踝关节开放性骨折的手术治疗

目的 评估超踝关节外固定架结合负压封闭引流技术治疗踝关节开放性骨折的临床疗效.方法 2005年4月至2009年4月,治疗19例踝关节GustiloⅢ型开放性骨折,其中ⅢA损伤10例,ⅢB型7例,ⅢC型2例.全部行急诊清创,骨折间接复位超踝关节外固定架固定,用封闭式负压引流技术关闭创面,待创面洁净肉芽生长后通过直接缝合、游离植皮或转移皮瓣等方法修复软组织创面.结果 本组病例负压封闭引流5.0～18.0 d(平均10.3 d),2例经直接缝合、12例行游离植皮、3例转移皮瓣关闭创面,2例因创面感染、组织坏死渗出,经多次清创并更换负压封闭引流敷料,创面最终通过转移皮瓣得以修复.19例患者全部获得随访,随访时间8-36个月,平均26个月;踝关节骨折均在术后3.0～10.0个月(平均3.8个月)愈合.末次随访时踝关节功能Baird-Jackson评分优9例,良5例,可4例,差1例.结论 超踝关节外固定架固定骨折、封闭式负压引流技术覆盖创面能有效治疗踝关节Gustilo Ⅲ型开放性骨折.     

带蒂皮瓣移位联合外固定支架治疗小腿开放性骨折伴软组织缺损

目的总结带蒂皮瓣移位联合外固定支架治疗小腿开放性骨折伴软组织缺损的临床效果。方法2004年5月-2007年6月，收治小腿开放性骨折伴皮肤软组织缺损患者12例。男9例，女3例；年龄18～75岁。车祸伤8例，压砸伤2例，坠落伤、机器伤各1例。根据Gustilo分型：Ⅱ型2例,ⅢA型5例，ⅢB型5例。骨折位于胫骨上段2例，中段3例，中下段7例。软组织缺损范围5cm×3cm～22cm×10cm，骨外露范围3cm×2cm～6cm×3cm。病程1～12h。入院后以外固定支架或联合克氏针有限内固定重建骨稳定性，采用同侧小腿局部旋转皮（肌）瓣、腓肠神经营养皮（肌）瓣、隐神经营养皮瓣修复创面。皮（肌）瓣切取范围5cm×4cm～18cm×12cm。供区创面采用游离植皮或直接缝合。结果术后2例皮瓣创缘部分感染，1例皮瓣远端部分坏死，经换药处理后创缘Ⅱ期愈合；余患者皮瓣均成活，切口Ⅰ期愈合。供区植皮成活，切口均Ⅰ期愈合。术后患者均获随访，随访时间6个月～2年。皮瓣外形满意，质地优良，无明显臃肿。8例出现外固定支架针道感染，外固定取出后痊愈。1例胫骨中下段粉碎性骨折不愈合，2例胫骨中下段骨折延迟愈合，余患者骨折于术后3～4个月愈合。3例超踝关节外固定患者踝关节活动稍差，踝关节背伸0～10^o，跖屈10～30^o，余患者踝关节背伸10～20^o，跖屈30～50^o。结论带蒂皮瓣移位联合外固定支架治疗小腿开放性骨折伴皮肤软组织缺损是一种安全有效的方法。     

前臂及手部毁损性骨折治疗体会

【】目的:探讨前臂及手部毁损性骨折的早期修复及功能重建的手术方法及疗效。方法:对2010-2014年收治36例前臂及手部毁损性骨折进行急性修复及功能重建,根据毁损性骨折的分型₁,其中a2型12例,b2型10例,c2 型14例,所有创面采用脉冲冲洗器冲洗,骨折采用外固定支架、克氏针固定,一期修复神经、肌腱、血管,创面以VSD封闭。结果:术后随访10个月-24月,患肢功能都有不同程度的恢复,明显优于假肢,其中5例去除负压后创面直接缝合,伴骨骼、肌腱、神经外露者以皮瓣覆盖后治愈,浅表感染20例,经清创、换药、植皮后治愈,骨髓炎7例,经过去除死骨,换药及多次负压引流后治愈,骨折一期愈合18例,延迟愈合6例,骨缺损不愈合12例,经植骨内固定后愈合。结论：外固定支架、克氏针、脉冲冲洗器、VSD联合治疗开放性前臂及手部毁损性骨折,具有创伤小、清创彻底、减轻创伤后肿胀、降低感染率等优点,为功能恢复、骨折愈合及二期处理提供有利条件。     

外固定支架结合负压封闭引流技术治疗Gustilo Ⅲ型胫腓骨开放性骨折

目的 探讨外固定支架结合负压封闭引流(VSD)技术治疗Gustilo Ⅲ型胫腓骨开放性骨折的疗效.方法 2006年10月至2009年11月采用外崮定支架结合VSD技术治疗19例Gustilo Ⅲ型胫腓骨开放性骨折患者,男14例,女5例;年龄17～62岁,平均30.1岁.开放性损伤按Gustilo分型:ⅢA型9例,ⅢB型8例,ⅢC型2例.所有患者均行急诊清创、骨折复位后外固定支架固定,采用VSD技术关闭创面,待创面洁净、肉芽生长后通过直接缝合(5例)、游离植皮(9例)或转移皮瓣(5例)等方法修复软组织创面.结果 19例患者术后获12～24个月(平均16.3个月)随访.所有患者经VSD治疗5～17 d(平均9.3 d)后关闭创面.2例因创面感染、组织坏死渗出,经多7欠清创并更换VSD敷料后,创面最终通过转移皮瓣得以修复.骨折愈合时间为4～10个月(平均5.6个月).结论外固定支架结合VSD技术治疗Gustilo Ⅲ型胫腓骨开放性骨折能在迅速有效地稳定骨折的同时,早期闭合创面,促进骨折愈合,减少并发症的发生.

Abstract：

Objective To report clinical efficacy of vacuum sealing drainage(VSD)and external fixation in the treatment of tibiofibular fractures of Gustilo type Ⅲ. Methods From October 2006 to November 2009,19 cases of Gustilo type Ⅲ tibiofibular fracture were treated in our department.They were 14men and 5 women,with an average age of 30.1 years(from 17 to 62 years).There were 9 cases of type ⅢA,8 cases of Type ⅢB 2 cases of typeⅢC.After emergency debridement,all the fractures were fixed with an extemal fixator following indirect reduction.The wounds were sealed with VSD.When the wounds were clean and granulation appeared,they were repaired by direct suture(5 cases),split-thickness skin graft(9 cases)and flap transposition(5 cases). Results The 19 cases were followed up for 12 to 24 months,with an average of 16.3 months.A11 the wounds were closed'after VSD for 5 to 17 days.Wound infection occurred in 2 cases and was finally repaired by flap transposition following repeated debridement and VSD.The fractures healed after 4 to 10 months(average,5.6 months). Conclusion External fixation combined with VSD is a simple and effective treatment for tibiofibular fractures of Gustilo type Ⅲ.because it can provide not only rapid fixation but also early wound sealing to facilitate fracture healing and reduce incidence of complications.     

内固定与外支架固定治疗复杂性胫骨平台骨折的对比研究

目的比较单纯内固定与有限内固定加外固定支架治疗复杂性胫骨平台骨折的效果及优缺点。方法2002年7月-2006年8月，收治复杂性胫骨平台骨折66例，分成内固定组和外固定支架组。内固定组39例，其中男25例，女14例；年龄18～79岁，平均45．4岁。按照Schatzker分型，Ⅳ型18例，Ⅴ型7例，Ⅵ型14例。外支架固定组27例，其中男18例，女9例；年龄18～64岁，平均44．2岁。按照Schatzker分型，Ⅳ型13例，Ⅴ型6例，Ⅵ型8例。两组一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。按照内固定原则分别采用螺钉、钢板或外固定支架固定进行治疗。结果患者均获随访，随访时间1～5年，骨折均达临床愈合，无骨不连发生。内固定组2例出现局部皮肤感染、坏死，经换药、皮瓣移位后治愈；骨折愈合时间6～14个月，平均7．3个月：内固定取出时间6～15个月，平均8．3个月。外固定支架组11例于术后7d～3个月出现针道流液，局部皮肤发红，3例出现皮肤坏死，3例在随访中发现螺栓松动，经清创、换药、植皮等处理创面愈合；骨折愈合时间为3～11个月，平均5．1个月；拆除外支架时间为5～11个月，平均6．4个月。术后8～14个月，参照Merchant等标准评定膝关节功能，内固定组优29例，良4例，中5例，差1例；外固定支架组优20例，良3例，中2例，差2例；两组膝关节功能比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论单纯内固定与有限内固定加外固定支架治疗复杂性胫骨平台骨折的效果相当，对于SchatzkerⅣ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ型胫骨平台骨折，应根据患者受伤情况、骨质条件选择固定材料。     

VSD结合外固定支架在西藏高原地区胫腓骨开放性骨折分期治疗中应用

目的：探讨负压吸引敷料结合外固定支架技术在西藏高原地区胫腓骨开放性骨折分期治疗中的应用及临床疗效。方法2014年8月-2015年8月收治16胫腓骨开放性骨折患者,其中男性12例,女性4例,年龄19~66岁,平均年龄39.4岁(19~66岁);胫腓骨中上段骨折4例,下段骨折12例。待患者病情稳定后患者生命体征稳定后,无继发性损伤,予行清创、外固定支架固定骨折端,并采用负压吸引敷料覆盖创面或创腔。7 d后更换VSD或予行二期缝合或软组织覆盖。 X线检查明确骨折愈合时间并记录相关并发症。结果本组16例创面均二期愈合,未见感染、皮肤或皮瓣坏死等软组织并发症。本组共随访患者12例(电话通知来院复诊),4例失访,平均随访18个月(12~24个月)。影像学检查明确平均骨折愈合时间为5.5个月(3~7个月),其中骨折一期临床愈合9例(75%),延迟愈合3例(25%)。随访期间除2例出现钉道感染,经保守治疗后治愈,余患者未见深部感染、植皮或皮瓣坏死、畸形愈合、骨不连或骨髓炎发生。结论负压吸引敷料结合外固定支架治疗西藏高原地区胫腓骨开放性骨折,在迅速有效地稳定骨折的同时,能安全有效地封闭创面,缩短二期创面修复时间,促进骨折愈合,减少并发症。     

人工皮覆盖技术加外固定器在小腿重度开放骨折中的应用

目的:研究治疗小腿严重开放性骨折的有效治疗方法。方法:自2009年1月至2011年2月治疗56例严重小腿开放骨折患者,其中男42例,女14例;年龄18～68岁,平均43.6岁。清创后骨折用外固定支架固定加人工皮覆盖,接负压封闭吸引,5～7d后Ⅱ期缝合、植皮或皮瓣转移。观察创面修复情况、创面细菌培养情况、骨折愈合时间及患肢功能恢复情况并分析治疗疗效。结果:56例创面均愈合,平均愈合时间5.8个月。骨折愈合53例,延迟愈合3例。浅表感染1例,针道感染3例,无其他并发症。参照Ovadia等关节功能评定标准,优45例,良9例,可2例。结论:人工皮覆盖技术联合外固定支架治疗小腿GustiloⅢ型开放骨折,能促进创面修复及骨折愈合,缩短病程,值得推广。     

微创Ilizarov外固定架治疗胫骨感染性骨不连

目的评价Ilizarov外固定架下采用骨延长技术治疗胫骨感染性骨不连的临床结果及功能情况。方法22例胫骨感染性骨不连患者感染端进行清创后骨缺损的长度为4．1～12．6（6．72±2．42）cm。其中21例为小面积软组织缺损者,采用局部皮瓣转移覆盖,1例大面积软组织缺损者（8cm×5cm）,采用腓肠肌皮瓣转移术覆盖创面,22例均采用Ilizarov外固定架进行骨延长治疗。结果22例均获得随访,时间12～24（17．64±3．84）个月。骨不连均获得愈合,愈合时间7～19（9．86±3．01）个月,感染均得到控制。10例在延长过程中有局部针道渗液,治疗后愈合。牵引成骨的长度为4．1～12．6（6．72±2．42）cm。根据Paley骨折愈合评分标准：优13例,良7例,中2例。结论对于胫骨感染性骨不连,使用Ilizarov外固定架进行骨延长治疗临床结果及功能恢复满意。     

应用外固定架治疗骨折不愈合

目的 探讨外固定架治疗骨折不愈合的有效方法和疗效。方法自行研制可调式单臂或半环形外固定架,根据骨折部位、稳定程度和皮肤软组织情况决定针数、针距及外固定架类型。临床应用43例,其中合并骨髓炎13例。单纯骨折不愈合病例均予髓内、外植骨;合并骨髓炎则予以冲洗及皮瓣移植控制感染,二期行植骨手术。结果1次手术治愈32例,2次手术治愈10例,截肢1例。移植皮瓣13例,皮瓣全部成活12例,部分坏死1例。结论早期稳定的外固定架配合髓内外植骨是治疗骨折不愈合的有效方法,部分合并感染者在治疗感染的同时,保持骨折端良好的对合和持久稳定,不植骨亦可达到愈合目的。     

真空负压封闭技术加外固定器治疗肢体开放性骨折

目的 探讨真空负压封闭技术(VS)加外固定器治疗四肢严重开放性骨折的效果。方法 近4年来收治63例四肢严重开放性骨折患者，采用VS加外固定器治疗，清创后骨折用Orthofix单边外固定器固定，创面或创腔内用Vacuseal材料覆盖，接负压封闭吸引，6～10d后二期缝合、植皮或皮瓣转移。结果 63例患者创面均愈合，浅表感染3例(4．8％)和针道感染13例19针(7．5％)；骨折愈合53例(84．1％)，延迟愈合或不愈合10例(15．9％)。平均愈合时间6．5个月。结论 VS技术结合外固定架固定治疗四肢严重开放性骨折，在迅速有效地稳定骨折的同时，能安全有效地封闭创面，缩短二期创面修复时间，促进骨折愈合，减少并发症；其方法简单有效，值得临床推广应用。     

单侧外固定支架治疗肱骨干骨折不愈合15例分析

目的 探讨单侧外固定支架治疗肱骨干骨折不愈合的临床疗效。方法 1993．6～1999．12间临床应用单侧外固定支架治疗肱骨干骨折不愈合15例,并经随访观察。结果 所有病例随访6个月～7年(平均随访3．2年),骨折愈合平均时间为3．6个月,愈合率100％,上肢功能恢复满意。结论 单侧外固定支架治疗肱骨干骨折不愈合符合生物学固定原则,既能减少骨折局部的创伤,保护血运,又能稳定固定骨折,可早期进行功能锻炼。     

混合式单臂外固定架骨延长术治疗感染性骨不连

目的评价混合式单臂外固定架骨延长术治疗长骨干骺端感染性骨不连的初步临床结果。方法2003年1月至2006年2月采用混合式单臂外固定架固定、局部清创和截骨延长法治疗感染性骨不连21例,男17例,女4例;年龄18～48岁,平均31.5岁。16例为开放骨折内固定术后感染,5例为闭合骨折内固定术后感染。胫骨近端12例,胫骨远端6例,股骨远端3例。12例行骨折端植骨,其中2例二次植骨。结果21例术后随访10～36个月,平均18个月。18例骨折获得初期愈合,3例骨折愈合时仍有局部窦道和渗液,2例骨折尚未完全愈合,1例行截肢术,20例感染得到控制。改良ASAMI骨评定结果为优良13例,中4例,差4例;功能评定结果为优良11例,中6例,差4例。平均骨延长5.6cm,平均愈合时间为11个月。15例发生钉道感染。结论对长骨干骺端感染性骨不连可使用混合式单臂外固定架骨延长术、骨折端开放换药的方法。该方法控制感染好,可自体修复骨缺损,供区畸形发生率低。但固定需采用HA涂层螺钉,严格控制延长速度,一般在1mm/d以内,分次进行延长,手术风险小。     

尺桡骨形状记忆接骨器的研制与临床应用

目的探索治疗尺、桡骨干骨折及骨不连的新技术。方法利用镍钛合金的记忆效应和尺、桡骨干的解剖特征,研制具有三维固定作用并能纵向记忆加压于骨断端的尺桡骨形状记忆接骨器(RSMC)。应用于临床治疗尺、桡骨干新鲜骨折31例57根、骨不连39例53根,共70例110根。结果所有患者术后获平均1年6个月(7个月～2年)随访。新鲜骨折组:无骨折延迟愈合或骨不连患者,骨牢固愈合时间平均为2.3个月。骨不连组:全部患者一次治愈,骨牢固愈合时间平均为3.5个月;2例皮肤切口轻度感染,未影响内固定与骨愈合。结论RSMC利用镍钛合金的记忆特性使骨断端在三维固定持续加压状态下愈合,是治疗尺、桡骨干新鲜骨折及骨不连的新器械。     

Reconstruction of infected nonunion of the distal humerus by Ilizarov external fixator

BackgroundInfected nonunion of the distal humerus represents a true challenge as the fragment is usually small and difficult for fixation. The aim of the present study is to assess the results of Ilizarov external fixator in management of infected nonunion of the distal third humerus.Material and methodsTwenty-three patients with infected nonunion of the distal humerus were included in this study. The ages ranged from 19 to 58 years with an average of 35 years. Seventeen cases were males and 6 were females. All patients were treated by radical debridement and application of Ilizarov external fixator in one stage surgery.ResultsBony union was achieved in all cases. Bone graft was required in 12 patients with hypotrophic nonunion. The external fixation time ranged from 4 to 9 months with an average of 5.6 months. Infection was controlled in all cases without recurrence during the period of follow up. The complications included pin tract infection in 7 cases, radial nerve injury in one case, elbow stiffness in 4 cases and refracture after frame removal in one case.ConclusionIlizarov external fixator is effective in management of infected nonunion of the distal humerus. The thin tensioned wires produce good grip in the small or osteoporotic bone fragments.     

个体化可控性应力外固定技术在胫骨开放性骨折中的应用

目的:研究个体化可控性应力外固定架在治疗胫骨开放性骨折时的临床疗效。方法 :2018年12月至2020年7月收治60例胫骨开放性骨折患者,男35例,女25例;年龄23～58岁;病程1.2～10.0 h。根据术后对骨折端应力刺激的大小将其分为4组,其中包括无应力组(15例)及不同应力刺激的3组(各组15例)。所有胫骨开放骨折患者行可控性应力外固定支架手术治疗,术后4周,应力组以患者体重为参考,调节弹性外固定架向骨折端施加自身体重1/6、2/6、3/6的轴向应力。观察所有患者术后伤口愈合情况,随访术后4、6、8、10、12周时骨折断端平扫CT图片,计算每10个扫描平面骨痂面积的平均值,比较各组间的差异。观察终末随访患者的骨折愈合情况,并进行统计学分析。结果:术后所有患者伤口愈合良好,其中有7例Ⅱ期行游离植皮及转移肌皮瓣手术。所有患者获得随访,时间12～24个月,平均16.5个月。终末随访结果显示应力组和无应力组的骨折愈合比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。给予骨折端轴向应力刺激后,4、6、8、10、12周对所有患者骨折断端行CT检查,计算10个平扫平面骨痂面积的平均值分别为:无应力组(0.275±0.092)、(0.383±0.051)、(0.412±0.048)、(0.472±0.019)、(0.548±0.036) mm2,应力组的骨痂长入面积值明显高于无应力组,通过比较各组数据差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:采用可控性应力外固定技术治疗胫骨开放性骨折时,4周后根据患者自身体重调节弹性外固定架,予骨折端施加一定的轴向应力,有利于患者骨折的愈合,可以降低开放性骨折骨延迟愈合或不愈合的发生率,具有一定的应用价值。     

组合式外固定架治疗胫腓骨骨折

目的探讨组合式外固定支架治疗胫腓骨骨折的临床意义、疗效及指征。方法回顾分析自1996年1月至2001年11月间采用组合式外固定支架治疗的胫腓骨骨折152例,其中开放性骨折63例,闭合性骨折89例。采用小切口直视下解剖复位45例。改良了螺纹半针代替拉力螺钉治疗斜形、螺旋形或蝶块分离较大的不稳定性骨折。结果随访3～32个月,平均12个月,146例骨性愈合,占96%。骨折愈合时间2～8个月,平均5个月。其中解剖复位螺纹半针折块间加压组2.5个月,功能复位组5.3个月。带外固定架时间2～9个月,平均4.7个月。术后17例针道轻度感染,3例胫腓骨远端重度开放性骨折术后骨髓炎,无其它严重并发症发生。6例骨折不愈合的患者改为带锁髓内钉固定后愈合。结论组合式外固定架适用于严重开放性、粉碎性及邻近关节面的骨折。小切口直视下解剖复位有利于骨折的早期愈合。     

瓦氏骨外固定支架三角形有限性固定技术在胫腓骨骨折中的应用

目的 通过对俄罗斯骨科环形外固定支架的学习,探讨瓦氏骨外固定支架三角形有限性固定技术治疗胫腓骨骨折的疗效. 方法 回顾性分析2005年12月至2007年12月期间,使用瓦氏骨外固定支架三角形有限性固定技术治疗54例胫腓骨骨折患者,男48例,女6例;年龄18～54岁,平均34岁(18～54岁).骨折类型按AO分类:41-C3型2例(其中1例合并43-B2型,另1例合并43-A3型);42-A型17例,42-B型13例,42-C型12例;43-B型5例,43-C型5例.开放性损伤26例,按Gustilo-Anderson分型:Ⅱ型13例,ⅢA型10例,ⅢC型3例;闭合性损伤28例,按Tscherne分类:Ⅰ级8例,Ⅱ级20例.均采用闭合复位瓦氏骨外固定支架骨圆针三角形有限性固定治疗. 结果 28例闭合性损伤患者1周肿胀消退;26例开放损伤创口一期愈合24例,1例经换药后4周愈合,1例截肢.50例患者术后获3～14个月(平均10个月)随访,4例失访.50例患者骨折愈合时间为2～6个月,平均3个月.1例患者发生骨不连,经改单臂外固定支架固定后12周骨折获愈合.本组无功能障碍患者. 结论 瓦氏骨外固定支架三角形有限性固定技术在复杂胫腓骨骨折中的应用价值较高,其器械的三维调整力学性能使闭合复位变得容易,损伤小,骨愈合快,固定稳定可靠,感染率低,并发症少.     

抗生素骨水泥珠链结合外固定架治疗感染性骨折不愈合

目的：探讨抗生素骨水泥珠链植入结合外固定架固定治疗感染性骨折不愈合的疗效。,方法：回顾分析22例感染性骨折不愈合患者,男20例,女2例;年龄21±74岁,平均（34．7±11．6）岁。骨折部位：股骨粗隆间3例、股骨干6例、股骨髁上2例、胫骨干9例、肱骨干2例。治疗过程分为3个步骤：先取出内固定物,清创后植入抗生素骨水泥珠链,Ⅰ期闭合伤口;1周后再次清创,更换抗生素骨水泥珠链,行外固定架固定;3个月后取出抗生素骨水泥珠链,取髂骨植骨。结果：随访15～28个月,平均（19．98±4．16）个月。1例胫骨干骨折和1例股骨粗隆问骨折患者分别于植骨术后2、3个月感染复发,其余20例患者感染控制良好。22例患者骨折全部愈合,愈合时间为植骨术后8-24周,平均（15．09±4．13）周。结论：彻底清创、抗生素骨水泥珠链植入结合外固定架固定及Ⅱ期植骨是治疗感染性骨折不愈合简单而有效的方法、     

Analyse de la série S.O.T.EST

126 records were studied retrospectively. The average age was 31.8 years (15–80 years) with 81% men which corresponds to other reports in the literature. Nearly half of the cases involved an accident of a two wheeled vehicle. The fractures were in the middle third in 50.1% of cases, the lower third in 33.6% and the upper third in 11.4%. 4.9% of fractures were bifocal. 46% had additional injuries (34% multiple injuries, 8% head injury). 4% were true polytrauma cases. The fracture was treated by external fixation in 103 cases and by intermedullary nailing in 23. Skin cover was by pedicle flap in 53, muscle flap 41 and fasciocutaneous flap in 12. 25 free flaps were done. Nineteen of these were muscular or musculocutaneous, 3 osteocutaneous and cutaneous alone in 3 cases. There was only one cross leg flap. Eventual skin cover occurred by secondary intention in 45 cases. Immediate bone grafting was done in 13.3% of cases between the 4th and 21st days, in 10% of cases and later in 15% of cases. Results: Primary union occurred most often if skin cover had been achieved immediately at the same time as bony stabilisation. None of the free flaps done as an emergency failed. If skin cover was delayed superinfection was more frequent although the risk of non-union was the same whether the skin cover was done immediately or during the first 3 weeks. Intramedullary nailing did not increase the risk of infection. Bone grafts after the 21st day were frequent in this series. The number of operations and general anaesthetics increased significantly as a function of the delay in skin cover. The duration of hospitalisation was also shorter if the flap was done sooner. The average time to union was 10.2 months. It fell to 7.6 months if skin cover had been obtained immediately and to 6.5 months with intramedullary nailing as opposed to 10.3 months for external fixation which in general was associated with later skin cover. With external fixation and healing by secondary intention the delay in healing was greater than 12.9 months. These figures are statistically significant. Of the 46 patients reviewed ankle mobility was more than 50% normal in 61% of cases. Running was possible for 39% of cases. Prolonged immobilisation in an external fixator gave twice as many fair results as nailing. Conclusions: 1- The debridement was an important step. It should be completed straight away in one stage on admission. It is started under tourniquet and completed after release of the tourniquet to assess tissue vitality. 2- The fracture is best treated by locked nailing whenever possible. Skin cover manoeuvres are facilitated. The levels of the fractures limit the indications for nailing. Another limitation is delayed admission or severe contamination of the fracture site. 3- Coverage of the fracture site is best obtained a muscle flap which fills the dead space and whose trophic qualities offer the best barrier to infection. If the conditions are favourable a pedicle flap may be used. Any doubt about the integrity of a local flap is an indication for free muscle flap. Emergency cover os the most beneficial for the patient. It allows an osteocutaneous flap if necessary and protects the patient from superinfection with resistant hospital organisms. 4- When there is loss of bone substance or a butterfly fragment of doubtful viability the addition of cancellous or cortico-cancellous grafts may be done during cover of the fracture site as long as it is not infected. 5- Managing these serious open fractures is demanding but that is the price to pay to reduce the number of operations, the length of hospitalisation and the severity of the sequellae on which the return to work depends. Particular attention should be made to conserve the mobility of the ankle which in part has a bearing on the outcome.     

应用胫骨Ⅰ期短缩加Ⅱ期延长治疗严重胫骨开放性骨折

目的 评价应用胫骨Ⅰ期短缩加Ⅱ期延长的方法治疗严重胫骨开放性骨折的临床效果.方法 自2006年5月至2009年8月应用胫骨Ⅰ期短缩加Ⅱ期延长治疗5例严重胫骨开放骨折患者,均为男性;年龄23～41岁,平均35岁.清创和胫骨短缩后用单边外固定支架临时固定,血管损伤者行动脉吻合.1例伤口Ⅰ期闭合,2例经植皮后愈合,2例分别通过腓肠神经营养支筋膜瓣和交腿皮瓣闭合伤口.伤口愈合后从胫骨近端做截骨,应用Ilizarov架行胫骨延长,恢复小腿的长度.胫骨短缩3～5 cm,平均4.2 cm.结果 所有患者术后获18～24个月(平均20个月)随访.患者骨折短缩处伤口均获愈合,无一例发生感染.全部患者骨折均获愈合,愈合时间为6～12.5个月,平均9.6个月,平均愈合指数1.7个月/cm,患肢长度均恢复,与健侧无差别.按Paley功能评价标准:优3例,良1例,可1例.结论 应用胫骨Ⅰ期短缩加Ⅱ期延长治疗严重胫骨开放性骨折,具有安全可靠、简化治疗过程及减少皮瓣应用等优点,是一种较好的方法.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate clinical results of primary shortening plus secondary lengthening of the tibia for sever tibial fractures. Methods From May 2006 to August 2009, 5 men with severe open tibial fracture were treated with primary shortening plus secondary lengthening of the tibia in our center. They were aged from 23 to 41 years (average, 35 years) . Four cases were Gustilo type MB and one was Gustilo type M C. The primary procedure included debridement, shortening of the tibia and temporary fixation with a unilateral external fixator, and arterial anastomosis in cases of vessel injury. The wounds healed primarily in one case, after skin graft in 2 cases, and after flap transplantation in 2 cases. After wound healing, secondary lengthening of the tibia was performed following osteotomy of the proximal tibia with an Ilizarov fixator to restore the length of the injured leg. The average shortening was 4. 2 cm (range, 3 to 5 cm). Results The average follow-up period was 20 months (range, 18 to 24 months). All the wounds were healed without signs of osteomyelitis. All the fractures united. The mean bone healing time was 9. 6 months (range, 6 to 12. 5 months) . The average healing index was 1. 7 months/cm. A normal length was restored in all the affected lower limbs. By Paley functional assessment system, 3 cases were excellent, one was good and one was fair. Conclusion Primary shortening plus secondary lengthening of the tibia is a reliable and successful method for sever tibial fractures, because it can simplify management and minimize the need for flap coverage.