斑点追踪显像对慢性心力衰竭患者心脏再同步化治疗短期疗效的评价

Objective To assess the short-term effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) by speckle tracking strain imaging(STI). Methods Sixteen chronic heart failure patients(CHF) with CRT were enrolled. The time to peak systolic longitudinal strain and the time to peak systolic radial strain were derived from the LV apical views, and the time to peak systolic circumferential strain was derived from the parasternal short axis. The standard deviation for time to peak longitudinal, radial and circumferential strain in the 18 segments (LS-SD18, RS-SD18, CS-SD18) and the maximal temporal difference of any two segments(LS-dif, RS-dif, CS-dif) were calculated as a strain-derived dyssynchrony index. The difference of LS-SDIS, RS-SD18, CS-SD18 between 1 month,3 months after CRT and baseline (△LS-SD18, △RS-SD18, △CS-SD18) was calculated. The correlation between △LS-SD18,ARS-SD18,△CS-SD18 and the reduction of end-systolic volume at follow-up(△ESV%) were analyzed. Results The LS-SD18, RS-SD18,CS-SD18 and RS-dif were decreased significantly 1 month,3 months after CRT.△RS-SD18 was correlated with △ESV% 3 months after CRT(r = 0. 694). Conclusions The strain-derived dyssynchrony index is great significient for short-term effect of CRT.     

实时三维超声心动图和斑点追踪显像技术评价心肌梗死患者左心室收缩同步性

目的 应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)和斑点追踪显像技术(STI)评价心肌梗死患者左心室收缩同步性.方法 采集25例正常对照者和30例心肌梗死患者左心室短轴观和心尖位四腔观、二腔观的二维灰阶及经胸实时三维超声心动图.应用Qlab 6.0脱机软件,通过RT-3DE分析,获取左心室17节段容积-时间曲线,计算16节段达到最小收缩容积时间的标准差(Tmsv-16-SD)和最大差值(Tmsv-16-Dif),以Tmsv-16-SD大于正常对照组测定指标的单侧99%上限值判定为存在左心室收缩不同步.应用STI测量左心室短轴观各节段收缩期径向应变达峰时间(TRs),计算左心室整体径向应变达峰时间的标准差(TRS-SD)和最大差值(TRS-Dif),以左心室短轴观前间壁和后壁的径向应变的达峰时间之差(TAS-POST)≥130 ms作为左心室收缩不同步标准.结果 心肌梗死组各收缩同步性参数均显著大于正常对照组(均P＜0.01).Tmsv-16-SD与TRS-SD、Tmsv-16-Dif与TRS-Dif呈中等相关(r分别为0.675和0.620,均P＜0.01).RT-3DE和STI对心肌梗死组左心室收缩不同步的检出率无显著差异(P=0.125),但检测一致性一般(Kappa=0.60).结论 RT-3DE和STI技术能够评价心肌梗死患者左心室心肌收缩同步性,两种方法 所测的对应参数相关性不高,且目前对于左心室收缩同步性评价尚缺乏统一标准,因此临床应采用多方法 、多指标综合评价心肌梗死患者左心室收缩同步性.

Abstract：

Objective To assess the left ventricular (LV) systolic synchrony in patients with myocardial infarction using real-time three dimensional echocardiography(RT-3DE) and speckle tracking imaging(STI). Methods Twenty-five healthy subjects and thirty patients with myocardial infarction underwent two-dimensional echocardiography and RT-3DE examination. The systolic synchrony parameters derived from RT-3DE were the dispersion of time and the maximum difference of time to minimum regional volume for 16 LV segments (Tmsv-16-SD and Tmsv-16-Dif). When the Tmsv-16-SD was above the percent 99 of the control group distribution in patients with myocardial infarction were considered statistically different from those in the control group and were accordingly classified as LV systolic asynchrony. The time from the onset of QRS complexes to systole peak strain from the radial vectors was recorded using STI. The standard deviation and the maximal temporal difference of the radial (TRS-SD and TRS-Dif) of 18 segments were calculated as indicator of LV systolic synchrony. LV systolic asynchrony was defined as an interval≥130 ms for the absolute difference in time to peak radial strain for the anteroseptal wall versus the posterior wall (TAS-POST). Results All the systolic synchrony parameters derived from RT-3DE and STI were significantly larger in the myocardial infarction group than those of the control group (all P＜0.01 ).For Tmsv-16-SD and Tmsv-16-Dif,a moderate correlation with TRS-SD and TRS-Dif( r = 0.675 and 0.620,all P＜0.01) was found. No significant difference and general consistency were found between the systolic asynchrony parameters by RT-3DE and STI ( P = 0.125, Kappa = 0.60). Conclusions RT-3DE and STI provide effective tools to assess the LV systolic synchrony. There is no obvious correlation between these methods, thus it is essential of using different methods and parameters to evaluate the LV systolic synchrony.     

不同右心室心尖部起搏百分比对心功能的影响

目的 探讨在不同心室起搏百分比(CUM%VP,即起搏心室率占总心室率的百分比)时长期右心室心尖部起搏(RVA)对基础心功能正常患者心室结构和心功能的影响.方法 选取安装起搏器时基础心功能正常、因行起搏器更换和门诊复诊起搏器的患者为研究对象,CUM%VP≥85%组78例,CUM%VP≤40%组63例.以新发心力衰竭、死亡及左心室重构、功能受损为终点,比较2组之间的发生率;同时观察左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、室间隔厚度(IVS)从基线至随访结束时的改变(ALVEDD、△LVEF、△IVS).结果 两次评估相隔的平均时间CUM%VP≥85%组为7.4年,CUM%VP≤40%组为7.7年.起搏前2组患者年龄、性别、总起搏时间、起搏模式、基础疾病及心脏超声指标等情况基本相似,差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05);随访结束时,CUM%VP≥85%组与CUM%VP≤40%组△LVEDD分别为(3.8±0.5)、(1.4±0.4)mm(t=4.540,P＜0.01),△LVEF分别为(-6.5±1.2)%、(-3.3±1.0)%(t=2.578,P=0.011),而△IVS比较差异无统计学意义;随访结束时2组均无死亡,CUM%VP≥85%组和CUM%VP≤40%组左心室重构、功能受损发生率分别为25.6%(20/78)、6.3%(4/36),差异有统计学意义(x2=9.183,P=0.002);新发心力衰竭发生率分别为10.3%(8/78)、1.6%(1/36),2组比较差异有统计学意义(x2=4.383,P=0.036).结论 基础心功能正常患者长期右心室心尖部起搏(RVA)存在发生心室重构、功能受损和心力衰竭的可能,起搏时间越长、CUM%VP越高其发生风险越大.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the effect of permanent right ventricular apical (RVA) pacing in different cumulative percent of right ventricular pacing( CUM% VP) on the heart function and cardiac ventricle structure in subjects with normal basic heart function. Methods Patients who had implanted pacemaker when heart function was still normal were recruited in the study while they revisited for replacement or examinations of implanted pacemaker at outpatient. According to different CUM% VP, patients were divided into group A ( CUM% VP≥85% ,n =78) and group B( CUM% VP≤40% ,n =63) . The primary composite endpoint was defined as new-onset heart failure, death, left ventricular ( LV ) dysfunction and remodeling. The occurrence of endpoints were compared between the two groups. The left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and interventricular septum(IVS) were measured through baseline and follow-up, their absolute alterations ( △ LVEF, △ LVEDD and △ IVS ) were observed. Results The mean duration of two assessment was 7.4 years in group A and 7.7 years in group B, respectively. Before pacemaker implantation,there were no differences in age, sex, basic diseases, cardiac function and constituent ratio of pacemakers between the two groups. By comparing the outcomes of group A with those of group B at the end of follow up, we found that: △ LVEDD in group A was significantly larger than that in group B ( [3. 8 ± 0. 5] mm vs [1.4 ± 0. 4] mm,t = 4. 540,P ＜ 0. 01 ), △ LVEF was ( - 6.5 ± 1.2) % and ( - 3.3 ± 1.0) % in group A and B, respectively,with significant difference between the two groups(t = 2. 578 ,P ＜0. 01 ). There were no significant difference in AIVS between the two groups. No death occurred in both group at the end of follow up. The incidence of LV dysfunction and remodeling was 25.6% (20/78) in group A,which was significantly higher than that of 6.3% (4/63) in group B( x2 =9. 183 ,P =0. 002). and the incidence of new-onset heart failure was 10. 3% (8/78)in group A,which was significantly higher than that of 1.6% (1/63) in group B (x2 =4.383,P =0.036).Conclusion Among patients with normal basic LV function who underwent permanent RVA pacing,there are potential risk in developing LV remodel, function damage and heart failure. The risk increases with the pacing time getting longer and CUM% VP getting higher.     

单心动周期全容积成像对右心室流出道起源室性期前收缩患者左心室容积及收缩同步性的研究

目的 探讨正常人及频发右室流出道(right ventricular outflow tract,RVOT)起源室性期前收缩患者左室容积改变模式.方法 应用单心动周期全容积成像(instantaneous full-volume imaging,IFI)技术分析29例RVOT起源室性期前收缩患者在室性期前收缩、窦性心搏时以及30例正常人左室容积参数[收缩末容积(ESV)、舒张末容积(EDV)、每搏量(SV)、射血分数(EF)]和左室收缩期节段容积变化同步性参数[收缩失同步性指数(SDI)、收缩末离散度(DISPES)、平均收缩末时间(MES)、收缩前时间容积(PreContr)、收缩后时间容积(PostContr)].进行左室容积收缩波序标测.结果 与正常对照组比较,RVOT起源室性期前收缩患者在室性期前收缩时左室容积参数EDV、SV、EF均显著降低(P＜0.01);左室收缩期节段容积变化同步性参数均显著增高(P＜0.01).室性期前收缩患者在窦性心搏时各项容积参数与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义,而同步性参数中MES、PreContr与正常对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 室性期前收缩时左室收缩期整体容积及节段容积的改变存在失同步状态,而在窦性心搏时也可能存在心肌收缩模式的改变.IFI技术可用于定量分析室性期前收缩患者左室容积的变化.

Abstract：

Objective To assess alternations in left ventricular volume and systolic synchrony in patients with frequent premature ventricular complexes(PVCs) from the right ventricular outflow tract(RVOT).Methods Twenty-nine patients with frequent isolated PVCs from RVOT were included and 30 healthy subjects as control.Instantaneous full-volume imaging(IFI) was performed to evaluate left ventricle volumetric parameters,including end-systolic volume (ESV),end-diastolic volume (EDV),stroke volume (SV),ejection fraction (EF),and systolic synchrony parameters,including systolic dyssynchrony index (SDI),dispersion end-systole (DISPES),mean end-systolic time (MES),pre-contraction time volume (PreContr) and post-contraction time volume (PostContr).Contraction front mapping was performed to visualize volumetric contraction sequence.All values of patients with PVCs were recorded during sinus beats (PVC-S) and premature ventricular beats (PVC-V) respectively.Results Significant differences were observed in left ventricular systolic volumetric and synchrony parameters between PVC-V and control subjects (P＜0.01),as well as in MES and PreContr between PVC-S and control subjects (P＜0.01).Conclusions Left ventricular systolic dysynchrony was demonstrated in patients with PVCs from RVOT.IFI was a novel tool to analyze left ventricular global and regional volumetric alternations.     

速度向量成像技术评价扩张型心肌病患者径向室壁运动

Objective To assess the radial systolic function of left ventricle(LV) in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy(DCM) by velocity vector imaging(VVI).Methods Sixteen patients with DCM and twenty control subjects were detected by VVI.VVI data were collected from the six basal segments and six mid segments in parastenal LV short axis views.The radial systolic velocity(V) ,strain(ε) ,strain rate(SR),the time to peak systolic velocity(PTV) and the time to maximum strain(PTε) were measured with special software.The differene of the earliest and the latest time to peak velocity(T-max) and the standard deviation of time to peak velocity(T-SD) of 12 segments were calculated.Results Compared to the controlled group,patients with DCM had significantly lower radial V,ε and SR (P ＜0.01) in all the 12 segments,significantly longer PTV and PTε (P ＜ 0.05) in most segments, and significantly larger T-max and T-SD (P ＜0.05).Conclusions VVI is useful to assess the abnormalities in LV radial movement in patients with DCM and could provide more information about regional cardiac function.     

速度向量成像技术评价扩张型心肌病患者径向室壁运动

Objective To assess the radial systolic function of left ventricle(LV) in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy(DCM) by velocity vector imaging(VVI).Methods Sixteen patients with DCM and twenty control subjects were detected by VVI.VVI data were collected from the six basal segments and six mid segments in parastenal LV short axis views.The radial systolic velocity(V) ,strain(ε) ,strain rate(SR),the time to peak systolic velocity(PTV) and the time to maximum strain(PTε) were measured with special software.The differene of the earliest and the latest time to peak velocity(T-max) and the standard deviation of time to peak velocity(T-SD) of 12 segments were calculated.Results Compared to the controlled group,patients with DCM had significantly lower radial V,ε and SR (P ＜0.01) in all the 12 segments,significantly longer PTV and PTε (P ＜ 0.05) in most segments, and significantly larger T-max and T-SD (P ＜0.05).Conclusions VVI is useful to assess the abnormalities in LV radial movement in patients with DCM and could provide more information about regional cardiac function.     

慢性心力衰竭患者左右心室收缩同步性与心电图关系研究

目的 观察窦性心律慢性心力衰竭患者左右心室收缩同步性差异,以及窦性心律慢性心力衰竭患者心电图、左心室收缩功能的变化.探讨双心室收缩差异的发生率、双心室收缩差异的预测指标、双心室收缩不同步与左心室收缩功能的关系.方法 选择26例慢性心力衰竭患者和16例健康对照者.首先进行心电图检查获得QRS间期,P-R间期.再进行平衡状放射性核素心室造影检查,获得左、右心室射血分数及其他功能参数,在相位直方图上计算左右心室的相角程、半高宽.结果 两组间心电图参数QRS间期、P-R间期差异有统计学意义,(117.64±33.16)ms vs(91.87±9.16)ms,(191.43±55.25)ms vs(161.75±22.17)ms(均P<0.05).位相分析中左右心室相角程及半高宽差异有统计学意义,(86.56±21.88)°vs(223.81±101.41)°,(26.44±8.21)°vs(57.90±42.72)°(均P<0.01).慢性心力衰竭患者左右心室相角程(PS)与LVEF呈相关(r=-0.709,P<0.001);左右心室相角程(PS)与心电图QRS间期无相关性(r＝0.310,P>0.05).病例组76.9%的患者存在室间不同步收缩,存在室间不同步收缩患者与无室间不同步收缩患者相比,左、右心室射血分数差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);心电图、参数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).这些患者室间不同步收缩PS与LVEF(r＝-0.55,P<0.05);而与心电图的QRS间期无明显相关关系(r=0.090,P>0.05).结论 慢性心力衰竭患者的心电图、功能参数、位相分析参数存在着明显异常;76.9%心力衰竭患者存在着室间非同步收缩,这些患者具有较低的射血分数;室间非同步收缩与左心功能呈明显负相关,与QRS间期无明显相关关系.室间非同步收缩的形成可能是导致心功能下降的原因之一. 缩患者相比,左、右心室射血分数差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);心电图、参数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).这些患者室间不同步收缩PS与LVEF(r＝-0.55,P<0.05);而与心电图的QRS问期无明显相关关系(r=0.090,P>0.05).结论 慢性心力衰竭患者的心电图、功能参数、位相分析参数存在着明显异常;76.9%心力衰竭患者存在着室间非同步收缩,这些患者具有较低的射血分数;室间非同步收缩与左心功能呈明显负相关,与QRS间期 明显相关关系.室间非同步收缩的形成可能是导致心功能下降的原因之一. 缩患者相比,左、右心室射血分数差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);心电图、参数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).这些患者室间不同步收缩PS与LVEF(r＝-0.55,P<0.05);而与心电图的QRS问期无明显相关关系(r=0.090,P>0.05).结论 慢性心力衰竭患者的心电图、功能参数、位相分析参数存在着明显异常;76.9%心力衰竭患者存在着室间非同步收缩,这些患者具有较低的射血分数;室间非同步收缩与左心功能呈明显负相关,与QRS间期 明显相关关系.室间非同步收缩的形成可能是导致心功

Abstract：

Objective To observe contraction desynchronization of entire ventricle, alterations of electrocardiography and left ventricular systolic function in patients with chronic congestive heart failure in sinus rhythm. To explore the incidence of interventricular desynchronizition in patients with chronic congestive heart failure,predictive factors of interventricular dyssynchrony, and the correlation between biventricular contractile desynchronization and left ventricular function. Methods Twenty-six patients with chronic congestive heart failure and 16 control subjects were studied by standard 12-lead electrocardiography,and gated equilibrium blood pool scintigraphy.Firstly,QRS duration, P-R duration were obtained by electrocardiography. Finally, these subjects were examined by radionuclide angioscintigraphy. Left ventricular ejection fraction, right ventricular ejection fraction and other functional parameters were obtained. Phase angles and full width half the maximal on phase histogram expressed interventricular contractile synchrony were computed in sinus rhythm. Results There were significant differences between ECGparameters (QRS duration, P-R duration), (117.64±33.16) ms vs (91.87±9.16) ms, (191.43±55.25) ms vs (161.75±22.17) ms (both P <0.05) ,phase angles of phase image analysis, (86.56±21.88)° vs (223. 81±101.41)°,(26.44±8.21)° vs (57.90±42.72)°(both P＜0. 01). In patients with heart failure,significantly negative correlation was found between phase angles and LVEF(r = -0. 709, P <0. 001). No correlation was found between phase angles and QRS duration. In patients with heart failure, 76.9% patients had interventricular contractile desynchrony. These patients also had lower left ventricular ejection fraction. In these patients, significantly negative correlation was found between phase angles and LVEF(r = -0. 55, P ,(0.05), what is more,no correlation was found between phase angles and QRS duration. Conclusion The patients with chronic heart failure have significantly abnormal electrocardiography,left ventricular systolic function, and parameters of phase image analysis. 76.9% patients with heart failure had interventricular contractile dyssynchrony who had lower left ventricular ejection fraction compared with patients without interventricular contractile dyssynchrony. A significant negative correlation is found between phase angles and LVEF. This study shows that interventricular contractile desynchronization may be one of causes decreasing left ventricular function.     

Successful treatment of systemic sclerosis complicated by ventricular tachycardia with a cardiac resynchronization therapydefibrillator: A case report

BACKGROUND Systemic sclerosis is a rare connective tissue disease characterized by localized ordiffuse skin thickening and fibrosis,which usually accumulates in various organsthroughout the body.Tachyarrhythmia is a common clinical manifestation ofcardiovascular damage in systemic sclerosis patients.However,few studies havereported the use of catheter ablation and an implantable cardioverter defibrillatorin patients with systemic sclerosis complicated by ventricular tachycardia.CASE SUMMARY A 39-year woman with an 11-year history of systemic sclerosis was referred toour hospital due to three syncopal episodes in the past 6 mo.The results of anelectrocardiogram and a transthoracic echocardiogram revealed ventriculartachycardia and left ventricular systolic and ventricular septum segmentalmotion abnormalities,respectively.The results of an electrocardiogram showed asinus rhythm with complete blockage of the left bundle branch.In light of theprogressive nature of systemic sclerosis,the presence of a left bundle branchblock,and the decreased ejection fraction,a cardiac resynchronization therapydefibrillatorwas implanted.The patient’s clinical conditions improved,and at the3-mo follow-up,the patient was free of ventricular tachycardia and all cardiacsymptoms.CONCLUSION We report the first case of systemic sclerosis complicated by ventriculartachycardia that was successfully treated with a cardiac resynchronizationtherapy-defibrillator.     

速度向量成像技术评价急性心肌梗死患者左心室不同步运动的临床研究

Objective To assess the left ventricular contraction asynchrony in patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI) by velocity vector imaging(VVI).Methods Sixty AMI patients and 40 healthy volunteers were included.Using VVI,the time to peak longitudinal systolic velocity (TL-V) was measured in the left ventricular long axis views,the time to peak radial systolic velocity (TR-V) was measured in parasternal short axis views.The deviation of the earliest and the latest TL-V and TR-V (Ts max-min) was measured,and the standard deviation of TL-V and TR-V (TS-SD) was also measured.Results ①TL-V ,TR-V of the infarcted and non-infarcted segments in patients with acute myocardial infarction were longer than those of the normal segments (P ＜0.05).②The longitudinal Tsmax-min,Ts-SD and the radial Tsmax-min,Ts-SD in infarcted patients were increased compared with the healthy volunteers (P ＜0.001).③Ts of the infarcted segments was increased in turn from the class Ⅰ to class Ⅳ of the cardiac function (P ＜0.001).Conclusions VVI could be used to assess the left ventricular contraction asynchrony in patients with AMI.VVI is a new useful method to determine the infarcted segments.     

二尖瓣环收缩期最大位移达峰时间评价扩张型心肌病患者左心室长轴收缩功能的超声心动图研究

Objective To evaluate the value of peak time(PT) and corrected peak time(PTc) in the assessment of left ventricular long axis systolic function in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy(DCM).Methods Thirty-one DCM cases and thirty-six healthy cases were investigated using echocardiography.To obtain image of apical four-chamber view and apical two-chamber view, PT was measured by the technique of tissue motion annular displacement.The value of PTc was corrected by R-R interval.The critical value of PT and PTc was obtained by ROC curves.Results Compared with the PT of control group, the PT of DCM group at the site of septal and lateral were significantly increased ( P ＜0.05), but the PT at the site of anterior and inferior were no significantly increased ( P ＞0.05).The PTc at the four sites were significantly increased compared with control group ( P ＜0.05).The areas of under the ROC curve of PTc was 0.849 (95 % CI 0.699～0.929, P = 0.000), sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis cardiac dysfunction were 80.6 % and 66.7% respectively.Conclusions The PTc was significantly increased in patients with DCM.PTc was useful to evaluate left ventricular dysfunction in DCM patients.     

Effect of pacing-induced ventricular dyssynchrony on right ventricular function

Background: Asynchronous electrical activation induced by right ventricular (RV) pacing can cause several abnormalities in left ventricular (LV) function. However, the effect of ventricular pacing on RV function has not been well established. We evaluated RV function in patients undergoing long‐term RV pacing. Methods: Eighty‐five patients and 24 healthy controls were included. After pacemaker implantation, conventional echocardiography and strain imaging were used to analyze RV function. Strain imaging measurements included peak systolic strain and strain rate. LV function and ventricular dyssynchrony by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) were assessed. Intra‐ and interobserver variabilities of TDI parameters were tested on 15 randomly selected cases. Results: All patients were in New York Heart Association functional class I or II and percentage of ventricular pacing was 96 ± 4%. RV apical induced interventricular dyssynchrony in 49 patients (60%). LV dyssynchrony was found in 51 patients (60%), when the parameter examined was the standard deviation of the time to peak myocardial systolic velocity of all 12 segments greater than 34 ms. Likewise, septal‐to‐lateral delay ≥65 ms was found in 31 patients (36%). All echocardiographic indexes of RV function were similar between patients and controls (strain: ?22.8 ± 5.8% vs ?22.1 ± 5.6%, P = 0.630; strain rate: ?1.47 ± 0.91 s^?1 vs ?1.42 ± 0.39 s^?1, P = 0.702). Intra‐ and interobserver variability for RV strain was 3.1% and 5.3%, and strain rate was 1.3% and 2.1%, respectively. Conclusions: In patients with standard pacing indications, RV apical pacing did not seem to affect RV systolic function, despite induction of electromechanical dyssynchrony. (PACE 2011; 34:155–162)     

三维斑点追踪显像分析左心室收缩功能及同步性的初步研究

目的 应用三维斑点追踪显像(3D STI)分析扩张型心肌病(DCM)合并完全性左束支传导阻滞(CLBBB)患者左心室功能及左心室同步性.方法 分别对37例DCM合并CLBBB患者及25例正常对照者进行3D STI分析,计算左心室射血分数(LVEF),16节段3D应变及经心动周期标化的达峰时间标准差(3D-SDI),左心室整体3D、长轴、短轴及圆周应变.结果 对照组心尖水平、二尖瓣水平及乳头肌水平3D应变值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).左心室整体3D、长轴及短轴应变与LVEF间有良好的负相关(r分别为-0.92,-0.84及-0.78,P均＜0.01),圆周应变与LVEF间有良好的正相关(r =0.81,P＜0.01).与对照组比较,病例组3D、长轴、短轴及圆周应变均明显下降(P均＜0.01),16节段3D-SDI明显增大(P ＜0.01).左心室收缩功能轻度下降、中度下降及显著下降组之间3D-SDI差异具有统计学意义(P ＜0.05),而QRS时限无显著差异.结论 3D STI测得的左心室3D、长轴、短轴及圆周应变以及3D-SDI可以准确有效地评估左心室整体、局部收缩功能及左心室同步性.     

速度向量成像评价DDD起搏前后心室收缩功能

目的 应用速度向量成像(velocity vector imaging,VVI)技术分析DDD起搏前后心室心肌运动速度、应变、应变率变化规律,初步探讨VVI技术的应用价值.方法 对17例DDD起搏患者于术前术后采用VVI技术检测心室各节段心肌收缩期纵向运动速度、应变、应变率和径向运动速度、环向应变及应变率,并比较术前术后差异.结果 术前术后左、右心室各室壁基底段、中间段、心尖段收缩期纵向峰值运动速度依次递减,基底段的速度最大,心尖段的速度最小;收缩期纵向应变、应变率在基底段、中间段及心尖段差异无统计学意义.左心室各室壁收缩期径向峰值运动速度、环向应变及应变率差异无统计学意义.右室后间隔与游离壁术前、术后平均峰值运动速度与应变率和术后平均应变均高于左室后间隔与侧壁,术后右室平均应变及应变率均高于左室.与术前相比,术后左室平均应变显著降低.结论 VVI技术能准确地定量评价DDD术前后节段性室壁功能及其变化.     

Altered left ventricular contraction pattern during right ventricular pacing: assessment using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography

Background: Chronic right ventricular apical (RVA) pacing has been associated with increased risk of heart failure and adverse outcome. The acute effects of RVA pacing on three‐dimensional (3D) ventricular function and mechanical dyssynchrony are not well known. We performed a real‐time 3D echocardiographic (RT3DE) study to assess global and regional left ventricular function during RVA pacing. Methods: Twenty‐six patients with implanted cardiac devices and normal intrinsic atrioventricular conduction were included in the study. RT3DE was performed during intrinsic sinus rhythm and during RVA pacing. Quantification of global and regional left ventricular function was performed offline by time‐volume analysis of 16 myocardial segments. Time to reach minimum regional volume was calculated for each segment as a percentage of the cardiac cycle. The systolic dyssynchrony index (SDI) was defined as the standard deviation of these time periods. Longitudinal function was assessed by time‐volume analysis of apical, midventricular, and basal segments. Results: During RVA pacing, a reversed apical‐to‐basal longitudinal contraction sequence was observed in 58% of all patients. RVA pacing was associated with increased left ventricular (LV) dyssynchrony (SDI increase from 4.4 ± 2.2% to 6.3 ± 2.4%, P = 0.001) and reduced LV ejection fraction (decrease from 53 ± 13% to 47 ± 14%, P = 0.05). Conclusion: RT3DE assessment of LV function provides evidence that pacing from the RVA results in acute alterations in LV contraction sequence and increased LV dyssynchrony. Further studies are warranted to assess the potential of RT3DE to identify patients who might be at increased risk of pacing‐induced heart failure or who might benefit from alternate‐site or multisite pacing. (PACE 2011; 76–81)     

超声二维斑点追踪显像技术评价慢性心力衰竭患者左心室运动同步性的初步临床研究

目的 探讨超声二维斑点追踪成像(two dimensional speckle-tracking imaging.2D-STI)技术评价慢性心力衰竭(chronic heart failure.CHF)患者左心室运动同步性的应用价值.方法 CHF患者37例,其中QRS≤120 ms者22例(CHF1组),QRS＞120 ms者15例(CHF2组);正常对照组30例.心尖长轴及胸骨旁短轴观上描记受试者左室壁运动的应变率曲线.于心尖长轴、胸骨旁短轴观分别测量心电图QRS波起始点至各节段纵向、径向及环向收缩期应越变率达峰时间(Tsrsl、Tsrsr、Tsrsc)以及舒张早期应变率达峰时间(Tsrel,Tsrer、Tsrec),计算左室整体在纵向、径向、环向的达峰时间标准差(Tsrsl-SI)、Tsrel-SD、Tsrsr-SD、Tsrer-SD、Tsrsc-SD、Tsrec-SD)及任意两节段最大达峰时间差值(Tsrsl-diff、Tsrel-diff、Tsrsr-diff、Tsrer-diff、Tsrsc-diff、Tsrec-diff).结果与对照组相比较,CHF1及CHF2组左心室收缩不同步指标Tsrsl-SD、Tsrsr-SD、Tsrsc-SD及Tsrsl-diff、Tsrsr-diff、Tsrsc-diff.舒张不同步指标Tsrel-SD、Tsrer-SD,Tsrec-SD及Tsrel-diff、Tsrer-diff、Tsrec-diff均显著延长,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).CHF1与CHF2组间在径向、环向舒张不同步指标(Tsrer-SD、Tsrer-diff,Tsrec-SD、Tsrec-diff)差异具有统计学意义.结论 CHF患者的芹窜心肌在纵向、径向及环向上收缩及舒张存在显著不同步性,其与QRS间期无关.2D-STI为评价慢性心力衰竭患者左室心肌收缩及舒张运动同步性提供了一种新方法.     

犬左心室不同激动顺序收缩期容量与压力的超声研究

目的 应用三维全容积成像技术评价正常犬收缩期左事整体和节段容量及压力变化,评价不同电机械兴奋顺序时左室整体及节段收缩功能与同步化程度.方法 19只开胸比格犬模型,分别在基础状态(BASE)和右心耳(RAA)、右室心尖(RVA)、左室侧壁(LVL)、左室心尖(LVA)起搏状态采集左室全容积图像;同步记录左室流出道收缩末压力(ESP);脱机分析左室收缩末容积(ESV)、左室舒张末容积(EDV),计算整体及17节段射血分数(EF)、节段容积同步化指数(SDI)、左室收缩期压力平均上升速率(+dp/dt)和舒张期压力平均下降速率(-dp/dt).对各参数行配对t检验、方差分析和线性相关分析.结果 ①RVA组左室整体EF、ESP、+dp/dt、-dp/dt较RAA组减低,SDI较RAA组增大(P<0.05);LVL组及LVA组整体EF与RAA组问差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),ESP,+dp/dt、-dp/dt均较RAA组减低,SDI均较RAA组增大(P<0.05).②LVL组及LVA组EF均较RVA组增高,LVL组SDI较RVA组减低(P<0.05),LVA组SDI与RVA组间差异无统计学意义.③LVL组整体EF、SDI、ESP、+dp/dt及-dp/dt与LVA组间差异无统计学意义;LVA组间隔、心尖节段EF较LVL组减低(P<0.05).④RVA组前、后间隔、心尖(除侧壁外)节段EF较RAA组减低(P<0.05);LVL组侧壁、前壁节段EF较RAA组减低;LVA起搏组前壁、前间隔、心尖节段EF较RAA组减低(P<0.05).⑤左室容积与压力参数间未能建立线性相关关系.结论 RAA起搏左室整体及少数节段收缩功能低于窦性心律;RAA起搏左室收缩与舒张功能均优于心室起博;LVL起搏左室收缩功能明显优于RVA起搏;心室起搏后,起搏位点周围左室节段收缩功能下降.     

应变成像技术对肺动脉高压患者右心室非同步运动的研究

目的 探讨应变成像技术评价肺动脉高压患者右室非同步运动的临床意义.方法 60例肺动脉高压患者依据肺动脉收缩压(PASP)分为轻、中、重三组;20例健康志愿者为对照组.测量并计算右心室参数,右心室结构参数包括右室横径/左室横径(RVTD/LVTD)、右室舒张末面积(RVEDA)、右室收缩末面积(RVESA);功能参数包括右室面积变化率(RVFAC)、Tei指数;右心室应变参数包括右室不同室壁节段的收缩期应变峰值(PST)的最大差值(Max-ΔPST)、应变达峰时间(T_(Q-S))的最大差值(Max-ΔT_(Q-S)).结果 与对照组比较,肺动脉高压组Max-ΔT_(Q-S)和Max-ΔPST明显增大(P<0.01).Max-ΔT_(Q-S)与PASP及右心室结构和功能参数均有高度相关性(P<0.01).Max-ΔPST与PASP及Tei指数有一定的相关性(P<0.05,P<0.01).结论 肺动脉高压患者存在右室非同步运动,在轻度肺动脉高压组中即有明显改变,且与右心室结构及功能参数有一定的相关性,提示应变成像技术测量右室非同步参数可用于早期评价肺动脉高压患者的右心室功能.     

右心室不同部位起搏时左心室总体及节段心肌收缩功能的超声评估

目的 应用斑点追踪显像技术评价右心室不同部位起搏对左心室总体及节段心肌收缩功能的影响.方法 获取右室间隔起搏组(9例)、右室心尖起搏组(15例)、正常对照组(13例)心尖左室长轴观、胸骨旁左室短轴观图像,测量各节段峰值纵向应变(S_L)、峰值径向应变(S_R),计算左室总体峰值纵向应变(GS_L)、总体峰值径向应变(GS_R).结果 右室心尖起搏组GS_L[-(18.29±2.67)%]低于正常对照组[-(21.07±2.08)%]及右室间隔起搏组[-(20.54±2.29)%],差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),右室间隔起搏组与正常对照组GS_L比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).而右室心尖起搏组GS_R[-(26.85±7.73)%]与右室间隔起搏组GS_R[(28.59±6.06)%]均低于正常对照组[(36.26±9.37)%],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),两起搏组间GS_R差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但右室心尖起搏组GS_R有进一步降低趋势.两起搏组邻近起搏位点的左室节段心肌S_L及S_R较正常对照组相应节段明显降低,但右室间隔起搏组保持了与正常对照组相似的左室内应变分布,右室心尖起搏组左室内应变分布异常.结论 斑点追踪显像技术可定量评价右室不同部位起搏时左室总体及节段心肌收缩功能变化.     

速度向量成像评价DDD起搏前后心室收缩功能

目的 应用速度向量成像(velocity vector imaging,VVI)技术分析DDD起搏前后心室心肌运动速度、应变、应变率变化规律,初步探讨VVI技术的应用价值.方法 对17例DDD起搏患者于术前术后采用VVI技术检测心室各节段心肌收缩期纵向运动速度、应变、应变率和径向运动速度、环向应变及应变率,并比较术前术后差异.结果 术前术后左、右心室各室壁基底段、中间段、心尖段收缩期纵向峰值运动速度依次递减,基底段的速度最大,心尖段的速度最小;收缩期纵向应变、应变率在基底段、中间段及心尖段差异无统计学意义.左心室各室壁收缩期径向峰值运动速度、环向应变及应变率差异无统计学意义.右室后间隔与游离壁术前、术后平均峰值运动速度与应变率和术后平均应变均高于左室后间隔与侧壁,术后右室平均应变及应变率均高于左室.与术前相比,术后左室平均应变显著降低.结论 VVI技术能准确地定量评价DDD术前后节段性室壁功能及其变化.     

速度向量成像评价DDD起搏前后心室收缩功能

目的 应用速度向量成像(velocity vector imaging,VVI)技术分析DDD起搏前后心室心肌运动速度、应变、应变率变化规律,初步探讨VVI技术的应用价值.方法 对17例DDD起搏患者于术前术后采用VVI技术检测心室各节段心肌收缩期纵向运动速度、应变、应变率和径向运动速度、环向应变及应变率,并比较术前术后差异.结果 术前术后左、右心室各室壁基底段、中间段、心尖段收缩期纵向峰值运动速度依次递减,基底段的速度最大,心尖段的速度最小;收缩期纵向应变、应变率在基底段、中间段及心尖段差异无统计学意义.左心室各室壁收缩期径向峰值运动速度、环向应变及应变率差异无统计学意义.右室后间隔与游离壁术前、术后平均峰值运动速度与应变率和术后平均应变均高于左室后间隔与侧壁,术后右室平均应变及应变率均高于左室.与术前相比,术后左室平均应变显著降低.结论 VVI技术能准确地定量评价DDD术前后节段性室壁功能及其变化.