The effect of digital rectal examination on prostate-specific antigen levels.

OBJECTIVE--To identify the effect of digital rectal examination (DRE) on serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. DESIGN--A prospective trial before and after DRE. SETTING--Multicenter outpatient screening program. PATIENTS--A total of 2754 healthy men aged 40 years and older who presented to a prostate cancer screening program and consented to two phlebotomies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Changes in serum PSA levels after DRE. RESULTS--Patients were divided into four groups based on their initial serum PSA levels. The levels were chosen based on previous studies that showed different incidences of prostate cancer within these groups. The two groups with the lowest initial PSA values (0.1 through 4 micrograms/L and 4.1 through 10 micrograms/L) were found to have statistically insignificant changes in the serum PSA levels after DRE. The group with initial PSA levels of 10.1 through 20 micrograms/L had increases in serum PSA values that showed a trend toward statistical significance. The group with initial PSA levels of greater than 20 micrograms/L had statistically significant increases in serum PSA values after DRE. The alterations in serum PSA levels in the two groups with the highest PSA values were not clinically important as the patients' clinical treatment was not altered. CONCLUSIONS--No clinically important effects on serum PSA levels were noted after DRE.     

Comparative efficiency of prostate-specific antigen screening strategies for prostate cancer detection

CONTEXT: Despite widespread use of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing to detect prostate cancer, the relative effectiveness of different PSA screening strategies is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To compare prostate cancer mortality, PSA testing rates, and biopsy rates using various PSA screening strategies, including the standard strategy of annually testing men aged 50 through 75 years. DESIGN AND SETTING: A Monte-Carlo simulation based on a Markov model was used to simulate the natural history of prostate cancer using different starting ages, testing intervals, and PSA thresholds for prostate biopsy. Age-specific PSA levels and prostate biopsy detection probabilities were determined from population data and surgical series. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Numbers of prevented prostate cancer deaths, PSA tests, and prostate biopsies per 1000 men aged 40 through 80 years, compared among 7 different strategies vs no screening. RESULTS: Compared with annual PSA testing beginning at age 50 years, the strategy of PSA testing at ages 40 and 45 years followed by biennial testing beginning at age 50 years was estimated to simultaneously reduce prostate cancer mortality and number of PSA tests and biopsies performed per 1000 men. Specifically, compared with no screening, the standard strategy prevents 3.2 deaths, with an additional 10,500 PSA tests and 600 prostate biopsies, while the earlier but less frequent strategy prevents 3.3 deaths, with an additional 7500 PSA tests and 450 prostate biopsies. Strategies that lowered the PSA threshold for prostate biopsy to below 4.0 ng/mL or strategies that used age-specific PSA levels were not more efficient than use of a PSA threshold of 4.0 ng/mL. These 2 findings remained true under all sensitivity analyses performed to test assumptions of the model. CONCLUSION: Recognizing that the efficacy of PSA screening is unproved, the standard strategy of annual PSA screening beginning at age 50 years appears to be less effective and more resource intensive compared with a strategy that begins earlier but screens biennially instead of annually. JAMA. 2000;284:1399-1405.     

前列腺集团检查对诊断前列腺癌的临床价值

目的：提高前列腺癌的诊断水平。方法：对2000例中老年男性（≥40岁）门诊及住院病人,以及社区人员常规进行前列腺指检、血PSA检查及经直肠前列腺B超检查,活检筛选出前列腺癌15例（0.75%）,将病人分组进行比较。结果：≥70岁及PSA≥4ng/ml组患者前列腺癌发生率明显高于其余各组（P〈0.05）。结论：PSA联合直肠指检及经直肠前列腺B超检查是目前筛选前列腺癌最简便而又最重要的指标。     

不同水平前列腺特异抗原的前列腺癌诊断率

目的了解不同水平前列腺特异抗原（PSA）在前列腺系统穿刺下的活检阳性率,确定游离PSA／总PSA（fPSA／tPSA）在低PSA域值（PSA4～10ng／ml）的诊断价值。方法自2000年1月至2005年6月我们对1244例因PSA升高或直肠指检阳性结节的患者进行B超引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检,采用前列腺5区12针或13针系统穿刺方法,将PSA水平与组织学结果进行对比分析。结果根据PSA水平将患者分为：PSA〈4ng／ml,直肠指检发现结节;PSA4—10ng／ml,fPSA／tPSA〉0．16;PSA4—10ng／ml,fPSA／tPSA〈0．16;PSA10．1—20ng／ml;PSA〉20ng／ml;共5组,穿刺阳性率分别为18．1％,11．6％,17．4％,24．9％,和56．7％。随着PSA值增加,高危Gleason评分（Gleason评分≥18）的比例明显增加。结论不同PSA值的前列腺癌诊断率明显不同。直肠指检发现前列腺结节或PSA〉10ng／ml应作为前列腺穿刺的指征。PSA4—10ng／ml之间,参考fPSA／tPSA（〈0．16）有利于提高穿刺阳性率。     

PSA对社区老年男性前列腺癌筛查的临床意义和分析

目的：探讨应用血清前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）在社区50岁以上男性人群中行前列腺癌筛查的临床意义。方法：采用化学发光免疫分析技术检测自2008年7月-2009年7月广州市荔湾区逢源和彩虹两个社区3021名50岁以上的男性血清PsA。对于PSA≥14.0ng／mL前列腺癌可疑病例进行前列腺穿刺活检以确诊。结果：筛查中血清PSA≥4．0ng/mL者占7．0％（210／3021）,其中前列腺癌发现率6．0％（18／210）,且随着年龄的增加和血清PSA浓度的增加,前列腺癌发病增高。结论：用血清PSA在社区老年男性人群中筛查前列腺癌是可行的,可以早期发现前列腺癌,筛查可为这些患者提供有效的治疗机会。     

磁共振波谱成像联合直肠指检及血清PSA在前列腺癌诊断中的价值

目的初步探讨磁共振波谱成像(MRS)联合直肠指检(DRE)与血清前列腺特异抗原(PSA)在前列腺癌诊断中的应用。方法选取血清PSA异常84例男性患者行前列腺MRS和DRE并与病理结果对照。再分析MRS联合DRE及不同水平PSA(低危组4 ng/ml20 ng/ml)诊断前列腺癌的灵敏度(Se)、特异度(Sp)和准确度(AR)。结果病理证实前列腺癌41例、非前列腺癌43例(良性增生41例,炎症1例,结核1例)。单纯MRS诊断前列腺癌的Se、Sp和AR分别为85.4%、83.7%和84.5%,与病理诊断有统计学一致性(K=0.69,P<0.05);MRS联合PSA低危组、中危组和高危组诊断的Se、Sp和AR分别为75.0%、90.0%和84.4%,66.7%、73.3%和71.4%,95.7%、87.5%和93.5%;MRS联合DRE诊断Se、Sp和AR分别为88.9%、87.5%和88.6%;MRS同时联合PSA高危组及DRE诊断Se、Sp和AR分别增加至95.7%、100%和95.8%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 MRS诊断前列腺癌具有无创和简便优点,其联合直肠指检及PSA有助于提高诊断的准确性。     

Prostate biopsies--a retrospective review from the University Malaya Medical Center

Prostate cancer is not common in south-east asia and in particular there are only scarce reports on the characteristics of Malaysian men with prostate cancer. A retrospective study where all prostate specimens sent to the pathology department during the period 1st January 1996 to 30th June 1998 were reviewed. A total of 131 prostate specimens were reviewed and these consisted of prostatectomy specimens, transurethral resection specimens and trucut biopsy specimens. Only 114 patients' case notes were evaluated. Data reviewed were age, race, presenting symptoms, clinical findings and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level. Overall incidence of carcinoma of the prostate was 19.0%. The incidence of carcinoma of the prostate with serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) of 4.1 to 20.0 ng/ml was only 10% and 60.5% of patients had evidence of subclinical histological prostatitis. The mean age of men with carcinoma of the prostate was 71.3 years and there was no differences in the incidence of carcinoma of the prostate among the 3 major ethnic groups (Malays, Chinese and Indian). About three-quarter of the patients with carcinoma of the prostate presented with lower urinary tract symptoms, a third had haematuria and about a tenth of patients presented with urinary retention. The majority of patients presented with metastatic disease (66.7%) with a mean PSA of 1476.8 ng/ml. A significant proportion of men with prostatic diseases attending the University of Malaya Medical Center had prostate cancer (19.0%). A small proportion of men with serum PSA in the range of 4.1 to 20.0 ng/ml had prostate cancer and this is thought to be due to the background histological prostatitis. The majority of patients presented late.     

急性尿潴留前列腺穿刺的意义

目的探讨是否应该对PSA升高的急性尿潴留患者先进行前列腺穿刺活检。方法回顾分析2003年1月～2009年4月我科收治的109例血清PSA浓度均大于4ng/mL的男性急性尿潴留患者（无尿道狭窄,神经原性膀胱等病因）。根据是否活检分为2组,20例为前列腺穿刺活检组,年龄54～85（68.90±7.64）岁,前列腺体积38～130（70.94±27.97）ml,血清PSA4.30～487.46（48.12±106）L。89例为未活检组,年龄54～97（71.78±8.64）岁,前列腺体积16～293（61.79±43.77）ml,血清PSA4.06～411.2（24.90±52.61）ng/mL,2组间年龄、前列腺体积和血清PSA比较无统计学差异（P〉0.05）;未活检组56例经尿道前列腺切除术（TURP）,5例经开放手术。结果活检组20例,病理发现前列腺癌5例,阳性率25%;未活检组89例手术标本发现前列腺癌4例,均为经TURP者。阳性率4.49%。活检组和未活检组间比较有显著统计学差异（P〈0.01）。结论经直肠前列腺穿刺活检发现PSA升高的急性尿潴留患者前列腺癌的发生率至少在25%以上,比未经穿刺而经手术发现的前列腺癌发生率高21%,有显著统计学差异,而手术发现的前列腺癌给再次根治性手术增加了难度。本研究证明PSA升高的急性尿潴留患者应该先进行前列腺穿刺活检。     

Mass screening of 12027 elderly men for prostate carcinoma by measuring serum prostate specific antigen

Background The incidence of prostate carcinoma (Pca) has been increasing in China. We detected Pca in elderly men in Changchun, north China and the significance of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in mass screening and clinical staging of Pca.Methods Serum PSA from 12 027 men over 50 years old from Changchun was analyzed. In case of serum PSA greater than 4. 0 ng/ml, the patient was suspected of potentially suffering from Pca, and transrectal six-point puncture prostate biopsies were performed under ultrasound guidance.Pathological examinations were performed on the biopsy tissue, and ABCD and TNM clinical stagings were used in accordance with international standards. Correlations between serum PSA level andclinical stage were analyzed.Results PSA was greater than 4.0ng/ml in 813 patients (6.8% of the 12027 men). Transrectal six-point prostate puncture biopsies guided by ultrasound were performed in 273 patients (33. 6% of the 813 patients who were tested positive in the initial mass screening). Of these 273 patients,69 cases of Pca (25.3% of 273 ) were confirmed by biopsy in the second screening, with an overall detection rate for Pca of 0. 57% (69/12 027). The total number of patients in stages A, B, T1, or T2 was 57.9%, and over 20% of them suffered from late stage Pca with lymph node and bone metastasis. An obvious positive correlation was observed between ABCD staging, TNM staging, and serum PSA level.Conclusions Serum PSA level is not only the golden standard for mass screening of Pca, but also the predictor for clinical stage of Pca. PSA testing revealed asymptomatic Pca cases in early, middle,and later stages in the elderly, suggesting that mass screening is of paramount importance.     

北京地区临床无前列腺癌人群年龄相关性前列腺特异性抗原的参考范围

目的探讨前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）在不同年龄段临床无前列腺癌人群中的参考值范围,以提高PSA在前列腺癌筛查中
的诊断准确性。方法自2010年4月~2011年10月来我院进行正常健康查体的1611例成年男性为参与者。所有参与者均接受
前列腺特异性抗原抽血检查、肛门指检（DRE）及经直肠超声（TRUS）检查。以上三项检查任何两项出现异常者,行前列腺穿刺
活检。最终共有1572位无前列腺癌者纳入本研究。按年龄分为5组,40~49岁、50~59岁、60~69岁、70~79岁、≥80岁。结果中
位数（95%分位数）分别为：40~49岁为0.506（1.565）,50~59岁为1.04（2.920）,60~69岁为1.16（4.113）,70~79岁为1.34（5.561）,
80 岁以上为2.975（7.285）。按年龄从低至高各组的25%分位数至75%分位数分别为0.343~0.923,0.663~1.580,0.693~2.203,
0.789~2.368、1.188~4.295。前列腺特异性抗原与年龄呈正相关（r=0.314,P<0.001）。结论在前列腺癌筛查时,对不同年龄段的
人使用不同的血清PSA参考值范围,能提高其诊断准确率,但不同民族和地区应选择适合本地区人群的血清PSA参考值。
     

前列腺增生症患者血清前列腺特异性抗原水平与前列腺炎关系的临床研究

目的探讨前列腺增生症患者血清中前列腺特异性抗原水平与前列腺炎的关系。方法120例门诊诊断为前列腺增生症的患者,其血清前列腺特异性抗原高于4.0ng/ml且合并前列腺炎;所有患者口服莫西沙星,治疗随访4周;根据治疗后血清前列腺特异性抗原水平及前列腺穿刺活检结果分为三组,观察比较各组治疗前后血清前列腺特异性抗原的水平及前列腺癌诊断阳性率。结果仅治疗后血清前列腺特异性抗原低于4.0ng/ml的一组在治疗前后的水平变化有统计学意义,其余两组均无统计学意义;治疗后前列腺癌诊断阳性率明显高于治疗前。结论对血清前列腺特异性抗原高于4.0ng/ml且合并前列腺炎的前列腺增生患者进行抗炎治疗,既可提高前列腺特异性抗原对前列癌早期诊断的特异性,又可使部分患者避免前列腺穿刺活检造成的痛苦和相关并发症。     

血清前列腺特异性抗原水平与慢性前列腺炎关系的临床研究

目的探讨前列腺增生症患者血清中前列腺特异性抗原水平与慢性前列腺炎的关系.方法128例门诊诊断为前列腺增生症的患者,其血清前列腺特异性抗原高于4.0 ng/ml且合并慢性前列腺炎;所有患者 口服塞来昔布,治疗随访6周;根据治疗后血清前列腺特异性抗原水平及前列腺穿刺活检结果分为三组,观察比较各组治疗前后血清前列腺特异性抗原的水平及前列腺癌诊断阳性率.结果仅治疗后血清前列腺特异性抗原低于4.0 ng/ml的一组在治疗前后的水平变化有统计学意义,其余两组均无统计学意义;治疗后前列腺癌诊断阳性率明显高于治疗前.结论对血清前列腺特异性抗原高于4.0ng/ml且合并慢性前列腺炎的前列腺增生患者进行抗炎治疗,既可提高前列腺特异性抗原对前列癌早期诊断的特异性,又可使部分患者避免前列腺穿刺活检造成的痛苦和相关并发症.     

移行区前列腺特异性抗原密度诊断前列腺癌的应用研究

目的探讨移行区前列腺特异性抗原密度（PSATZ）诊断前列腺癌（PCa）的价值。方法选取血清前列腺特异性抗原（PSA≥4ng/ml）和（或）指检阳性（digital rectal exami-nation,DRE）患者行经直肠超声（transrec-tal ultrasonography,TRUS）检查,并经手术病理或自动活检枪行系统穿刺活检证实的79例患者进行分析。通过与血清PSA和前列腺特异性抗原密度（PSAD）对比,分析PSATZ诊断前列腺癌的敏感性和特异性。结果PSA、PS-AD、PSATZ三者相比,PSATZ优于血清PSA、PSAD,故PSATZ是较佳的PCa检测指标,具有最大的ROC曲线下面积和较高的特异性。结论PSATZ法优于血清PSA及PSAD法,用移行区体积对PSA进行校正具有一定价值。故在进行PCa筛选时,应在经直肠超声检查的基础上,有必要对于PSATZ大于0.35ng/（ml·cm^3）的患者进行超声引导下穿刺活检（Ultrasound-guided prostatic biopsies）。     

西安地区汉族成年健康男性年龄与血清前列腺特异性抗原的关系

目的 探讨中国汉族成年健康男性年龄血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)参考值。方法 应用酶联免疫法测定了1096名23～85岁健康男性血清tPSA、fPSA及fPSA／tPSA的比值。应用直线相关统计学方法分析年龄与PSA水平的相关性。结果中国汉族成年健康男性年龄特异性血清PsA参考值分别为：20～29岁1．20μg／L、3039岁1．21μg／L、40～49岁1．23μg／L、50～59岁2．35μg／L、60～69岁3．20μg／L和70岁以上者3．39μg／L。经直线相关统计学分析年龄与PSA水平存在相关性。与其他种族年龄特异性血清PSA参考值进行比较,发现中国汉族成年健康男性各年龄组年龄特异性血清PSA参考值不但显著低于欧美国家的黑种人和白种人,而且也低于同属黄种人的日本人和韩国人。结论中国汉族成年健康男性年龄血清PSA参考值明显低于黑种人、白种人,甚至低于同属黄种人的日本人和韩国人。了解中国健康成年男性血清PSA正常值和年龄特异性血清PSA参考值对临床有一定的指导意义。     

Kappa statistics in the screening of malignancy of prostate

The optimal upper limit of the normal range for prostate specific antigen (PSA) is suggested, but review of literature reveals that, malignancy of prostate can occur below that range and some benign prostatic diseases are occasionally associated with higher levels. The aim of the study is for early detection of prostatic malignancy. We tried to evaluate digital rectal examination (DRE), estimation of PSA and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided core needle biopsy and histopathological examination in the patients. Seventy-two consecutive patients with lower urinary tract symptoms were taken in this retrospective study from January 2005 to February 2006. PSA level was measured by automated chemilumininescence system. Prostatic biopsies were taken for histopathological examination and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Gleason grading was applied in case of adenocarcinoma of prostate. For detection of malignancy, sensitivity, specificity, predictive value for positive test and of negative test, percentage of false negatives and false positives, p-values, confidence interval and kappa statistical calculations were done. It was found 19 cases with PSA level > 4 ng/ml had benign diseases of prostate and one person having PSA level < 4 ng/ml had adenocarcinoma of prostate. Seven DRE positive cases had benign disease of the prostate and 5 DRE negative patients had adenocarcinoma of prostate. When compared, serum total PSA value alone and combined PSA and DRE, the later combined approach was found to be more useful. We recommend the study of DRE, PSA and TRUS guided core needle biopsy for detection of prostatic cancer at localised and potentially curable stage.     

以PSA筛查为基础前列腺癌早期诊断与治疗的研究

目的了解扬州地区60岁以上老年男性前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)水平, 探讨PSA筛查与前列腺癌早期诊断与治疗之间的联系。方法制定详细的入选与排除标准, 选取扬州地区2020年5-7月体检的60岁以上老年男性3 102例, 均具有完整随访信息。采用化学发光酶免疫分析法检测体检者血清PSA水平, 对符合前列腺癌穿刺标准者, 进行B超引导下经会阴前列腺组织穿刺活检并进行Gleason评分。结果随着年龄的增加, PSA水平异常的比例明显增高(P < 0.01)。共有62名老年人接受了前列腺穿刺活检, 其中PSA在4~10 ng/mL 38人, 穿刺诊断为癌14人(36.8%); PSA>10 ng/mL 24人, 穿刺诊断为癌15个(62.5%)。随着PSA水平的升高, 前列腺穿刺阳性的比例升高(P < 0.05)。对穿刺阳性对象的肿瘤分期发现, 随着PSA的升高, 肿瘤的Gleason评分越高, 危险系数越大(P < 0.05)。结论随年龄增加, PSA呈现上升趋势, 且PSA水平升高, 前列腺癌的发生可能性越大, 恶性程度也随之增加。对于老年男性建议进行早期、定期PSA检查。     

前列腺癌集团筛查的病理特征及与血清前列腺特异性抗原的关系

目的　探讨人群中前列腺癌的活检病理学特征及与血清前列腺特异性抗原 (PSA)的关系。方法　应用Elisa方法对长春市 12 0 2 7名男性血清PSA进行了检测及前列腺癌集团筛查 ,对血清PSA值 >4 0 μg/L和有尿路阻塞症状的男性经直肠超声引导下系统性行前列腺 6点穿刺活检 ,应用统计学软件SPSS 10 0进行病理分析。结果　 12 0 2 7名对象对 15 8例进行了前列腺活检穿刺 ,其中 137例血清PSA值 >4 0 μg/L ,2 1例血清PSA值 <4 0 μg/L ,但是有尿道阻塞症状。在 15 8例活检组织中 ,有 2 5 9%为前列腺癌 ,其中中分化癌和低分化癌分别占 6 1%和 34%。 4 1例前列腺癌患者的血清PSA值与Gleason评分间存在明显的线性正相关关系 (r =0 32 9,P <0 0 5 ) ,前列腺癌患者血清PSA值与 6点活检标本前列腺癌阳性点数间存在明显的线性正相关关系 (r =0 4 2 5 ,P =0 0 0 6 )。结论　中分化癌是人群中前列腺癌的最常见类型。应用血清PSA进行前列腺癌集团筛查对前列腺癌早期发现具有重要意义。血清PSA值不仅和前列腺癌的病理分级而且和肿瘤的范围有关系。     

血清前列腺特异性抗原增高的病理基础

对血请前列腺特异性抗原（ＰＳＡ）高于４μｇ／Ｌ，且有病理检查资料的６７例前列腺疾病患者，进行了分析。其中前列腺癌２４例，非癌前列腺病变４３例。结果显示前列腺癌组血清ＰＳＡ明显高于非癌组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。以血清ＰＳＡ１０μｇ／Ｌ为低限值，诊断癌的灵敏性为８３．３％。特异性为７４．４％，认为血请ＰＳＡ４～１０μｇ／Ｌ应视为癌的危险范围。上皮血屏障的破坏和上皮细胞增生是血清ＰＳＡ升高的基础     

Serum PSA levels in the Indian population: Is it different?

BackgroundSerum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an important tumour, marker which is widely used to trigger trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy. However, the PSA levels vary with race and ethnicity. Therefore, there is a need to have an Indian reference range.MethodsAll adult male patients meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled in this study. They were subjected to assessment of serum total PSA, digital rectal examination and trans-abdominal ultrasound. If any one or more of these were found abnormal, then a TRUS-guided 12-core prostate biopsy was done. Patients who were detected to have prostatic cancer were excluded from the final analysis. The data so obtained was grouped among the following three age groups: 40–49, 50–59 and 60–70 years, and the age-specific PSA values, prostatic volume and PSA density were found.ResultsA total of 1772 patients were analysed. The mean serum total PSA was 1.76 ng/ml with a standard deviation of 2.566 ng/ml. Group-wise age distribution of the mean serum total PSA was 1.22, 1.97 and 2.08 ng/ml in 40–49, 50–59 and 60–70 years age groups.ConclusionThe mean total PSA and the age-specific PSA range tend to be lower in the Indians than the Western population.     

北京多中心社区50岁以上男性年龄与前列腺特异性抗原的关系

目的:探讨北京地区中老年男性年龄与血清前列腺特异性抗原(prostate-specific antigen,PSA)的关系。方法:采用多中心前瞻性分层多阶段整群不等比例随机抽样方法选取北京地区50岁以上中老年男性测定血清总PSA(T-PSA)、游离PSA(F-PSA)及F/T的比值,分析年龄与PSA水平的相关性。结果:共1 027例符合标准的研究对象,T-PSA及F-PSA与年龄呈正相关(r=0.208,P<0.001;r=0.230,P<0.001),F/T比值与年龄无相关性(r=0.055,P>0.079)。T-PSA及F-PSA随年龄的增长而升高,50～59岁、60～69岁、70～79岁和80岁以上人群的95%可信区间上限分别为1.55、2.08、2.40和3.52μg/L。结论:北京地区中老年男性T-PSA和F-PSA水平与年龄呈正相关,而F/T比值与年龄无相关性。