Transient bone resorption following finger replantation: a report of 3 cases

Radiographic changes consisting of alterations in mineral content, osteopaenia or destructive neuropathy that occur following successful finger replantation have already been described. We report our experience about four fingers in three individuals in whom bone changes developed in the first three months postoperatively with complete "restitution ad integrum".Three patients, 21-49 years old (average 36 years) sustained a clean-cut amputation of four fingers. The first patient had an amputation at the base of the middle phalanx of the index finger and the second patient at the base of the proximal phalanx of the ring finger. The third had an amputation at the base of the first metacarpal bone and the proximal phalanx of the small finger in a five finger amputation. In the first case, two dorsal veins and two palmar digital arteries and nerves were repaired. In the second case, one palmar artery and one dorsal vein were reanastomosed. In the third case at the thumb, two dorsal veins and two palmar digital arteries and nerves were reconstructed. At the small finger, one dorsal vein, one palmar digital artery and two digital nerves were reconstructed. Bone fixation was achieved with two and three K-wires or tension-band wiring. Replantation was successful in all cases. Three weeks after replantation, the X-rays showed rapid development of osteopaenia in the juxtaartieular region and metaphyses of the bone. These changes were followed by subperiosteal,intracortical and endosteal bone resorption. No further surgical procedures or splintage were needed and hand therapy was not discontinued. At 10-13 weeks (average 12 weeks)postoperatively, the X-rays showed a complete recovery with new periosteal bone formation.We suggest that the radiographic changes after finger replantation are transient, first evident subperiosteally and progressing centrally. They may reflect small-vessel compromise and microinfarction and transient hyperemia secondary to neurovascular damage or to sympathetic progressive recovery.     

吻合指掌侧静脉断指再植的研究

目的 为复杂性断指再植血液循环的建立提供新的手术方法。方法 通过新鲜的成人手标本,解剖观测了手指掌侧静脉的分布状态,走向及口径。设计吻合指掌侧静脉断指再植的手术程序及技术方法。     

Replantation of amputated finger composite tissues with microvascular anastomosis

Replantation of the partial amputated finger or the composite tissue in finger would achieve better functional and esthetic results than any reconstructive procedure. In this article, we report the results of microsurgical partial finger or composite tissue replantation at different anatomic sites of 24 fingers in 21 patients. Microvascular anastomosis was performed in all cases of replantation. For the digital palmar and lateral composite tissue defects, the proper palmar digital artery and volar or dorsal subcutaneous veins were repaired by end-to-end anastomoses. For the digital dorsal defects, the blood supply was reestablished by arterialization of a dorsal central vein in the replanted part with one of the proper palmar digital arteries. The average follow-up period was 12.3 months. Twenty-two of 24 fingers survived completely with good functional and esthetic results. Two replantations failed because of vascular complications. In conclusion, if the vascular vessels in amputations of partial finger and composite tissue of finger are suitable for anastomosis, a successful replantation of these parts with excellent functional and esthetic recovery can be achieved.     

带感觉支指背侧岛状皮瓣的应用解剖学研究

目的 探讨含指掌侧固有神经背侧支的指背岛状皮瓣的应用解剖学，以提高皮瓣的修复疗效。方法 在20具40侧成人上肢标本上解剖观测指掌侧固有神经背侧支的起点和走行。另对4具8侧成人上肢进行血管铸型制作，观察指掌侧固有动脉及手指静脉的分布范围。结果 示、中、环指的指掌侧固有神经在掌指关节附近恒定发出1较大的背侧支，小指尺侧未见背侧支出现；小指桡侧背侧支缺如者占82．5％。指掌侧固有神经背侧支在近节指骨中下1／3处恒定地和指掌侧固有动脉相交，在该处神经跨过动脉上方的占69．17％，另30．83％走行在动脉下方。结论 示、中、环指的背侧支有较为恒定的蒂部，可以包含在指背侧岛状皮瓣中。其体表投影为近节指骨基底掌侧部中外1／3至近侧指问关节背外侧，以及其和甲根外侧缘的连线。小指桡侧的指掌侧固有神经背侧支缺如率较高，不宜设计成背侧支指背皮瓣。     

指掌侧静脉在断指再植中的应用

目的研究吻合指掌侧静脉重建断指血运的方法。方法应用指掌侧静脉重建断指血运27例，其中行指掌侧静脉端端吻合20指，与指背静脉交叉吻合4指，指掌侧静脉动脉化3指。结果25指顺利成活，1例于术后24h发生静脉危象，另1例于术后8h发生血管危象，经二次手术探查，再植手指顺利成活。结论对于利用背静脉重建血运的断指，可行指掌侧静脉端端吻合、与指背侧静脉交叉吻合和远断端静脉动脉化等方式重建手指血运，以提高再植成功率。     

经骨髓腔静脉回流的末节断指再植

目的应用经骨髓腔静脉回流的再植方法治疗手指末节断指。方法取15指新鲜手指标本,用美蓝生理盐水分别灌注指动脉(5指)和中节骨髓腔(10指),对其进行显微解剖学观察。1999年4月～2000年6月,临床应用经骨髓腔静脉回流的再植方法对14例15指末节断指进行再植。去除远侧指间关节面,对末节基底和中节指骨头纵向钻孔,使其髓腔相通,用单根克氏针纵行固定。每指均吻合指动脉或末端指动脉弓分支一或两条(一条9指,两条6指),指神经两条。结果解剖观察表明:当手指皮下无静脉回路时,骨髓腔是血液回流的主要途径;骨髓腔通过指骨静脉回流系统与指深、浅静脉有丰富交通。14例15指全部成活。术后随访6～10个月,平均7.8个月。手指末节外形良好,痛、温觉恢复,指腹两点辨别觉为5～9mm。结论经骨髓腔静脉回流的末节断指再植是一种简便、有效的新方法,可提高断指再植成活率,扩大末节断指再植适应证。     

静脉动脉化逆行岛状皮瓣修复指腹缺损

目的介绍指掌侧浅静脉动脉化含指神经、指神经指背支或指背神经、指神经掌皮支,三种逆行岛状皮瓣修复远节指腹缺损的临床应用。方法2001年2月-2010年8月,对50例60指指腹缺损患者,分A,B,C三组。A组15例15指采用指神经的指掌侧浅静脉动脉化修复;B组20例26指采用指神经指背支（或指背神经）的指掌侧浅静脉动脉化修复;C组15例19指采用指神经掌皮支的指掌侧浅静脉动脉化修复。皮瓣切取面积：1．5cm×2．0cm~3．0cm×3．5cm。结果除B组2块皮瓣坏死外。余均成活。术后随访6个月～2年,指腹外形佳,轮廓近似正常。指腹饱满而不臃肿,质地柔软,供血充分,有排汗功能,无色素沉着。2PD（两点辨别觉）：A组5．0～7．0mm,B组7．0～9．0mm,C组6．0～7．5mm;感觉测定：A组S3＋～S4＋。B组S2～S3＋,C组S3～S4。结论应用接合指神经、指神经指背支（指背神经）、指神经掌皮支的指掌侧浅静脉动脉化三种逆行岛状皮瓣,术后效果好,供区勿需牺牲指动脉,损伤小,是修复末节指腹缺损的可行新方法,值得临床推广。     

手指末节指掌侧浅静脉的显微解剖及临床应用

目的 研究手指末节指掌侧浅静脉分布规律,指导指末节离断再植术.方法 取100例手指标本分别进行乳胶灌注显微解剖法、断层解剖法、明胶-氧化铅灌注显微-解剖加X线摄片法研究指末节掌侧浅静脉的解剖学特点.临床对10例13指的离断末节指,进行吻合掌侧浅静脉的再植术.结果 在甲根水平通常可以找到1～3条指掌侧浅静脉,管径为0.2～0.5 mm.10例13指末节指离断再植均获成功.术后随访3～18个月,外观功能良好.结论 末节指掌侧浅静脉分布具有规律性,末节指再植吻合掌侧静脉有利于提高再植的成功率,并能减少其他静脉回流方法所带来的并发症.

Abstract：

Objective To study the anatomy of superficial palmar digital veins in fingertip,and explore the clinical application of superficial palmar digital veins as venous drainage in fingertip replantation.Methods One hundred fingers were studied with three methods: microanatomy,sectional anatomy,and X-ray.According to microanatomical observation,thirteen fingers in 10 cases with fingertip amputations and dorsal veins defect were replanted by anastomosis of palmar digital veins to reconstruct the venous drainage of the amputated digits. Results ( 1 ) 1 to 3 tiny superficial palmar digital veins can be found at the level of the onychorrhiza.The average diameters of the superficial palmar digital veins were 0.2-0.5 mm.(2)In clinical practice,13 replanted fingers were survived.After 3-18 months following-up,the appearance and function were satisfactory. Conclusion The distribution of the palmar digital veins was in some pattern.Anastomosis of the superficial palmar digital veins can not only improve the success rate of the fingertip replantation,but also avoid the complications of the other venous drainage methods.     

手指末节指掌侧浅静脉的显微解剖及临床应用

目的 研究手指末节指掌侧浅静脉分布规律,指导指末节离断再植术.方法 取100例手指标本分别进行乳胶灌注显微解剖法、断层解剖法、明胶-氧化铅灌注显微-解剖加X线摄片法研究指末节掌侧浅静脉的解剖学特点.临床对10例13指的离断末节指,进行吻合掌侧浅静脉的再植术.结果 在甲根水平通常可以找到1～3条指掌侧浅静脉,管径为0.2～0.5 mm.10例13指末节指离断再植均获成功.术后随访3～18个月,外观功能良好.结论 末节指掌侧浅静脉分布具有规律性,末节指再植吻合掌侧静脉有利于提高再植的成功率,并能减少其他静脉回流方法所带来的并发症.     

手指末节指掌侧浅静脉的显微解剖及临床应用

目的 研究手指末节指掌侧浅静脉分布规律,指导指末节离断再植术.方法 取100例手指标本分别进行乳胶灌注显微解剖法、断层解剖法、明胶-氧化铅灌注显微-解剖加X线摄片法研究指末节掌侧浅静脉的解剖学特点.临床对10例13指的离断末节指,进行吻合掌侧浅静脉的再植术.结果 在甲根水平通常可以找到1～3条指掌侧浅静脉,管径为0.2～0.5 mm.10例13指末节指离断再植均获成功.术后随访3～18个月,外观功能良好.结论 末节指掌侧浅静脉分布具有规律性,末节指再植吻合掌侧静脉有利于提高再植的成功率,并能减少其他静脉回流方法所带来的并发症.     

指尖再植300指的临床研究

目的介绍指尖再植的手术要点。方法对300指指尖离断进行再植,分别采用顺行法或逆行法,尽可能的吻合指动脉及掌侧指静脉。结果本组成活290指,成活率为98%。术后随访6～36个月,指体外形良好,感觉已基本正常,两点辨别觉为3～5mm。结论熟悉指尖部动静脉的解剖和高质量的血管吻合技术是保证再植成功的关键。     

动静脉转流术在手指末节脱套样离断伤中的应用

目的探讨应用动静脉转流的方法再植手指末节脱套性断指的可行性和临床效果。方法对12例12指脱套性断指采用逆行再植顺序,应用动静脉转流的方法重建血液循环。结果12例再植11例成活,术后随访6～14个月,手指感觉和运动功能恢复良好。结论对于找不到可供吻合静脉的末节脱套伤断指,应用动静脉转流的方法再植是可行的。     

静脉动脉化再植全拇指旋转撕脱性完全离断成功一例报告

目的报道全拇指旋转撕脱性完全离断一例应用静脉动脉化方法再植获得成功.方法2000年11月7日,在指动脉吻合四次后无法恢复断指血供的情况下,将拇指尺侧指动脉与指腹桡侧皮下静脉吻合作为供血通路,吻合三条指背静脉作回血通路.结果拇指色泽红润、指腹饱满、张力适中、指温正常及弹性好,两周后复查,患指成活.结论静脉动脉化是旋转撕脱性完全离断全拇指再植的一种可行新方法.     

断指血液循环重建与血流通畅性相关因素的临床研究

目的 探讨断指再植血液循环重建和血流通畅性相关因素与再植成活率的关系。方法 采用显微血管移植动物实验、手指掌侧浅静脉显微解剖、断指再植血流平衡动力学研究、解痉与抗凝剂对血液流变学影响、断指高凝等方面进行研究。结果 显微血管移植可获得较高通畅率；手指掌侧浅静脉口径粗；断指再植吻合血管多，吻合的血管口径粗，血液循环危象发生率低；解痉与抗凝剂用于高凝状态病例，可获得较好效果。结论 熟练的显微外科技术是获得断指再植较高成活率的关键，良好的血流再通和合理用药是保证再植手指血流通畅的关键。     

挤压旋转撕脱性断指再植手术方法与疗效观察

目的探讨挤压旋转撕脱性断指再植不同手术方法的临床效果。方法1993年5月～2003年1月，对挤压旋转撕脱性手指完全离断实施再植术76例84指，其中应用自体小静脉移植19例27指，采用掌、指固有动脉全段移位13例13指，行邻指指固有动脉远端血管局部转位44例44指。结果自体小静脉移植组成活11例16指；采用掌、指固有动脉全段移位再植成活12例12指，1例部分成活；而进行邻指指固有动脉远端血管局部转位的44例44指全部成活。所有成活病例术后随访6个月-5年，按断指再植功能标准评定，三种手术方法优良率分别为68．7％、83．3％、95．5％。结论挤压旋转撕脱性手指完全离断，应用邻指指固有动脉远端血管局部转住治疗效果良好，是一种实用有效的再植方法。     

手指多段离断再植的临床研究

目的回顾性分析手指多段离断再植的临床效果。方法对于手指末节、指尖部的断指再植，吻合1条动脉及1条指腹静脉或者吻合1条动脉加拨甲、小切口放血处理，或者行动静脉转流等方法恢复断指血循环；手指中节和近节的离断再植吻合两侧指动脉和2条以上指背静脉，如血管损伤严重，可行浅静脉移植或者邻指动脉移植桥接。结果再植45例81指165段，成活150段，成活率91％。结论手指多段离断再植技术要求高，术中高质量的血管吻合及对血管损伤的有效处理，可以提高断指再植的成活率。加强功能锻炼是再植手指功能恢复的重要环节。     

Successful replantation of circularly severed palm and multiply severed fingers. A case report]

Replantation of a circularly severed palm, partially severed middle finger and completely severed ring and small fingers was done successfully in one patient. Two palmar arteries, 5 digital arteries, 3 dorsal palmar veins, 9 dorsal digital veins were anastomosed. Vein transplantation was carried out to repair the ulnar digital artery defect of the middle finger. Severe swelling after arterial thrombosis was noted on the 7th day and was eliminated by the use of urokinase. All the replanted parts survived with good functional results. Precise anastomosis, prevention and treatment of thrombosis, early exercises were essential to the survival of fingers and functional recovery of hand.     

吻合指背神经的指动脉终末背支逆行岛状皮瓣修复指端缺损（附视频）

目的探讨吻合指背神经的指动脉终末背支逆行岛状皮瓣修复指端软组织缺损及甲床缺损的方法与效果。方法应用吻合指背神经的指动脉终末背支岛状皮瓣逆行转移修复20例25指,其中示指8指、中指12指、环指5指。创面面积最小为1．0cm×1．8cm,最大为1．6cm×2．1cm。指背神经与指掌侧固有神经吻合,重建指端皮瓣感觉。结果术后25指皮瓣全部存活。平均随访（10．0±1．2）个月（6～12个月）,皮瓣外形美观,感觉恢复S2～S3＋级,远指间关节活动基本正常。结论此方法具有患指感觉恢复良好、不损伤指掌侧固有动脉和神经、手术操作简便、风险小等优点,是临床修复指端缺损的较好方法。     

缺乏可供吻合静脉的指尖离断再植方法选择

目的:探讨缺乏可供吻合静脉的指尖离断再植方法。方法:自2004年11月至2009年11月,对86例104指指尖离断患者进行再植,其中男64例,女22例;年龄2～64岁,平均26岁。伤后至就诊时间30min～12h,断指缺血时间2.5～12h,术前各项检查均未见明显异常。采用4种再植方法:①吻合双侧指固有动脉,指根部结扎一侧指固有动脉的断指再植,37指;②动-静脉转流方式的断指再植,27指;③只吻合指动脉的断指再植,24指;④去表皮囊袋法再植,16指。结果:86例104指,成活102指,伤指成活病例中75例(92指)获得随防,时间6～24个月。按中华医学会手外科学会断指再植术后功能评定试用标准评定:优52例,良19例,差4例。结论:依据显微镜下清创所见离断指尖动脉损伤状况,选用不同的再植方式,有助于扩大指尖再植适应证,提高再植成功率。     

Types of vascular reconstructions in replantations of distal parts of the fingers

The authors present the case of a 17-year-old patient with amputation of the distal portions of three-phalangeal fingers. During replantation of each finger a different method of revascularization of the amputate was used. In one finger the classical replantation pattern was used: anastomosis of the digital artery and dorsal vein. Inthe second finger anastomosis of the digital artery and volar vein was made, while in the third finger a method of nontraditional revascularization was used, i.e. by using an arteriovenous shunt: transposition of the second digital artery with adequate back-flow to the dorsum and anastomosis with the dorsal vein.