剂的物理性状的影响。结果 优选出最佳处方为：药物含量1.0 mg·cm^-2,Eudragit E100 9 mg·cm^-2,油酸0.6 mg·cm^-2;固化时间为40 min,稳态透皮速率达到0.82 μg·cm^-2·h^-1。结论 制得的黏胶分散性白芷香豆素贴剂有较高的经皮渗透速率和较好的物理性状,优选出的处方及工艺稳定、可行。     

黄体酮热熔压敏胶透皮贴剂的制备及其体外释药性能研究

目的 制备黄体酮热熔压敏胶透皮贴剂并考察其体外释药性能。 方法 采用苯乙烯-异戊二烯-苯乙烯热塑性弹性体热熔压敏胶为骨架材料,以大鼠离体皮肤为渗透屏障,采用改良Freeze扩散池,用HPLC法测定接收液浓度,筛选促渗剂的种类、浓度和涂布厚度,确定贴剂处方。 结果 促渗剂选择肉豆蔻酸异丙酯(IPM),含量为2%;选择涂布厚度为300 μm,得到累积渗透曲线为Q=6.172 1 t-5.457 7(r=0.998 8);24 h药物累积渗透量为144.17 μg/cm²;稳态渗透速率为(6.17±0.49) μg/(cm²·h)。 结论 制备的黄体酮热熔压敏胶透皮贴剂中的有效成分黄体酮体外经皮渗透良好,具有较好的临床应用前景。     

中药骨伤凝胶贴剂的经皮渗透性研究

目的 探讨药粉目数及透皮吸收促进剂对中药骨伤凝胶贴剂经皮渗透作用的影响。方法 以羟基红花黄色素A和血竭素为评价指标，采用桨碟法评价凝胶贴剂的体外释放行为，采用Franz扩散池法考察药粉目数及透皮吸收促进剂对凝胶贴剂透皮吸收的影响。结果 与氮酮和薄荷脑相比，肉豆蔻酸异丙酯对于羟基红花黄色素A和血竭素的促渗作用最好，其最佳用量为3%，200目的药粉相对于80目在体外释放及有效成分的经皮吸收方面没有明显影响。结论 药粉目数对凝胶贴剂经皮渗透作用的影响不显著，肉豆蔻酸异丙酯透皮吸收促进剂能显著提高凝胶贴剂的透皮吸收。     

综合主成分分析法和皮肤电阻法对几种促透剂促透效果的比较

目的 建立一种简单有效的快速评价促透剂透皮吸收促进效果的方法，并比较综合主成分分析法和皮肤电阻法的促透剂评价结果。方法 以氨茶碱作为模型药物，氮酮、薄荷醇、冰片、油酸及其联用作为促透剂，SD大鼠背部离体皮肤作为渗透屏障，HPLC测定接收液中的药物浓度，计算累积渗透量、渗透系数、稳态流量、滞后时间和增渗倍数，运用综合主成分分析法对促透效果进行综合评价；测定在促透剂作用下的大鼠皮肤电阻随时间的变化，评价促透剂对皮肤的作用程度。结果 用Franz扩散池方法结合综合主成分分析法，得到对氨茶碱有促透效果的促透剂有油酸加冰片以及薄荷醇，且油酸加冰片的促透效果大于薄荷醇；用皮肤电阻法测得有促透作用的是油酸加冰片、薄荷醇加氮酮、薄荷醇、氮酮、油酸、冰片加氮酮以及薄荷醇加冰片，且作用程度依次递减。采用皮肤电阻法评价的促透效果与采用体外透皮吸收试验评价的结果基本平行(r=0.886 9)。结论 综合主成分分析法和皮肤电阻法都可以客观评价促透剂的效果，且2种方法具有明显的相关性。     

促渗剂对后交联祖师麻凝胶贴膏体外经皮渗透影响的研究

目的 考察不同促渗剂对后交联祖师麻凝胶贴膏中药效成分祖师麻甲素体外经皮渗透特性的影响,筛选出其最佳的透皮促渗剂。方法 采用Franz扩散池法,以离体小鼠皮肤和Strat-M™膜为渗透屏障进行体外透皮试验,采用单因素及正交试验法,以祖师麻甲素72 h内单位面积的累积透过量为评价指标,考察冰片、薄荷脑、樟脑对祖师麻甲素的促渗效果。结果 以离体小鼠皮肤和Strat-M™人工膜为透皮屏障时,祖师麻甲素72 h内单位面积的累积透过量分别为33.85,15.96 μg·cm^-2,稳态透皮速率分别为4.451 2,2.394 5 μg·cm^-2·h^-1,增渗倍数分别可达4.255 0,1.746 4。结论 后交联祖师麻凝胶贴膏以1%薄荷脑、1%冰片、2%樟脑联用时促渗效果最佳。     

青蒿素贴剂的制备研究

目的 通过对分散剂、压敏胶、促渗剂的筛选,研究分散型青蒿素贴剂的处方工艺.方法 以成型性为考察指标,筛选分散剂、压敏胶,采用TK-6A型透皮扩散仪,以SD大鼠腹部皮肤为透皮屏障,以透皮速率为考察指标,筛选最佳促渗剂.结果 青蒿素在PEG400中分散较好,在罗门哈斯压敏胶中成型较好,各促渗剂对青蒿素促渗作用大小依次为:油酸+氮酮＞丙二醇＞油酸＞氮酮.结论 PEG400、罗门哈斯压敏胶、油酸+氮酮分别作为分散型青蒿素贴剂的分散剂、压敏胶、促渗剂.     

右旋酮洛芬氨丁三醇水凝胶贴剂的制备及体外透皮研究

摘 要 目的：制备右旋酮洛芬氨丁三醇水凝胶贴剂,优化其处方并评价其体外透皮性能。方法: 选择NP 800为水凝胶骨架材料,甘羟铝为交联剂,EDTA为交联剂调节剂,甘油为保湿剂,制备右旋酮洛芬氨丁三醇水凝胶贴剂,以初黏力、持黏力、剥离强度和12 h累积透皮量为评价指标,进行正交优化试验,筛选出最佳处方。用改良的Franz扩散池进行透皮吸收试验,比较氮酮、油酸及薄荷脑对贴剂中右旋酮洛芬氨丁三醇的促渗作用。结果: 优选的最佳处方为：NP 800、甘羟铝、甘油、EDTA的质量百分含量分别为5%、0.3%、25%、0.15%。透皮促进剂对右旋酮洛芬氨丁三醇有透皮作用,其中以3%氮酮的作用最显著,其促渗倍数达3.26倍。结论: 制备的右旋酮洛芬氨丁三醇水凝胶贴剂处方工艺稳定,合理可行。     

妥洛特罗透皮贴剂的释放度测定及不同测定方法结果比较

目的 建立妥洛特罗透皮贴剂的释放度测定方法,并对不同装置测定的释放曲线进行比较。方法 采用中国药典2015年版收载的2种透皮贴剂释放度测定新方法,即桨碟法和转筒法,规定时间点取样后采用HPLC测定,色谱柱为Agilent C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为乙腈-0.02 mol·L^-1磷酸盐缓冲液（pH 3.0）（32：68）,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温为35℃,检测波长为215 nm。分别考察妥洛特罗透皮贴剂在500 mL水中24 h的释放曲线,并对2种方法的释放曲线进行拟合,比较二者的相似性。结果 妥洛特罗在0.103~4.135 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,回收率为99.8%（n=9）,样品溶液在24 h内稳定。将2种方法测定的释放度结果经Weibull方程拟合后得到的参数进行方差分析,2组数据间无显著性差异。结论 中国药典2015年版透皮贴剂释放度测定桨碟法（方法2）和转筒法均可用于妥洛特罗透皮贴剂的释放度测定,两者的测定结果不存在差异。     

复方骆驼蓬子水凝胶贴剂透皮吸收促进剂的筛选

摘 要 目的：筛选复方骆驼蓬子水凝胶贴剂中透皮吸收促进剂的种类。方法: 以小鼠离体皮肤为渗透屏障,采用Franz扩散池装置进行体外透皮实验,运用HPLC法测定接受池中药物累积透过量,考察不同透皮促进剂对水凝胶贴剂中有效成分骆驼蓬碱和去氢骆驼蓬碱体外透皮吸收的影响。结果: 不同透皮吸收促进剂对骆驼蓬碱和去氢骆驼蓬碱均有促渗作用,其中二元相透皮吸收促进剂的促渗作用比单一促进剂强。结论:丙二醇和氮酮可作为复方骆驼蓬子水凝胶贴剂的透皮吸收促进剂。     

含不同促透剂的硝苯地平纳米乳的体外透皮吸收特性研究

摘 要 目的：研究含有不同促透剂的硝苯地平纳米乳（NFNE）的体外透皮吸收特性,为硝苯地平透皮制剂研发奠定基础。方法: 采用Franz扩散池法,在硝苯地平纳米乳中添加油溶性的氮酮、油酸或者水溶性的季铵化程度不同的N-三甲基壳聚糖（TMC20、TMC40、TMC60）作为促透剂,考察其体外透皮特性。结果: 硝苯地平纳米乳体外透皮效果优于硝苯地平（NF）。各促透剂对NFNE的促透效果顺序依次为：氮酮＞油酸＞TMC60＞TMC40＞TMC20,而水溶性促透剂起效较快。结论: 硝苯地平纳米乳中脂溶性促透剂促透效果强,而水溶性促透剂起效较快。     

Formulation and in vitro/in vivo correlation of a drug‐in‐adhesive transdermal patch containing azasetron

The aim of the present study was to develop a transdermal drug delivery system for azasetron and evaluate the correlation between in vitro and in vivo release. The effects of different adhesives, permeation enhancers, and loadings of azasetron used in patches on the penetration of azasetron through rabbit skin were investigated using two‐chamber diffusion cells in vitro. For in vivo studies, azasetron pharmacokinetic parameters in Bama miniature pigs were determined according to a noncompartment model method after topical application of transdermal patches and intravenous administration of azasetron injections. The best permeation profile was obtained with the formulation containing DURO‐TAK 87‐9301 as adhesive, 5% of isopropyl myristate as penetration enhancer, and 5% of azasetron. The optimal patch formulation exhibited sustained release profiles in vivo for 216 h. The in vivo absorption curve in Bama miniature pigs obtained by deconvolution approach using WinNonlin® program was correlated well with the in vitro permeation curve of the azasetron patch. These findings indicated that the developed patch for azasetron is promising for the treatment of delayed chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting, and the in vitro skin permeation experiments could be useful to predict the in vivo performance of transdermal azasetron patches. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 101:4540–4548, 2012     

Design and evaluation of a novel transdermal patch containing diclofenac and teriflunomide for rheumatoid arthritis therapy

The aim of this study was to design a compound transdermal patch containing diclofenac (DA) and teriflunomide (TEF) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The various organic amines salts of DA were prepared and their forming was confirmed using DSC and FTIR. The percutaneous permeation of organic amines salt of DA was investigated in vitro using a two-chamber diffusion cell with excised rabbit skin as transdermal barrier. The formulation of the patch was optimized in terms of the concentration of percutaneous permeation enhancer and the loading dose of drugs. The pharmacokinetic behavior of the optimal formulation was studies in rabbits and the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the optimal patch were evaluated with the adjuvant arthritis model in rats and the pain model in mice, respectively. The result showed that skin penetration of diclofenac-triethylamine (DA-TEtA) salt was better than other organic amine salts. Based on previous study of our laboratory, teriflunomide-triethylamine (TEF-TEtA) significantly enhanced the skin permeation of TEF. 10% of azone (AZ) was the best enhancer for the two drugs. The optimal patch formulation was composed of 2% of TEF-TEtA, 6% of DA-TEtA and 10% of AZ. The cumulative permeated amount of DA-TEtA in vitro was comparable with that of the commercial diclofenac-diethylamine (DA-DEtA) patch. The absolute bioavailability of TEF-TEtA was 42%, which could achieve the therapeutic drug levels. In animal study, the optimized compound patch containing DA-TEtA and TEF-TEtA displayed significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect, which indicated the potential of the compound patch.     

Formulation and evaluation of anti-rheumatic dexibuprofen transdermal patches: a quality-by-design approach

Dexibuprofen (DXIBN) transdermal patches were formulated using various concentrations of selected polymeric excipients (matrix material; ethyl cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone, plasticizer (di-N-butyl phthalate), and a conventional permeation enhancer (almond oil)). Initial patch formulations were evaluated for their physiochemical properties (thickness, moisture uptake, final moisture content, and DXIBN content). Also, impact of patch components on resulting tensile strength and in vitro permeation were used to predict an optimal patch formulation using a quality-by-design (QbD) approach, which was subsequently evaluated and further compared with a commercial oral tablet dosage form for in vitro and in vivo release (rabbit model). Initially formulated patches demonstrated uniform thickness (0.44?±?0.02?cm), relatively low moisture uptake (7.87?±?1.11 w/w %), and highly acceptable drug loading values (100.0?±?0.026%). The tensile strength of patches increased significantly with matrix polymer concentration and to a lesser degree with increase in plasticizer and permeation enhancer content, although these affected the permeation of DXIBN. Predicted properties (tensile strength and DXIBN steady-state flux) for the QbD-optimized formulation were in close agreement to experimental results. The QbD optimal patch formulation behavior differed significantly from the commercial tablet formulation in vivo. Such model-based predictions (QbD approach) will reduce cost and time in formulation development sciences.     

Reservoir Based Fentanyl Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: Effect of Patch Age on Drug Release and Skin Permeation

Purpose  To understand and evaluate the stability and skin permeation profiles of fentanyl reservoir systems as a function of patch age. Methods  Drug release and skin permeation studies were performed using a modified USP apparatus 5 with a novel sample preparation technique. Results  The amount of fentanyl present in the EVA/adhesive layer (EAL) increased from about 17% of label claim (LC) at 5 months to 25% LC at 22 months. The increase in the drug concentration was mainly observed in the peripheral EAL. Simultaneously, the alcohol content of the patch decreased as a function of patch age. A significant effect of patch age on the drug content in the EAL and the drug release from the system was observed; however, skin permeation studies did not indicate an increase in drug delivery rate. Conclusions  Novel sample preparation technique with USP Apparatus 5 allowed determination of in vitro skin permeation rates for fentanyl transdermal patches with different designs. Permeation rates with cadaver skin as substrate were found not to change with patch age despite changing drug concentration in the EAL.     

Formulation,in vitro,and in vivo evaluation of matrix-type transdermal patches containing olanzapine

Transdermal patches of olanzapine were aimed to be prepared to overcome the side effects by oral application. The strategy was formulation of eudragit-based polymeric films to prepare transdermal patches by using nonionic (span-20), anionic (sodium lauryl sulfate), cationic surfactant (benzalkonium chloride), and vegetable oil (olive oil) as permeation enhancers. The patches were subjected to physicochemical, in vitro release and ex vivo permeation studies. On the basis of in vitro release performance, ERL 100:ERS 100 in the ratio of 3:2 was selected for incorporation of permeation enhancers. The permeation studies showed that formulation containing 10% span 20 (OD3) exhibited greatest cumulative amount of drug permeated (19.02?±?0.21?mg) in 72?h, so OD3 was concluded as optimized formulation and assessed for pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and skin irritation potential. In vivo studies of optimized olanzapine patch in rabbit model revealed prolongation of action with F_rel 116.09% during 72-h study period. Neuroleptic efficacy of transdermal patch was comparable to oral formulation during rotarod and grip test in Wistar albino rats with no skin irritation. Thus, developed formulation of olanzapine is expected to improve the patient compliance, form better dosage regimen, and provide maintenance therapy to psychotic patients.     

Development of a drug-in-adhesive patch combining ion pair and chemical enhancer strategy for transdermal delivery of zaltoprofen: pharmacokinetic,pharmacodynamic and in vitro/in vivo correlation evaluation

The aim of the study was to develop a drug-in-adhesive patch system for transdermal delivery of zaltoprofen (ZAL). The formulation was designed in combination with the ion pair and chemical enhancer strategy. Seven organic amines were chosen as counter ions, and the prepared ion pairs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The in vivo pharmacokinetic performance of ZAL was studied on rabbits following transdermal and intravenous administration. A deconvolution method was applied to determine the correlation between the in vitro permeation and the in vivo absorption. Acetic acid-induced writhing response was conducted on mice to evaluate the analgesic effect. In vitro permeation results showed that both ion pairs and chemical enhancers were effective in modulating ZAL skin permeation from patches. The enhancement ratio was negatively correlated to the polar surface area (PSA) of counter ions, and was positively correlated to the octanol–water partition coefficient (log K_o/w) of chemical enhancers, respectively. The optimized formulation contained 10% (w/w) ZAL-triethylamine and 10% (w/w) isopropyl myristate, with DURO-TAK® 87-4098 as the pressure sensitive adhesive matrix. Furthermore, the in vitro permeation data were well correlated with the in vivo absorption data. The analgesic effect of the optimized patch was comparable to the commercial indometacin plasters. In conclusion, it was feasible for transdermal delivery of ZAL by the synergistic action of ion pair and chemical enhancer, and the in vitro permeation data were indicative of the in vivo performance for the developed patches.     

Hyaluronic acid gel-core liposomes (hyaluosomes) enhance skin permeation of ketoprofen

Since FDA approval of the first transdermal patch in 1979, the utilizing of skin as a route of systemic drug administration has attracted the attention of the formulation scientists. The liposomes research in the area of transdermal drug delivery has been around for decades. This study aimed at comparing the latest gel-core liposomes (hyaluosomes) with nonconventional liposomal systems such as propylene glycol (PG)-liposomes, ethosomes, transferosomes and conventional liposomes loaded with ketoprofen. The modified thin-film hydration method was used to prepare these liposomal systems; size, zeta potential, EE%, TEM, rheological properties, in vitro release and ex vivo permeation studies were performed. Vesicle size and PDI ranged from 160?nm to 700?nm and 0.15 to 0.5, respectively. More interestingly, thermal gelation and shear-thinning characteristics were only recorded with hyaluosomes; while Newtonian behavior and low viscosity values (2 mPas.s to 6?mPa.s) were shown with all other liposomal systems. Hyaluosomes recorded superior (3-fold increases) transdermal permeation characteristics (flux and permeability coefficient), compared with other liposomal systems. With the advancement in liposomal sciences, this study warrants hyaluosomes as a promising transdermal liposomal system for favorable rheological characteristics as well as superior transdermal permeation that proved greater capacity than conventional and other non-conventional liposomal systems.     

Transdermal atenolol releasing system: An approach towards its development

A polymer matrix system for transdermal delivery of atenolol was developed for its prolonged and controlled release using different ratios of ethylcellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. These polymeric matrix films were characterized for thickness, tensile strength, moisture content and drug content. They were also studied for in vitro drug release and in vitro drug skin permeation. The drug release from the films was found to be Fickian diffusion type and exhibiting linear relationship between drug release (Q) vs. square root of time (t^0.5). The in vitro skin permeation of drug from transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) was evaluated using dermatomed pig skin. The product which shows in vitro drug skin permeation near to 64 mcg/h/ml was selected for in vivo studies. The in vivo studies revealed that Ma EC HPMC 46 is most effective among the other polymeric matrix TDDS. The AUC_0–28 with Ma EC HPMC 46 was better than orally administered conventional doses at twelve hours interval (AUC_0–28 1587 ng h/ml) as well as no trough and peaks in drug plasma level was recorded with TDDS. Hence, it could be concluded that the designed polymeric matrix TDDS of atenolol could be used successfully for effective and prolonged delivery of atenolol. However, it further demands exploration in clinic, an insight vision towards the development of TDDS for commercial use.     

A Systematic Quantitative Evaluation of Permeation Enhancement Window: Transdermal Permeation Enhancing Dynamics Establishment and Molecular Mechanisms Characterization of Permeation Enhancer

At present, transdermal permeation enhancing dynamics studies on permeation enhancers are still limited. In this study, these dynamics were established based on the content of enhancer Plurol Oleique CC in skin (C_POCC) and the increment of drug permeation amount (ΔQ). A new concept deemed “permeation enhancement window” (ΔC_POCC), comprised of a threshold dose (C^thr), maximal dose (C^max) and permeation enhancement efficiency (Eff) was used to evaluate the enhancement effect of POCC for different drugs. According to results of FT-IR, ATR-FTIR and DSC analyses, the higher CPOCC of patches containing acidic drugs vs. basic drugs resulted from their stronger interaction with pressure-sensitive adhesives, leading to more free POCC and a greater disturbing effect on stratum corneum (SC) lipids. Below C^thr, a longer lag phase for acidic drugs resulted from more POCC required to compete with ceramide. When CPOCC exceeded C^max by about 400 μg/g, plateau phases for all drugs were reached due to the upper limit of SC lipid fluidity, as confirmed by SAXS and Raman imaging. In summary, the differences in the permeation enhancement window for the test drugs resulted from the varied interaction strengths among POCC, drugs and adhesives, as well as changeable SC lipid fluidity.