当归挥发油的透皮特性及其作用机制研究

摘 要 目的：观察当归挥发油经婴儿皮肤的渗透动力学特性,并从形态学的角度探讨当归挥发油促进药物透皮吸收的机制。方法: 采用Franz 扩散池进行体外渗透实验,HPLC法检测接收液中藁苯内酯的浓度,计算当归挥发油的经皮累积渗透量和速率常数。并用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察当归挥发油对皮肤超微结构的影响。结果: 不同浓度当归挥发油在婴儿皮肤的渗透行为均符合Higuchi方程;扫描电镜观察显示,当归挥发油使皮肤表面皱褶增多,角质层局部断裂脱屑,翻卷呈破棉絮状,毛囊口扩展,毛干的毛小皮剥脱变细;透射电镜显示,角质层细胞崩解脱落,基底层及棘层细胞连接断裂,细胞间隙增大。结论:当归挥发油具有较好的皮肤渗透性能,其促进药物透皮吸收的机制与改变皮肤结构密切相关,当归挥发油可改变角质层结构,使细胞间隙增大,有利于药物渗透。     

曲安奈德经皮渗透特性研究

目的评价曲安奈德经皮渗透的特性。方法采用Franz扩散池法,考察药物经完整皮肤和去角质层皮肤的体外透皮能力,并采用了胶带剥离、皮肤萃取法分别获取了皮肤角质层、去角质层皮肤样本,用HPLC法测定了样本中的药物含量,考察曲安奈德在皮肤不同层的分布情况。结果曲安奈德的24 h透过量去角质层皮肤约为完整皮肤的1.6倍;8 h透皮实验,高、中、低3个浓度角质层中药物含量基本相同,真皮层则存在浓度依赖现象。结论角质层是曲安奈德的透皮吸收重要屏障,但角质层对药物的储留有饱和现象,临床上应用时需特别关注。     

派瑞松乳膏中3种药物透皮特性的研究

目的:评价派瑞松乳膏中曲安奈德(TACA)、苯甲酸(BEN)、硝酸益康唑(ECN)3种药物的透皮特性.方法:采用Franz扩散池法,考察药物经完整皮肤和去角质层皮肤的体外透皮能力,并采用了胶带剥离、皮肤萃取法分别获取了皮肤角质层、去角质层皮肤样本,用HPLC法测定了样本中的药物含量.结果:经过24 h透皮吸收,TACA和BEN的去角质层皮肤渗透量分别为完整皮肤的1.5和1.3倍,ECN的渗透量基本为零.8h透皮实验,TACA高、中、低3个浓度角质层中药物含量基本相同,真皮层则存在浓度依赖现象;ECN在皮肤各层和接受室均检测不到;BEN在角质层和真皮层中的分布与TACA相似,但透过量比TACA大.结论:角质层是皮肤渗透的重要屏障,派瑞松乳膏应用于皮肤溃疡、受损或者婴幼儿皮肤仍需谨慎.     

曲安奈德经皮渗透特性研究

目的 评价曲安奈德经皮渗透的特性.方法 采用Franz扩散池法,考察药物经完整皮肤和去角质层皮肤的体外透皮能力,并采用了胶带剥离、皮肤萃取法分别获取了皮肤角质层、去角质层皮肤样本,用HPLC法测定了样本中的药物含量,考察曲安奈德在皮肤不同层的分布情况.结果 曲安奈德的24h透过量去角质层皮肤约为完整皮肤的1.6倍;8h...     

川丁特罗贴剂的设计及分子机制研究

目的 采用离子对与促透剂联合应用的促透策略，设计一种经皮透过性良好的川丁特罗贴剂，用于支气管哮喘的治疗。方法 首先采用有机溶媒挥散法制备川丁特罗经皮吸收贴剂，以Wistar大鼠皮肤为模型，采用单因素考察法在体外经皮透过试验中考察离子对与促透剂的联用对川丁特罗经皮透过行为的影响并优选贴剂处方。通过贴剂体外释放试验和红外光谱试验，探讨离子对及促透剂对川丁特罗经皮透过行为的影响及分子机制。结果 贴剂的优选处方为川丁特罗-对氨基苯甲酸为主药，载药量为5%，DURO-TAK^®87-4098为压敏胶基质，8%聚甘油油酸酯为促透剂。离子对的形成增加了川丁特罗的皮肤渗透性，而聚甘油油酸酯的加入对川丁特罗从贴剂中的释放和川丁特罗皮肤透过均有促进作用，2个技术的联用增加了川丁特罗的皮肤累积透过量。结论 本研究通过采用离子对与促透剂联合应用的策略，成功设计了川丁特罗压敏胶分散型贴剂，并从释放和经皮吸收2方面探讨了离子对和促透剂的作用机制，为开发川丁特罗贴剂提供参考。     

固体脂质纳米粒经皮给药系统研究进展

近年来,固体脂质纳米粒(solid 1ipid nanopanicles,SLN)成为经皮给药系统的研究热潮。固体脂质纳米粒通过影响皮肤角质层,作用于皮肤附属器以及改变药物的外在特性使之透过皮肤,从而提高药物皮内滞留量。固体脂质纳米粒可以有效靶向于表皮,为皮肤局部给药提供可能。本文就固体脂质纳米粒特征、透皮特性、透皮机制等进行综述。     

盐酸特比萘芬醇类脂泡囊凝胶离体和在体透皮特点研究

目的:研究盐酸特比萘芬醇类脂泡囊凝胶在体和离体透皮特点。方法:采用Franz扩散池进行体外透皮实验,考察盐酸特比萘芬醇类脂泡囊凝胶、脂质体凝胶和普通凝胶经皮渗透性和皮肤滞留量;以小鼠为实验动物,3种凝胶腹部经皮给药,考察盐酸特比萘芬的血药浓度和皮肤滞留量,对比不同类型凝胶剂的透皮效果。结果:离体透皮扩散实验中,透皮速率排序为:脂质体凝胶>醇类脂泡囊凝胶>普通凝胶;皮肤内24 h累积滞留量排序为:醇类脂泡囊凝胶>脂质体凝胶>普通凝胶。在体透皮吸收实验中,皮肤内6 h累积滞留量排序为:醇类脂泡囊凝胶>脂质体凝胶>普通凝胶。3种凝胶中的盐酸特比萘芬在皮肤深层中的滞留量均远远大于角质层,醇类脂泡囊凝胶中药物在皮肤深层的滞留量远大于另外两种凝胶,而脂质体凝胶和普通凝胶在皮肤深层的滞留量无明显差异。结论:醇类脂泡囊对盐酸特比萘芬透皮吸收具有一定的促进作用,同时也能显著提高盐酸特比萘芬在皮肤内特别是皮肤深层中的滞留量,为治疗深部皮肤真菌感染提供了一种新方法。     

逐淤止痛远红外灸贴中芍药苷、阿魏酸及藁本内酯的透皮特性研究

目的 研究逐淤止痛远红外灸贴中芍药苷、藁本内酯及阿魏酸的体内外透皮性能。方法 根据《中国药典》规定的释放度测定法测定体外释放度;采用Franze扩散池法测定药物的体外透皮性能;通过小鼠在体透皮实验、药动学实验及皮肤组织HE染色考察药物的在体透皮性能。结果 凝胶贴组与凝胶贴辅助艾灸组中芍药苷、藁本内酯、阿魏酸的体外释放及体外透皮均符合Higuchi方程;体外透皮实验中凝胶贴辅助艾灸组中3种成分的累积透过量与累积皮下滞留量较凝胶贴组均相应增加;在体透皮实验与体外透皮实验的结果相似,阿魏酸的结果略有不同;HE染色发现：使用凝胶贴和凝胶贴辅助艾灸后,皮肤结构无损伤,角质层组织变薄,棘层细胞、基底层细胞排列松散,整体的皮肤结构趋于变薄。结论 凝胶贴中3种成分的透皮性能为藁本内酯>阿魏酸>芍药苷;该制剂属于皮肤限速型经皮给药制剂,其透皮机制主要是通过破坏皮肤角质层微观结构和通过皮肤附属器,使药物经皮渗透从而发挥治疗作用。     

盐酸丁螺环酮透皮促渗剂选择及其透皮机制的研究

目的研究透皮促渗剂对盐酸丁螺环酮体外经皮渗透的影响以及盐酸丁螺环酮的透皮机制。方法采用改良Franz扩散池,比较不同促渗剂种类、浓度、配比对盐酸丁螺环酮的促渗效果,同时通过改变扩散池的介质pH及皮肤的状态,研究药物的透皮机制。结果采用3%氮酮为透皮促渗剂时药物透过量最大。盐酸丁螺环酮随着分子型浓度的升高透过量也随之增加,皮肤去除角质层后,药物的透过量显著大于完整皮肤,而完整皮肤的贮库效应大于去角质皮肤。结论药物透皮以3%氮酮为透皮促进剂促渗效果最佳。盐酸丁螺环酮主要是以分子型透过皮肤,药物的透皮屏障与贮库效应发生的主要部位是皮肤的角质层。     

新型喜树碱纳米凝胶给药系统的构建及体外透皮特性研究

目的 制备新型喜树碱纳米凝胶给药系统(CPT-PPO gel),并对其含量、理化性质和体外透皮特性进行考察。方法 以乙交酯-丙交酯共聚物(PLGA)包裹抗银屑病药物喜树碱(CPT)作为纳米系统的核,将聚酰胺-胺(PAMAM,G3.0)包裹在PLGA表面作为纳米系统的壳,采用乳化溶剂挥发法制备载喜树碱纳米系统(CPT-PLGA-PAMAM, CPT-PP),并用油酸(OA)进行修饰,得到经表面改性的核壳纳米给药系统(CPT-PLGA-PAMAM-OA, CPT-PPO)。采用HPLC法测定纳米乳中喜树碱的含量,采用透射电镜和激光粒径测定仪分别考察纳米粒的形态和粒径。以羟丙甲基纤维素(HPMC)为基质,制备CPT-PPO gel,并采用Franz扩散池对其体外透皮特性进行考察。结果 制得的CPT-PPO gel平均粒径为(246.7±5.4) nm,包封率为(78.7±6.9)%,含量稳定,在4℃时具有良好的稳定性。体外透皮实验表明,纳米凝胶CPT-PPO gel、CPT-PP gel比普通凝胶CPT gel有更高的皮肤渗透量和滞留量(P<0.01),且CPT-PPO gel在皮肤渗透量和滞留量上均显著高于CPT-PP gel(P<0.05)。结论 经过OA修饰的CPT-PPO gel可以显著提高药物的皮肤吸收量和滞留量,有望成为应用CPT局部治疗银屑病的新剂型。     

Effect of menthone and related compounds on skin permeation of drugs with different lipophilicity and molecular organization of stratum corneum lipids

The objective of this article was to investigate the enhancing effect of menthone, menthol and pulegone on the transdermal absorption of drugs with different lipophilicity and probe their mechanisms of action at molecular level. Five model drugs, namely osthole, tetramethylpyrazine, ferulic acid, puerarin and geniposide, which were selected based on their lipophilicity denoted by logK_o/w, were tested using in vitro permeation studies in which Franz diffusion cells and rat skin were employed. Infrared spectroscopy and molecular dynamic simulation were used to investigate the effect of these enhancers on the stratum corneum (SC) lipids, respectively. Three compounds could effectively promote the transdermal absorption of drugs with different lipophilicity, and the overall promoting capacities were in the following increasing order: pulegone?<?menthol?<?menthone. The penetration enhancement ratio was roughly in parabolic curve relationships with the drug lipophilicity after treatment with menthol or menthone, while the penetration enhancement effect of pulegone hardly changed with the alteration of the drug lipophilicity. The molecular mechanism studies suggested that menthone and menthol enhanced the skin permeability by disordering the ordered organization of SC lipids and extracted part of SC lipids, while pulegone appeared to promote drug transport across the skin only by extracting part of SC lipids.     

Effects of Sucrose Oleate and Sucrose Laureate on in Vivo Human Stratum Corneum Permeability

Purpose. The purpose of this work was to 1) investigate the effect of sucrose esters (sucrose oleate and sucrose laureate in water or in Transcutol®, TC) on the stratum corneum (SC) barrier properties in vivo and 2) examine the impact of these surfactant-like molecules on the in vivo percutaneous penetration of a model penetrant 4-hydroxybenzonitrile (4-HB). Methods. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and transepidermal water loss measurements were used to evaluate the sucrose oleate- and sucrose laureate-induced biophysical changes in SC barrier function in vivo. In addition, the effect of the enhancers on 4-HB penetration was monitored in vivo using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy in conjunction with tape-stripping of the treated site. Results. Treatment of the skin with 2% sucrose laureate or sucrose oleate in TC significantly increased the extent of 4-HB penetration relative to the control. Furthermore, when skin treated with these formulations was examined spectroscopically, the C-H asymmetric and symmetric stretching bands of the lipid methylene groups were characterized by 1) decreased absorbances and 2) frequency shifts to higher wavenumbers. These effects on the SC lipids and 4-HB penetration were more pronounced for sucrose laureate when combined with TC. Conclusions. A combination of sucrose esters (oleate or laureate) and TC is able to temporally alter the stratum corneum barrier properties, thereby promoting 4-HB penetration. These molecules are worthy of further investigation as potential candidates for inclusion in transdermal formulations as penetration enhancers.     

Impacts of chemical enhancers on skin permeation and deposition of terbinafine

Abstract

Context/Objective: The addition of chemical enhancers into formulations is the most commonly employed approach to overcome the skin barrier. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of vehicle and chemical enhancers on the skin permeation and accumulation of terbinafine, an allylamine antifungal drug.

Methods: Terbinafine (1% w/w) was formulated as a Carbopol 934?P gel formulation in presence and absence of three chemical enhancers, nerolidol, dl-limonene and urea. Terbinafine distribution and deposition in stratum corneum (SC) and skin following 8-h ex vivo permeation study was determined using a sequential tape stripping procedure. The conformational order of SC lipids was investigated by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy.

Results and discussion: Nerolidol containing gel formulation produced significantly higher enhancement in terbinafine permeation through skin and its skin accumulation was increased. ATR-FTIR results showed enhancer induced lipid bilayer disruption in SC. Urea resulted in enhanced permeation of terbinafine across the skin and a balanced distribution to the SC was achieved. But, dl-limonene could not minimize the accumulation of terbinafine in the upper SC.

Conclusion: Nerolidol dramatically improved the skin permeation and deposition of terbinafine in the skin that might help to optimize targeting of the drug to the epidermal sites as required for both of superficial and deep cutaneous fungal infections.     

Effects of Enantiomer and Isomer Permeation Enhancers on Transdermal Delivery of Ligustrazine Hydrochloride

Enantiomers and isomers, such as D-limonene, L-limonene, and α-terpinene, were selected as enhancers. The effects and mechanisms of penetration enhancers on in vitro transdermal delivery of ligustrazine hydrochloride (LH) across hairless porcine dorsal skin were investigated. Transdermal fluxes of LH through porcine skin were determined in vitro by Franz-type diffusion cells. D-limonene, L-limonene, and α-terpinene could significantly promote the transdermal fluxes of LH, but no statistical difference (p > 0.05) between them was found. The lag time of L-limonene and α-terpinene were 2.55 and 2.20 times compared with that of D-limonene. Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) was carried out to analyze the effects of enhancers on the biophysical natures of the stratum corneum (SC) and the permeation enhancement mechanism. FTIR spectra revealed that the changes of peak shift and peak area due to C-H stretching vibrations in the SC lipids were associated with the selected enhancers. All of them could perturb and extract the SC lipids to different extent and L-limonene showed obvious changes. Morphological changes of the skin treated with enhancers were monitored by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The extraction of the SC lipids by the enhancers led to the disruption of SC and the desquamated SC flake. Apparent density (AD) was newly proposed to estimate the desquamated extent of SC flake. The results showed that the enantiomers and isomers enhanced the permeation of LH by pleiotropic mechanisms.     

High throughput screening of transdermal formulations

Purpose. Applications of transdermal drug delivery are limited by low skin permeability. Many chemicals have been used to enhance skin permeability, however, only a handful are actually used in practice. Combinations of chemicals are likely to be more efficient in enhancing skin permeability compared to individual enhancers. However, identification of efficient enhancer combinations is quite challenging because many chemical enhancers interact with each other and with the skin in a complex manner. In the absence of a fundamental knowledge of such interactions, we need to rely on rapid methods to screen various enhancer combinations for their effectiveness. In this paper, we report a novel high throughput (HTP) method that is at least 50-fold more efficient in terms of skin utilization and up to 30-fold more efficient in terms of holdup times than the current methods for formulation screening (Franz diffusion cells). Methods. A high throughput method was developed based on skin conductivity and mannitol penetration into the skin. This method was used to perform at least 100 simultaneous tests per day. Detailed studies were performed using two model enhancers, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and dodecyl pyridinium chloride (DPC). The predictions of the high throughput method were validated using Franz diffusion cells. Results. High throughput screening revealed that mixtures of SLS and DPC are significantly more effective in enhancing transdermal transport compared to each of them alone. Maximum efficiency was observed with near-equimolar mixtures of SLS: DPC. The predictions of the HTP method compared well against those made using Franz diffusion cells. Specifically, the effect of surfactant mixtures on skin conductivity and mannitol permeability measured using Franz cells also showed a maximum at near-equimolar mixtures of SLS: DPC. Conclusions. The novel HTP method allows rapid screening of enhancer formulations for transdermal applications. This method can be used to discover new and effective enhancer mixtures. At the same time, these data may also broaden our understanding of the effect of enhancers on skin permeability.     

盐酸西替利嗪凝胶剂的制备及体外透皮特性

目的：制备盐酸西替利嗪凝胶剂,研究其体外透皮特性。方法：以卡波姆940为辅料制备西替利嗪凝胶剂,采用改良Franz扩散池,以离体大鼠皮肤为透皮屏障,采用HPLC法测定西替利嗪的透皮行为。结果：西替利嗪凝胶体外透皮释药方程为Q=110．03t＋17．17（r=0．99）,透皮速率为110．03μg/（cm^2·h）。结论：西替利嗪凝胶具有良好的透皮效果,其体外经皮渗透符合一级动力学过程。     

自制复方特比萘酚软膏渗透促进剂的研究

目的 筛选并确定自制复方特比萘酚软膏中的渗透促进剂.方法 采用体外经皮渗透试验,使用立式Franz扩散池,接收液为60％聚乙二醇400-40％生理盐水,渗透膜为SD大鼠腹部皮肤,筛选最适渗透促进剂.结果10％丙二醇对复方特比萘芬软膏的促渗作用明显大于15％丙二醇,对比氮酮和丙二醇的促渗效果,10％丙二醇优于3％氮酮.结...     

Stratum Corneum Lipids of Human Epidermal Keratinocyte Air-Liquid Cultures: Implications for Barrier Function

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to investigate the permeability barrier, i.e., the stratum corneum (SC) lipids, of human epidermal keratinocyte air-liquid cultures and compare them with those of human SC. Methods. The SC lipids composition was analyzed by TLC technique, the organization by electron microscopic procedure, and the phase transition temperature by Infrared spectroscopic method. Results. Electron microscopy demonstrated that The SC lipids of cultures were largely retained inside the corneocytes, and that the intercellular lipids lack both the basic unit repetition (i.e., broad : narrow : broad : broad : narrow : broad of electron lucent bands) and the covalently-bound lipid envelope normally found in human SC. These characteristics are similar to those found in SC from patients with atopic dermatitis or psoriasis, or from animals with essential fatty acid deficiency, suggesting that the cultures may be hyperproliferative. In addition, the high free sterol content and the altered fatty acid/ceramide composition of these cultures argue that the compromised barrier function is linked to hyperproliferation and lipid synthesis, or vice versa. Infrared spectroscopic analyses confirm that there are major conformational differences between the lipids of human and cultured SC. Conclusions. The profound differences in SC lipid composition, organization and conformational properties attest that permeability alone is not a sufficiently sensitive marker to define barrier equivalence between cultures and human skin.     

盐酸特比萘芬乳膏的透皮吸收和含量测定

目的:建立盐酸特比萘芬乳膏HPLC分析方法,并使用该方法进行自制乳膏和原研制剂的透皮吸收考察和自制乳膏的含量测定.方法:采用Kromasil C₁₈柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),甲醇-乙腈-pH 7.5的醋酸三乙胺缓冲液(55:35:10)为流动相,流速1 ml·min^-1,检测波长282 nm.体外透皮实验采用Franz智能透皮吸收仪,以实验用离体乳猪皮为透皮屏障,通过累计渗透量和皮肤滞留量评价自制乳膏与原研制剂的透皮相似性.结果:盐酸特比萘芬质量浓度在4~150 ng·ml^-1、20~400 μg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 6,r=0.999 8),盐酸特比萘芬溶液平均回收率为98.88%,制剂加样平均回收率为100.4%.3批自制乳膏的平均含量为97.2%,累计渗透量和24 h皮肤滞留量与原研制剂差异无显著性(P >0.05).结论:所建立HPLC方法快速、准确,可同时用于盐酸特比萘芬乳膏的透皮吸收考察和含量测定.自制乳膏的透皮吸收特性与原研制剂相似,含量达到要求.     

Stratum corneum pharmaco­kinetics of the anti-fungal drug,terbinafine, in a novel topical formulation,for single-dose application in dermatophytoses

ABSTRACT

Objective: The stratum corneum (SC) pharmacokinetics of terbinafine following single-dose administration of a novel cutaneous solution (film-forming solution, FFS) containing terbinafine hydrochloride and a film-forming agent, was investigated in three studies. Terbinafine 1% cream (Lamisil) was included as a benchmark in two of these studies.

Research design and methods: Drugs were applied to areas of the back, and skin strips were taken from defined areas at baseline and from 1 to 312?h after application. Samples were analysed using validated liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.

Results: The residence time of the film on the skin was up to 72?h after application (up to 12?h for the 1% cream). After application of terbinafine FFS, 30% of the total amount of drug delivered into the SC occurred during the first 2?h, 31% from 2–12?h, and 39% thereafter. The C_max was observed as early as 1.5?h (t_max). SC levels were still detected after 13 days (24?ng/cm²) (t_½ was 162?h). Terbinafine 1% cream showed a similar t_max (2?h) with a lower C_max than terbinafine 1% FFS, and mean SC levels after 7 days of treatment were 46?ng/cm² (day 13). The t_½ was 68?h. Washing at 30?min removed 86% of the film still present on the surface; the decrease of terbinafine concentration in the SC was 84%. A later washing at 12?h removed 73% of the film in comparison to non-washed skin and induced a decrease in the terbinafine content in the SC of 27%.

Conclusions: The SC pharmacokinetic profile of terbinafine 1% FFS indicates that this novel formulation is efficient in delivering high amounts of terbinafine to the skin for a prolonged time and supports its use in the treatment of dermatophytoses with a single application.

Introduction