Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm after endoscopic biliary stenting for bile duct cancer

We report a case of a pseudoaneurysm of the right hepatic artery observed 9 mo after the endoscopic placement of a Wallstent,for bile duct stenosis,which was treated with transcatheter arterial embolization.The patient presented with obstructive jaundice and was diagnosed with inoperable common bile duct cancer.A plastic stent was inserted endoscopically to drain the bile,and chemotherapy was initiated.Abdominal pain and jaundice appeared approximately 6 mo after the beginning of chemotherapy.A diagnosis of stent occlusion and cholangitis was made,and the plastic stent was removed and substituted with a self-expandable metallic stent(SEMS) endoscopically.Nine months after SEMS insertion,contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed a pseudoaneurysm of the right hepatic artery protruding into the common bile duct lumen and in contact with the SEMS.The shape and size of the pseudoaneurysm and diameter of its neck was determined by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography using Sonazoid.A micro-catheter was led into the pseudoaneurysm in the right hepatic artery,GDC Detachable Coils were placed,and IDC Detachable Coils were then placed in the right hepatic artery on the distal and proximal sides of the pseudoaneurysm using the isolation method.There have been a few reports on pseudoaneurysm associated with stent placement in the biliary tract employing percutaneous transhepatic procedures,however,reports of pseudoaneurysms associated with endoscopic SEMS placement are very rare.     

Willis覆膜支架与弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅段颈内动脉瘤效果的比较

目的 比较Willis覆膜支架和弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅段颈内动脉瘤的临床效果.方法 89例经皮动脉穿刺行全脑选择性血管造影术证实的颅段颈内动脉瘤患者,根据其意愿分为A组43例,行Willis覆膜支架治疗;B组46例,行弹簧圈治疗.术后3、6、12个月及之后每年1次进行脑血管造影及临床随访,搜集血管造影及临床资料进行分析.对2组患者的手术成功率及并发症发生率进行x2检验,对即刻血管造影结果、手术时间、住院时间进行独立样本t检验.结果 A组患者支架成功置入42例,失败1例;B组46例弹簧圈栓塞均获成功,2组差异无统计学意义(Fisher精确概率法,P=0.999).即刻肭血管造影显示A组34例动脉瘤完全闭塞(81%),B组24例完全闭塞(52%);平均手术时间A组(103±13)min,B组(143±39)min,2组间差异有统计学意义(t=6.20,P＜0.01＝.并发症A组6例,B组8例,2组差异无统计学意义(x2=0.20,P＞0.05).A组41例随访6～41个月,脑血管造影显示39例动脉瘤完全闭塞(95%);B组45例随访7～47个月,22例完全闭塞(49%),2组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01＝.最后一次随访结果显示,完全康复A组22例、B组27例,2组间差异无统计学意义(x2=0.352,P＞0.05).结论 脑血管造影结果显示Willis覆膜支架置入术治疗颅段动脉瘤的结果优于弹簧圈栓塞术,而临床表现2组无明显差别.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the clinical results of Willis covered stent implantation and coil embolization in the treatment of cranial internal carotid artery (CICA) aneurysm. Methods Eighty-nine patients with CICA aneurysms were selected for treatment with Willis covered stents (n = 43, group A) or coil embolization (n =46, group B) according to the patients'will. Data on the technical success, initial procedure time and in-hospital interval, initial and final angiographic results, mortality, morbidity, and final clinical outcomes were collected and analyzed for the two groups at 6 months post-procedure. Results Endovascular covered stent placement and coil embolization were technically successful in all patients,except for one patient in group A. The initial angiographic results showed complete occlusion in 34 patients of group A (81%, 95% CI: 69%, 93% ) and 24 patients of group B (52%, 95% CI: 37%, 67% ) ( P ＜0. 05). The final angiographic results indicated complete occlusion in 39 patients of group A (39/41,95%,95% CI: 88%, 102% ) and 22 patients of group B (22/45,49%, 95% CI: 34%, 64% ,P ＜0. 01 ). The average procedure time was(103 ± 13)min in group A and (143 + 39) min in group B (P＜0. 01). No significant differences were seen between the two groups in technique success, mortality, morbidity, or final clinical outcomes. Conclusion In this nonrandomized, prospective trial, CICA aneurysm treatment with covered stents yielded midterm angiographic results that were superior to those of coil embolization.     

Occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery after head trauma

Intracranial arterial occlusion is rarely encountered in association with head injury.Only six cases of traumatic occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery(ACA) have previously been reported.In this paper,the authors describe a case of a posttraumatic occlusion of ACA.A 35-year-old male presented to the emergency room with severe head injury.Computed tomography(CT) scan displayed diffuse brain swelling with multiple skull fractures.Follow up CT scan showed extensive cerebral infarction in the territory of ACA.The patient underwent CT angiography that demonstrated occlusion of the ACA by a fracture of the anterior fossa.He died after 3 d.ACA traumatic occlusion is a rare condition,with poor prognosis.In this case,fracture was responsible for dissection and direct obstruction of the artery.     

中枢性眩晕飞行员全脑血管造影初步分析

目的 了解中枢性眩晕飞行员患者脑血管的形态结构.方法 利用数字减影血管造影技术对飞行员患者行主动脉弓及全脑血管造影,分析血管结构异常的类型.结果 7例患者中4例患者为一侧椎动脉纤细,其中2例发生了椎动脉闭塞,另有2例脑血管存在先天变异;1例患者有颈内动脉狭窄;2例患者造影未见异常.结论 飞行员中枢性眩晕的原因有可能是脑血管变异、脑血管闭塞和狭窄引起的. Abstract： Objective To investigate the morphological changes of cerebral blood vessels by digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in the hospitalized military pilots with central vertigo.Methods Seven pilots were examined by cerebral and aortic arch DSA through femoral artery puncture. Type and distribution of the cerebrovascular abnormalities were observed and analyzed.Results Four pilots out of 7 were thinner unilateral vertebral artery and 2 of them appeared vertebral artery occlusion and the rest 2 pilots showed congenital abnormalities of cerebral artery. One pilot was diagnosed as internal carotid artery stenosis. Only 2 pilots were not detected abnormalities by DSA.Conclusions Congenital abnormalities, stenosis and occlusion of cerebral artery would be the reasons of resulting in pilot's central vertigo.     

球囊逆行阻断胃肾分流道联合经皮肝穿胃静脉栓塞治疗伴胃肾分流道的胃静脉曲张

目的 评价球囊逆行阻断胃肾分流道联合经皮肝穿胃静脉栓塞,治疗自发胃肾分流道形成的胃静脉曲张的临床疗效和安全性.方法 8例男性自发胃肾分流道形成的胃静脉曲张患者,年龄40～61岁,平均(50±8)岁,行经股静脉球囊逆行阻断胃肾分流道联合经皮肝穿胃静脉栓塞治疗.结果 8例患者于术成功,术后门静脉压力平均增高5.5 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa,手术前为35.0～41.0 cm H2O,手术后为39.0～45.5 cm H2O).本组患者术后随访1～46个月,随访期内均未再发消化道出血.结论 球囊逆行阻断胃肾分流道联合经皮肝穿胃静脉栓塞,治疗自发胃肾分流道形成的胃静脉曲张是安全可行的,可作为治疗难以采用内镜下硬化止血治疗的自发胃肾分流道形成的胃静脉曲张的有效方法.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and the safety of retrograde gastrorenal shunt balloon occlusion combined with percutaneous transhepatic gastric varices embolization to treat the gastric varices with spontaneous gastrorenal shunt. Methods From Nov. 2006 to Jun. 2010, retrograde gastrorenal shunt balloon occlusion combined with percutaneous transhepatic gastric varices embolization was performed on 8 patients who had gastric varices with spontaneous gastrorenal shunt. All the patients were men and the age ranged from 40 to 61 years. The balloon catheter was inserted into the spontaneous gastrorenal shunt through the right femoral vein, then percutaneous transhepatic splenic vein venograghy was performed to identify the number and morphology of gastric varices. After that gastric varices embolization was performed while the balloon catheter was dilated, which was withdrawn one day after the procedure. Results Technical success of interventional treatment was achieved in all 8 cases with no significant complications. The increase of average portal venous pressure was 5.5 cm H2O (1 cm H2O = 0. 098 kPa,preoperative 35.0 to 41.0 cm H2O,postoperative 39.0 to 45.5 cm H2O). After follow up of 1 to 46 months, no recurrence haemorrhage occurred. Conclusion Retrograde gastrorenal shunt balloon occlusion combined with percutaneous transhepatie gastric variees embolization can be safely performed and could be one of the effective choices for patients who had gastric varices with spontaneous gastrorenal shunt, which is not suitable to treat by the endoscopic sclerotherapy.     

复苏性主动脉球囊阻断术治疗不可压迫性躯干出血效果的系统评价

目的 评价复苏性主动脉球囊阻断术(resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta, REBOA)治疗不可压迫性躯干出血的效果，探讨哪些研究领域可能是进一步推进REBOA应用的关键。方法 使用“复苏性主动脉球囊阻断术(REBOA)”、“复苏性主动脉血管内球囊闭塞(resuscitation intravascular balloon occlusion of the aorta)”、“球囊闭塞(balloon occlusion)”、“部分主动脉球囊闭塞(partial resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta)”、“部分复苏性主动脉球囊阻断术(partial resuscitation of aortic balloon blockade)”、“部分球囊闭塞(part of the balloon is occluded)”等关键词在PubMed、Embase、Cochrane等数据库中对文献进行回顾。纳入临床研究文献，排除数据集重叠、缺少2个以...     

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysm treated with coil packing and stent placement

Two cases with a pancreaticoduodenal arterial aneurysm accompanied with superior mesenteric artery(SMA) stenosis were previously described and both were treated surgically.However,for interventional treatment,securing a sufficient blood supply to the SMA should be a priority of treatment.We present the case of a 71-year-old male with a 20 mm diameter pancreaticoduodenal arterial aneurysm accompanied by SMA stenosis at its origin.The guidewire traverse from SMA to the aneurysm was difficult because of the tight SMA stenosis;however,the guidewire traverse from the celiac artery was finally successful and was followed by balloon angioplasty using a pull-through technique,leading to stent placement.Thereafter,coil packing through the SMA achieved eradication of the aneurysm without bowel ischemia.At the last follow-up computed tomography 8 mo later,no recurrence of the aneurysm was confirmed.The pull-through technique was useful for angioplasty for tight SMA stenosis in this case.     

HydroCoil栓塞系统治疗颈动脉海绵窦瘘3例并文献复习

目的 评价应用HydroCoil栓塞系统(hydroCoil embolization system, HES)治疗颈动脉海绵窦瘘(carotid cavernous fistula,CCF)的安全性和有效性.方法 结合文献复习,回顾性分析3例经可脱性球囊栓塞治疗失败后用HES治疗的CCF病人.3例患者均为外伤性CCF,共3个瘘口,所有病人均有眼部症状,包括:球结膜充血、突眼等.结果 3例患者3个瘘口完全闭塞并保持颈内动脉通畅;术后患者恢复良好,颅内吹风样杂音消失,突眼症状明显减轻,视力有不同程度的恢复.随访4～6个月均无复发,没有神经系统并发症发生.结论 HES对于治疗球囊栓塞失败的CCF病人是安全有效的.     

Antegrade pampiniform plexus venography in recurrent varicocele: Case report and anatomy review

Varicoceles are often treated with percutaneous embolization,using fibered coils and sclerosing agents,with the latter targeted at occlusion of pre-existing collateral veins.While various methods of surgical and embolization treatment are available,varicoceles may still recur from venous collateralization.We present a case,where following demonstration of complete occlusion of the right and left gonadal veins,direct puncture of the pampiniform venous plexus under ultrasound guidance revealed recurrent varicoceles supplied by anastomoses from the ipsilateral saphenous and femoral veins to the pampiniform plexus.In doing so,we describe a technique of percutaneous pampiniform venography in a case where the pertinent anatomy was not easily demonstrated by other methods.     

Direct puncture of the proximally occluded internal carotid artery for treatment of carotid cavernous fistulas

Three patients with symptomatic carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs) characterized by complete occlusion of the proximal internal carotid artery were treated by percutaneous puncture and embolization. Two patients had CCFs associated with traumatic dissections of the internal carotid artery and were treated initially with trapping procedures. Both patients had persistent symptoms related to the CCF and underwent additional surgical procedures (ophthalmic artery ligation and intraoperative embolization) without improvement. The third patient had traumatic occlusion of the internal carotid artery. After direct percutaneous puncture of the carotid artery above the occlusion, a catheter was advanced into the petrous internal carotid artery. Balloons (one case) or coil emboli (two cases) were placed into the cavernous sinus to produce CCF closure. There were no complications from this procedure. Direct puncture of the carotid artery is an alternative treatment for patients lacking safe access for CCF embolization.     

应用覆膜支架介入救治颈动脉破裂并假性动脉瘤

目的 探讨应用覆膜支架介入治疗颈动脉破裂并假性动脉瘤。方法4例肿瘤所致颈动脉破裂并假性动脉瘤形成的患者,均出现颈部或口腔危及生命的出血,采用Seldinger方法,选用自膨式聚四氟乙烯覆膜支架治疗。结果4例成功施行血管内介入治疗,其中颈总动脉中段1例,颈动脉球2例,颈总动脉远段1例。共置入覆膜支架6枚。术后假性动脉瘤腔被隔绝,颈动脉通畅,患者的临床症状明显改善,无神经功能障碍。1例患者11d后支架下缘颈总动脉与原瘤腔相通,再次置入覆膜支架,2个月的随访无再出血。1例患者经钢圈栓塞、放置覆膜支架及裸支架瘤腔隔绝,但术后6周先前的支架下缘出现假性动脉瘤,经置入覆膜支架后出血停止。结论自膨式聚四氟乙烯覆膜支架治疗颈动脉破裂并假性动脉瘤是患者安全、有效的方法,特别是在救治伴有出血的颈部假性动脉瘤,支架的长期效果有待于进一步随访观察。     

颈动脉海绵窦瘘23例疗效探讨

目的总结23例颈动脉海绵窦瘘﹙CCF﹚的临床诊治经验并探讨治疗策略。方法回顾性分析23例各种类型CCF的诊治体会,患者:Barrow分型A型14例、B型1例、C型1例、D型7例。结果20例经动脉入路,2例静脉入路,1例放弃栓塞治疗。9例采用单纯球囊行瘘口栓塞,5例直接行患侧颈内动脉和瘘口闭塞;5例采用NBCA胶栓塞瘘口;1例采用明胶海绵颗粒部分栓塞联合颈动脉压迫治疗;2例采用弹簧圈海绵窦内栓塞;1例单纯采用颈动脉压迫治疗。21例痊愈,2例好转。结论CCF具有复杂性、难治性特点,血管内治疗应作为主要治疗手段。     

外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘并严重鼻衄的血管内介入治疗

目的 探讨血管内介入治疗外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘(TCCF)合并严重鼻衄的策略和疗效.方法 26例TCCF并严重鼻衄的患者进行了血管内介入治疗,其中24例采用了可脱性球囊栓塞瘘口或闭塞颈内动脉;1例采用解脱式微弹簧圈栓塞;1例采用覆膜支架进行治疗.结果 26例中,9例1次性栓塞了瘘口,假性动脉瘤消失,颈内动脉通畅;15例1次性栓塞了瘘口和闭塞颈内动脉;解脱式微弹簧圈栓塞海绵窦,瘘口基本消失,颈内动脉通畅1例;覆膜支架闭塞瘘口,颈内动脉保持通畅1例.术后26例均未再发生鼻衄.结论 TCCF并严重鼻衄应尽早进行DSA确诊,尽早或急症进行治疗.血管内介入治疗TCCF合并严重鼻衄是一种首选、安全和有效的治疗方法.     

颈动脉海绵窦瘘的血管内栓塞治疗

目的　探讨不同的栓塞材料在颈动脉海绵窦瘘 (CCF)的血管内栓塞治疗中的应用。方法　回顾分析了 2 3例CCF血管内栓塞治疗病例。其中 2 2例外伤性CCF ,19例使用了可脱性球囊 ,3例使用了金属微弹簧圈作栓塞材料 ;1例自发性CCF ,使用了NB CA胶作栓塞剂。结果　可脱性球囊栓塞 19例 ,均获得临床治愈 ,其中 12例保持了患侧颈内动脉的通畅 ,获得解剖治愈 ;金属微弹簧圈栓塞 3例 ,2例成功 ,1例因弹簧圈异位栓塞于右大脑中动脉的分支 ,导致病人失语和半身不遂 ,1例自发性CCF ,经患侧脑膜副动脉注射NBCA胶 ,部分NBCA进入海绵窦内 ,病人获得临床治愈。结论　CCF首选血管内栓塞治疗 ,而可脱性球囊是一种理想的栓塞材料。由于金属微弹簧圈可控性差 ,不够安全 ,不应再被作为经颈内动脉途径的栓塞材料。     

颅底动脉损伤的介入治疗

目的 探讨多种血管腔内手段治疗颅底动脉损伤的临床价值.方法 2004年10月至2007年5月间我院收治各类型颅底动脉损伤患者共53例,均有头颈部外伤史.主要症状为搏动性突眼和颅内血管杂音(39例)、声嘶或吞咽不适(9例)、鼻出血(5例)等;DSA检查证实颈动脉海绵窦瘘(carotid cavemous fistulae,CCF)39例,颈内动脉假性动脉瘤14例;针对上述53例患者不同的病变特点采用不同的血管腔内治疗,并通过电话或门诊随访.结果 对53例患者56支颈内动脉进行了腔内介入治疗,采用单纯可脱球囊栓塞治疗CCF'33例34支血管,可脱球囊联合弹簧圈栓塞3例,植入覆膜支架封堵CCF3例;采用单纯可脱球囊闭塞颈内动脉治疗假性动脉瘤8例,可脱球囊联合弹簧圈孤立假性动脉瘤2例,植入覆膜支架腔内隔绝治疗4例;平均随访时间9.5个月(2～25个月),85%(45/53)患者主诉症状于6个月内消失,12个月随访15%(8/53)患者遗留眼球运动受限或视力障碍.复查显示存在假性动脉瘤6例,残瘘3例,其中2例因海绵窦区的硬脑膜动静脉瘘而分别于术后第2、3个月行再次介入治疗.结论 对各型颅底动脉损伤,血管腔内介入治疗创伤小且安全有效.尽管存在缺陷,可脱球囊仍是治疗CCF和颈动脉假性动脉瘤的首选方法,在特殊情况下必需联合应用弹簧圈栓塞和覆膜支架植入等多种治疗手段.     

可脱球囊治疗外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘

目的：研究外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的栓塞治疗。材料与方法：本文对5例外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘患者施行了血管内介入栓塞术。所有患者均于手术前行Matas试验。结果：4例患者经可脱球囊栓塞术治疗，颈内动脉海绵瘘消失，颈内动脉保持通畅，颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的临床综合征于治疗后消失。1例由于瘘口较大，球囊不能完整闭塞瘘口，因该患者健侧颈内动脉代偿供应患侧的能力差，故无法栓塞患侧颈内动脉，栓塞术后该患者临床症状及体征有所改善但未能完全消除。结论：栓塞治疗对于外伤性预内动脉海绵窦瘘是一种有效治疗方法。     

Treatment of a patient with carotid blowout syndrome with a new deconstructive embolization technique

Carotid blowout syndrome is a rare clinical conditions with a high mortality rate, especially in patients with head and neck tumors who have received radiotherapy and chemotherapy. We present our patient who had hemangioendothelioma of the neck for 5 years and therefore received radiotherapy, fistulized to the skin on the neck and active bleeding out of the fistula area. In the radiological imaging of the patient, vessel wall irregularities in the common carotid artery (CCA) and accompanying pseudoaneurysm with a diameter of 3 cm were detected, and endovascular treatment was performed. After the patient passed the balloon occlusion test, first the proximal internal carotid artery was closed with coils. Then, the balloon was inflated proximal to the CCA and a 10% diluted glue-lipiodol mixture was injected into the entire diseased CCA bed. Closure of the distal with coil and proximal with balloon prevented the risk of off-target embolization of the glue.     

经动脉入路血管内治疗142例创伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘临床分析

目的 验证经动脉入路血管内治疗对创伤性颈内动脉海绵瘘(CCF)的治疗效果.方法 142例经全脑血管造影确诊为颈内动脉海绵窦瘘,行常规可脱球囊栓塞术,其中7例行球囊栓塞失败,改为全麻下行Jostent覆膜支架成形术.结果 135例患者局麻下成功行可脱球囊栓塞术,7例行球囊栓塞失败后于全麻下成功行Jostent覆膜支架成形...