混编肌腱重建兔膝前交叉韧带关节腔内愈合的组织学研究

[目的]比较自体-异体混编肌腱和同种异体肌腱重建兔前交叉韧带在关节腔内的重塑过程。[方法]取新西兰大白兔的双侧后腿趾长伸肌腱作为移植材料装入无菌塑料瓶,深低温-80℃保存14 d,放入-20℃冰箱保存备用。将40只新西兰兔随机平均分成自体异体肌腱混编组(混编组)和同种异体肌腱组(异体组),各20只。取兔右膝关节内侧切口,切除前交叉韧带后,按照正常兔前交叉韧带位置,选取胫骨与股骨骨道进行重建。分别于术后3、8、12、24周对重建肌腱行大体观察后应用HE染色、甲苯胺蓝染色、CD31免疫组织化学染色进行组织学评估比较。[结果]术后3周,两组均有炎性细胞浸润,肌腱内部有坏死现象。术后8周,两组可见大量圆形新生细胞由肌腱表面向中心推进,胶原纤维排列无序,细胞浸润程度以混编组相对较高。12周时,混编组内部大量圆形新生细胞,胶原纤维开始出现有序排列,异体组纤维排列仍紊乱,肌腱中心偶可见无细胞区。24周时,混编组新生细胞呈梭形,胶原纤维沿韧带长轴方向排列有序。异体组细胞仍呈圆形,胶原纤维出现有序排列。甲苯胺蓝染色结果显示:3、8周时,两组均未见异染。12周时混编组甲苯胺蓝染色出现异染,异体组未见异染,术后24周时两组均出现异染。CD31免疫组织化学染色血管计数及HE染色细胞计数在术后3、8、12周均高于异体组(P≤0.05),24周时低于异体组(P≤0.05)。[结论]混编肌腱关节腔内愈合经历缺血坏死期、再血管化及细胞增殖期和韧带重塑期,其塑型改建过程明显快于同种异体移植物。     

自体骨膜包裹同种异体肌腱重建前交叉韧带的前瞻性研究

目的通过与关节镜下单纯采用同种异体肌腱重建前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)比较,探讨自体骨膜包裹同种异体肌腱重建ACL对腱-骨愈合的影响。方法选择2008年3月-11月收治并符合纳入标准的68例ACL损伤患者,随机分为两组,其中31例采用自体骨膜包裹同种异体肌腱重建ACL(试验组),37例单纯采用同种异体肌腱重建ACL(对照组)。两组患者性别、年龄、损伤原因、病程及术前功能评分等一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。两组均采用单束解剖重建ACL。结果两组术后2周各1例胫骨隧道切口处出现少量渗出,经对症处理后切口愈合;其余患者术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。两组患者均获随访,试验组随访时间24～29个月,平均26个月;对照组24～32个月,平均27个月。CT检查示,术后2年两组骨隧道直径均较术后1个月有不同程度增加,但骨隧道扩大率试验组(5/31,16.1%)小于对照组(14/37,37.8%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=3.948,P=0.047)。术后2年,试验组23例(74.2%)Lachman试验阴性,25例(80.6%)轴移试验阴性;对照组分别为26例(70.3%)及30例(81.1%)。KT-1000检测显示,试验组关节前向松弛度为(1.74±0.88)mm,小于对照组的(2.36±0.83)mm,差异有统计学意义(t=—2.979,P=0.004)。术后2年,试验组Lysholm评分、美国特种外科医院(HSS)评分、Tegner评分、国际膝关节文献委员会(IKDC)评分与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论与单纯采用同种异体肌腱重建ACL相比,采用自体骨膜包裹同种异体肌腱重建ACL可在一定程度上降低骨隧道扩大率,促进腱-骨愈合,近期疗效较好。     

关节镜下同种异体胫前肌腱与自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带远期效果的比较

目的:对比同种异体胫前肌腱(tibialis anterior allograft,TAA)与自体腘绳肌腱(hamstring tendon autograft,HTA)重建前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)的10年随访临床疗效.方法:回顾分析2007年3月至2010年3月单束重...     

关节镜下自体与同种异体肌腱重建前交叉韧带的临床对比分析

目的观察自体腘绳肌肌腱与同种异体移植物关节镜下重建膝关节前交叉韧带(ACL)的疗效与差异。方法将54例ACL损伤患者分为两组,自体腘绳肌肌腱移植组33例,男26例,女7例;年龄20～48岁。同种异体肌腱移植组21例,男16例,女5例;年龄18～52岁。均采用美国强生公司生产的Rigidfix及Intrafix系统固定,评价项目包括手术时间、发热天数、大腿周径患健侧比值、Lachman试验、中立位前抽屉试验(ADT)和国际膝关节评分委员会(IKDC)、Lysholm及Tegner评分。随访时间6～12个月,平均8个月。结果两组患者术后膝关节稳定性均得到明显好转,除手术时间外,物理检查及功能评分差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论关节镜下自体及同种异体肌腱重建ACL都有较好的疗效,可根据患者的病情及主观要求灵活选择。     

自体腘绳肌肌腱重建交叉韧带腱-骨愈合研究进展

采用自体腘绳肌肌腱重建交叉韧带正得到越来越广泛的临床应用,如何促进肌腱与骨隧道及早、可靠的愈合,是近年研究的重点.该文就腘绳肌肌腱重建交叉韧带后腱-骨愈合的组织学及促进腱-骨愈合的生物学因素的研究进展作一综述.     

自体及同种异体肌腱重建前交叉韧带术后本体感觉恢复的比较研究

目的比较自体及同种异体肌腱重建前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)术后本体感觉恢复情况,探讨两种移植物对本体感觉恢复的影响。方法分析2008年1月-2010年1月行ACL重建的40例患者临床资料,其中20例采用自体肌腱重建(自体组),20例采用同种异体肌腱重建(异体组)。两组患者性别、年龄、病程、膝关节活动度、国际膝关节文献委员会(IKDC)评分及Lysholm评分等一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。术中均采用单束重建方法,ACL止点残迹保留在胫骨或股骨髁间窝残端。术后随访测量膝关节活动度,行IKDC评分及Lysholm评分评定膝关节功能,采用双膝关节被动角度再生试验评定本体感觉恢复情况。结果两组患者术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无感染及关节腔内积血等并发症发生。患者均获随访,随访时间12～18个月,平均13.5个月。术后12个月膝关节活动度、IKDC评分及Lysholm评分均较术前显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后3个月,自体组患侧膝关节在30、60、90°位时与健侧比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);异体组患侧膝关节在30°位时与健侧比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),在60、90°位时比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后12个月,两组患侧膝关节在30、60、90°位时与健侧比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后3个月,两组患侧膝关节在30°位时比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);60、90°位时比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后12个月,两组患侧膝关节在30、60、90°位时比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论自体肌腱重建ACL术后膝关节的本体感觉恢复早于同种异体肌腱。     

关节镜下自体与同种异体肌腱重建膝关节前交叉韧带的临床研究

[目的]比较自体与同种异体肌腱关节镜下重建膝关节前交叉韧带(ACL)的临床疗效。[方法]回顾分析了56例ACLⅢ度损伤病人,将其分为2组;A组:自体肌腱移植30例;B组:同种异体肌腱移植26例。两组病人采用相同的手术方法,术后随访25～48个月,平均34.4个月。[结果]理学检查、Lysholm-Tegner和IKDC膝关节综合功能评定及KT2000检测,手术前后两组各项指标差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);但两组间术后各项指标差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]同种异体与自体肌腱重建ACL的疗效相近,是重建ACL良好的移植物。     

关节镜下自体和同种异体肌腱重建前交叉韧带的疗效比较

[目的]探讨关节镜下自体和同种异体肌腱重建前交叉韧带的疗效。[方法]将本院2013年1月~2014年12月收治的86例陈旧性前交叉韧带损伤重建患者随机分为2组,每组43例。自体肌腱组行自体腘绳肌腱重建,异体肌腱组行同种异体肌腱重建。术后,对两组患者重建后免疫排斥反应、膝关节功能(Lysholm、Tegner、IKDC)、胫骨前移程度(KT 2 000、Lachman)、关节运动肌力进行评价。[结果]异体肌腱组重建后免疫排斥反应[疼痛>1周(32.6%)、关节积液穿刺抽液(55.8%)、白细胞计数>10×10~9L~(-1)(53.5%)]大于自体肌腱组(27.9%、51.2%、46.5%),但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后两组Lysholm、Tegner、IKDC评分显著升高(P<0.05),但两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后两组KT 2 000评分显著降低(P<0.05),但两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后两组Lachman评价差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。异体肌腱组术后膝关节肌肉峰力矩(屈膝、伸膝、内旋、外旋)无显著变化(P>0.05);自体肌腱组术后膝关节肌肉峰力矩(屈膝、内旋)显著降低(P<0.05),且低于异体肌腱组(P<0.05)。[结论]关节镜下自体和同种异体肌腱重建前交叉韧带的临床疗效相当,可依据患者情况合理选择。     

Rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

The "Frankfurt rehabilitation regimen" following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is presented. ACL rehabilitation is discussed in the light of knowledge on knee biomechanics and proprioception as well as clinical results of reconstruction. Special emphasis is given to exercise therapy.     

Sensorimotor changes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

The restoration of joint stability is unlikely to be dependent on passive properties of the joint alone, yet the effect of anterior cruciate ligament reconstructive surgery on the sensorimotor system largely remains unexplored. This study evaluated whether surgical reconstruction of the ligament had any effect on one indicator of sensorimotor function, hamstring contraction latency, which previously has been shown to be related to function. Twenty-five patients with unilateral chronic anterior cruciate ligament deficiency had measures of hamstring contraction latency obtained before and after (3 and 6 months) reconstruction. After surgery, the contraction latency difference was found to improve significantly (decrease) in patients who had a preexisting deficit. The mechanism for alteration in response time remains unclear, but an observed relationship between contraction latency and tibial translation supports a mechanical basis for the findings. It was concluded the sensorimotor changes associated with surgical reconstruction of the cruciate ligament may help to restore joint stability. The study highlights the need to appreciate sensorimotor consequences of cruciate ligament surgery.     

Muscle performance after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

We measured muscle strength in 36 patients after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with autogenous bone-patellar tendon-bone graft. Quadriceps and hamstring isokinetic strength was assessed during concentric contraction at 60 and 180°/s and was measured at 1, 6, 12 and 24 months postoperatively. At 24 months quadriceps muscle strength had recovered to approximately 90% of the level of the uninvolved side, both at 60 and 180°/s. In contrast, hamstring muscle strength had already recovered to approximately 90% at 6 months. Age, gender, activity level, and anterior tibial laxity did not affect the muscle performance. However, the recovery of muscle strength was delayed in patients with anterior knee pain.

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Résumé Nous avons mesuré la force musculaire chez 36 malades après reconstruction du LCA avec auto- greffe "os-tendon rotulien-os". La force isokinétique du quadriceps et des ischio-jambiers a été étudiée pendant la contraction concentrique à 60 et 180 degré/sec et a été mesurée à 1, 6,12 et 24 mois postopératoires. À 24 mois la force musculaire du Quadriceps avait retrouvé approximativement 90% de la force du côté opposé, à 60 et 180 degré/sec. Par contraste, la force musculaire des ischio-jambiers avait déjà retrouvé 90% de sa valeur à 6 mois. L'âge, le sexe, le niveau d'activité, et la laxité tibiale antérieure n'ont pas affecté la performance musculaire. Cependant la récupération de force musculaire a été différée chez les malades avec douleur antérieure du genou.

     

Rehabilitation after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Rehabilitation is an important part of therapy in patients who have had arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A well-designed rehabilitation program avoids potential graft damage and speeds up patients' return to their full function level. The course of rehabilitation depends on the type of surgery, mode of fixation and possible co-existing injury to the knee's soft tissues. The rehabilitation program presented here is based on the present-day knowledge of neurophysiological and biomechanical principles and is divided into five phases. In the pre-operative phase (I), the main objective is to prepare patients for surgery in terms of maximum muscle strength and range of motion. It also includes providing full information on the procedure. In the early post-operative phase (II) we are concerned with pain alleviation and reduction of knee edema. After suture removal we begin with soft techniques for the patella and post-operative physical therapy to reduce scarring. In the next post-operative phase (III) patients are able to walk with their full weight on the extremity operated on, and we continue doing exercises that improve flexor/extensor co-contraction. In this phase we also begin with exercises improving the patient's proprioceptive and sensorimotor functions. In the late post-operative phase (IV) we go on with exercises promoting proprioception of both lower extremities with the aim of increasing muscle control of the knee joints. In the convalescent phase (V) patients gradually return to their sports activities.     

Accelerated rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Presented at the 15th annual meeting of the AOSSM, Traverse City, MI, July 1989. Address reprint requests to: K. Donald Shelbourne, MD, Methodist Sports Medicine Center, 1815 North Capitol Avenue, Suite 530, Indianapolis, IN 46202.To overcome many of the complications after ACL reconstruction (prolonged knee stiffness, limitation of complex extension, delay in strength recovery, anterior knee pain), yet still maintain knee stability, we developed a rehabilitation protocol that emphasizes full knee extension on the first postoperative day and immediate weightbearing according to the patient's tolerance. Of 800 patients who underwent intraarticuar ACL patellar tendon-bone graft reconstruction, performed by the same surgeon, the last 450 patients have followed the accelerated rehabilitation schedule as outlined in the protocol. A longer than 2 year followup is recorded for 73 of the patients in the accelerated rehabilitation group. On the 1st postoperative day, we encouraged these patients to walk with full weightbearing and full knee extension. By the 2nd postoperative week, the patients with a 100 degrees range of motion participated in a guided exercise and strengthening program. By the 4th week, patients were permitted unlimited activities of daily living and were allowed to return to light sports activities as early as the 8th week if the Cybex strength scores of the involved extremity exceeded 70% of the scores of the noninvolved extremity and the patient had completed a sport-specific functional/agility program. The patient database was compiled from frequent clinical examinations, periodic knee questionnaires, and objective information, such as range of motion measurements, KT-1000 values, and Cybex strength scores. A series of graft biopsies obtained at various times have revealed no adverse histologic reaction. The evidence indicates that in this population, the accelerated rehabilitation program has been more effective than our initial program in reducing limitations of motion (particularly knee extension) and loss of strength while maintaining stability and preventing anterior knee pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1992;15(6):256-264.     

Rehabilitation after hamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

A prospective comparative study was conducted involving 62 patients to determine the effects and limits of accelerated rehabilitation on clinical outcome. The study focused on whether aggressive rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with the doubled semitendinosus and gracilis tendon autograft results in stretching the graft. Thirty patients had postoperative rehabilitation according to the current conservative protocol, and 32 patients had rehabilitation using an accelerated regime. Each patient was evaluated subjectively and objectively 36 months or more after surgery. Concerning the side-to-side difference in the anterior laxity, 87% of the patients in the conservative rehabilitation group had 3 mm or less and 80% of the patients in the accelerated rehabilitation group had the same acceptable laxity. There was no significant difference between the two groups. Muscle torque was restored significantly earlier in the patients in the accelerated rehabilitation group than in the patients in the conservative rehabilitation group. Nine months after surgery, however, there were no significant differences in the torque between the two groups. Accelerated rehabilitation significantly increased the incidence of knee effusion during rehabilitation. This study showed that acceleration of postoperative rehabilitation could rapidly restore muscle strength without significantly compromising graft stability in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with the doubled hamstring tendon autograft. However, this study also showed that acceleration significantly increases the incidence of synovitis. Acceleration of postoperative rehabilitation has advantages and disadvantages for clinical outcome after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.     

Histological changes in the human anterior cruciate ligament after rupture

BACKGROUND: Four phases in the response to injury of the ruptured human anterior cruciate ligament are observed histologically; these include an inflammatory phase, an epiligamentous repair phase, a proliferative phase, and a remodeling phase. One objective of this study was to describe the histological changes that occur in the ruptured human anterior cruciate ligament during these phases. Myofibroblast-like cells that contain alpha-smooth muscle actin are present in the midsubstance of the intact human anterior cruciate ligament. A second objective of this study was to determine whether an increased number of myofibroblast-like cells is found in the midsubstance of the ruptured human anterior cruciate ligament because it was thought that those cells might be responsible in part for the retraction of the ruptured anterior cruciate ligament. In the early phase of this study, it was found that the number of myofibroblast-like cells in the midsubstance of the ruptured anterior cruciate ligament was actually decreased, and this hypothesis was abandoned. During the epiligamentous repair phase, synovial tissue was formed that covered the ends of the ruptured anterior cruciate ligament. Most of the synovial lining cells were myofibroblast-like cells that contained alpha-smooth muscle actin. The primary objective of this study was to determine the location and the characteristics of the alpha-smooth muscle actin-containing myofibroblast-like cells that appear in the human anterior cruciate ligament following rupture. METHODS: Twenty-three ruptured and ten intact human anterior cruciate ligaments were evaluated for cellularity, nuclear morphology, blood vessel density, and percentage of cells containing a contractile actin isoform, alpha-smooth muscle actin. The histological features of the synovial and epiligamentous tissues were also described. RESULTS: At no time after rupture was there evidence of tissue-bridging between the femoral and tibial remnants of the anterior cruciate ligament. The ruptured ligaments demonstrated a time-dependent histological response, which consisted of inflammatory cell infiltration up to three weeks, gradual epiligamentous repair and resynovialization between three and eight weeks, and neovascularization and an increase in cell number density between eight and twenty weeks. Compared with the intact ligaments, there was a decrease in the percentage of myofibroblast-like cells containing alpha-smooth muscle actin within the remnant of the ligament. However, many of the epiligamentous and synovial cells encapsulating the remnants contained alpha-smooth muscle actin. CONCLUSIONS: After rupture, the human anterior cruciate ligament undergoes four histological phases, consisting of inflammation, epiligamentous regeneration, proliferation, and remodeling. The response to injury is similar to that reported in other dense connective tissues, with three exceptions: formation of an alpha-smooth muscle actin-expressing synovial cell layer on the surface of the ruptured ends, the lack of any tissue bridging the rupture site, and the presence of an epiligamentous reparative phase that lasts eight to twelve weeks. Other characteristics reported in healing dense connective tissue, such as fibroblast proliferation, expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin, and revascularization, also occur in the ruptured human anterior cruciate ligament. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Unlike extra-articular ligaments that heal after injury, the human intra-articular anterior cruciate ligament forms a layer of synovial tissue over the ruptured surface, which may impede repair of the ligament. Moreover, a large number of cells in this synovial layer and in the epiligamentous tissue express the gene for a contractile actin isoform, alpha-smooth muscle actin, thus differentiating into myofibroblasts. These events may play a role in the retraction and lack of healing of the ruptured anterior cruciate ligament.     

Total knee arthroplasty after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common, and many of these patients go on to ACL reconstruction. At a later date, some may develop symptomatic osteoarthritis and require total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This raises the question: Does prior ACL reconstruction have a deleterious impact on the outcome of knee arthroplasty? Thirty-six cases of patients who underwent ACL reconstruction and then TKA at a later date were retrospectively reviewed. A cohort of patients without ACL injuries who underwent TKA for the diagnosis of primary osteoarthritis were selected to serve as controls. The results of this study demonstrate that previous ACL reconstruction does not have a negative impact on the outcome of future TKA with respect to range of motion, outcome scores, infection, or patella baja.