几种固定方式急诊治疗多发伤合并胫腓骨开放性骨折的疗效分析

目的 比较四种固定方法早期固定开放性胫腓骨骨折对严重多发伤患者治疗和预后的影响.方法 回顾性分析243例存在胫腓骨开放性骨折的严重多发伤患者(ISS≥16分)的资料,其中对胫腓骨骨折采用跟骨牵引加夹板治疗48例,带锁髓内钉治疗69例,钢板螺钉治疗54例,外固定支架治疗72例.从病死率、ARDS、脂肪栓塞综合征(FES)、MODS、ICU监护时间等近期指标,以及创面愈合时间、骨折愈合时间、关节功能恢复优良率、骨折并发症等远期指标,对比分析四种早期固定方法对骨折本身和多发伤治疗的疗效.结果 带锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨骨折在多项指标方面较其他固定方法为优(P<0.05,0.01).结论 带锁髓内钉治疗严重多发伤并胫腓骨中段开放性骨折(Gustilo Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲa型),明显减少并发症发生率,术后骨折愈合较为理想.

Abstract：

Objective To comparethe effects of four different emergency fixation methods for the open tibiofibular fractures on the treatment and prognosis of the multiple trauma patients. Methods A comparative study was carried out on the effect offour different early fixation methods on the fracture and the multiple trauma in aspects of the short-term indicators including mortality rate,acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS),fat embolism syndrome(FES),multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS),ICU stay and the long-term indicators including wound healing time,fracture healing time,rate of joint function recovery and fracture complications in 43 multiple trauma patients. Results The locked intramedullary nail wag better than the other fLxation methods including the calcaneal traction,the gypsum external fixation and the internal fixation with steel plate and extemal fixation support in most indexes(P<0.05,0.01). Conclusion The locked intramedullary nail can significantly decrease the incidence rate of complications and obtain sound fracture healing for the patients with multiple trauma combined with open tibiofibular fractures(types Gnstilo Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲa).     

寰枢椎后路三种组合固定技术治疗寰枢关节不稳的临床评估

Objective To assess clinical curative effect of three types of combined posterior atlantoaxial internal fixation techniques in treatment of atlantoaxial instability. Methods The study involved 68 patients with atlantoaxial instability treated with different fixation techniques from August 2002 to March 2008. ( 1 ) Transpedicular fixation was performed in 32 patients including 20 patients with Anderson Ⅱ odontoid fractures (seven with old odontoid fracture and 13 with fresh fractures), six with type Anderson Ⅲ fresh odontoid fractures, four with disrupt of transverse ligament of the atlas and two with congenital loose odontoid process combined with atlantoaxial instability. (2) Transpedicular internal fixation with screws of atlas incorporating C2 laminar screws was performed in 20 patients with upper cervical injury including eight with type Ⅱ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial backward dislocation,four with type Ⅱ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial forward dislocation, two with nonunion of odontoid process fractures, three with type Ⅲ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial unsteadiness and three with atlantoaxial dislocation combined with disrupt of transverse ligament of atlas. (3)A total of 16 patients with traumatic atlantoaxial instability, reducible atlantoaxial dislocation and irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation were treated with four-point internal fixation technique using autologous iliac bone grafts. Results (1) A total of 120 screws were implanted in 32 patients, with no spinal cord or vertebral artery injury after surgery. Atlas lateral mass fixation was adopted in three patients because of broken posterior arch of the atlas. Postoperative CT showed that two screws were inserted into the vertebral artery hole and that one screw was inserted medially into the spinal canal and caused medial correx rupture, but both with no clinical symptoms. All 32 patients were followed up for 6-42 months ( average 26 months), which showed solid fusion in all patients. The postoperative JOA scores ranged from 13.2 points to 16.8 points (average 14. 8 points). (2) Thirty-two screws were implanted in 20 patients,with no spinal cord or vertebral artery injury. The patients were followed up for mean six months ( range 6-14 months). Postoperative X-ray showed sound bone fusion, with no cervical instability, loosening or breakage of the screws. (3) The symptoms of all the patients were improved at different degrees, with no neurological deterioration or severe complications, such as nerve blood vessel injury. All 16 patients were followed up for 8-26 months ( average 16 months), which showed bony fusion in all patients at 3-6 months after surgery. The spinal cord function was improved markedly in five patients, good in eight, mild in two but unchanged in one. Conclusions Three types of combined posterior atlantoaxial internal fixation techniques have advantages of rigid, short-segmental and three-dimensional fixation and hence are effective methods for treatment of upper cervical injuries. The combination mode can be varied according to specific condition of the patients.     

寰枢椎后路三种组合固定技术治疗寰枢关节不稳的临床评估

Objective To assess clinical curative effect of three types of combined posterior atlantoaxial internal fixation techniques in treatment of atlantoaxial instability. Methods The study involved 68 patients with atlantoaxial instability treated with different fixation techniques from August 2002 to March 2008. ( 1 ) Transpedicular fixation was performed in 32 patients including 20 patients with Anderson Ⅱ odontoid fractures (seven with old odontoid fracture and 13 with fresh fractures), six with type Anderson Ⅲ fresh odontoid fractures, four with disrupt of transverse ligament of the atlas and two with congenital loose odontoid process combined with atlantoaxial instability. (2) Transpedicular internal fixation with screws of atlas incorporating C2 laminar screws was performed in 20 patients with upper cervical injury including eight with type Ⅱ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial backward dislocation,four with type Ⅱ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial forward dislocation, two with nonunion of odontoid process fractures, three with type Ⅲ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial unsteadiness and three with atlantoaxial dislocation combined with disrupt of transverse ligament of atlas. (3)A total of 16 patients with traumatic atlantoaxial instability, reducible atlantoaxial dislocation and irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation were treated with four-point internal fixation technique using autologous iliac bone grafts. Results (1) A total of 120 screws were implanted in 32 patients, with no spinal cord or vertebral artery injury after surgery. Atlas lateral mass fixation was adopted in three patients because of broken posterior arch of the atlas. Postoperative CT showed that two screws were inserted into the vertebral artery hole and that one screw was inserted medially into the spinal canal and caused medial correx rupture, but both with no clinical symptoms. All 32 patients were followed up for 6-42 months ( average 26 months), which showed solid fusion in all patients. The postoperative JOA scores ranged from 13.2 points to 16.8 points (average 14. 8 points). (2) Thirty-two screws were implanted in 20 patients,with no spinal cord or vertebral artery injury. The patients were followed up for mean six months ( range 6-14 months). Postoperative X-ray showed sound bone fusion, with no cervical instability, loosening or breakage of the screws. (3) The symptoms of all the patients were improved at different degrees, with no neurological deterioration or severe complications, such as nerve blood vessel injury. All 16 patients were followed up for 8-26 months ( average 16 months), which showed bony fusion in all patients at 3-6 months after surgery. The spinal cord function was improved markedly in five patients, good in eight, mild in two but unchanged in one. Conclusions Three types of combined posterior atlantoaxial internal fixation techniques have advantages of rigid, short-segmental and three-dimensional fixation and hence are effective methods for treatment of upper cervical injuries. The combination mode can be varied according to specific condition of the patients.     

Digital radiography of crush thoracic trauma in the Sichuan earthquake

AIM:To investigate the features of crush thoracic trauma in Sichuan earthquake victims using chest digital radiography(CDR).METHODS:We retrospectively reviewed 772 CDR of 417 females and 355 males who had suffered crush thoracic trauma in the Sichuan earthquake.Patient age ranged from 0.5 to 103 years.CDR was performed between May 12,2008 and June 7,2008.We looked for injury to the thoracic cage,pulmonary parenchyma and the pleura.obtained in 349 patients,the remaining 423 patients underwent only AP CDR.Thoracic cage fractures,pulmonary contusion and pleural injuries were noted in 331(42.9%;95% CI:39.4%-46.4%),67 and 135 patients,respectively.Of the 256 patients with rib fractures,the mean number of fractured ribs per patient was 3.Rib fractures were mostly distributed from the 3rd through to the 8th ribs and the vast majority involved posterior and lateral locations along the rib.Rib fractures had a significant positive association with non-rib thoracic fractures,pulmonary contusion and pleural injuries(P < 0.001).The number of rib fractures and pulmonary contusions were significant factors associated with patient death.CONCLUSION:Earthquake-related crush thoracic trauma has the potential for multiple fractures.The high number of fractured ribs and pulmonary contusions were significant factors which needed appropriate medical treatment.     

不稳定骨盆骨折的救治经验和教训

目的 探讨不稳定骨盆骨折的临床治疗.方法 回顾自2008年6月至2010年6月收治的不稳定骨盆骨折32例,包括AO分型B型20例和C型12例.行保守治疗4例;急诊外支架回定1例;择期手术固定27例,手术时间为伤后4～43 d,固定方式包括外固定架7例,钢板9例,骶髂螺钉4例,钢板联合外固定架4例,骶髂螺钉联合外固定架2例,骶髂螺钉联合钢板1例.结果 30例随访3～24个月(平均15个月),27例骨折愈合良好,2例畸形愈合,1例未愈合.对29例随访满12个月者进行Majeed功能评分:优17例,良9例,差3例,优良率为90%.2例保守治疗过程中发生继发损伤,2例复位骨折时发生医源性损伤.结论 不稳定骨盆骨折保守治疗效果不佳,应尽早手术固定,充分恢复骨盆环稳定性,防止继发损伤.治疗中应注意避免医源性损伤,特别是神经损伤.

Abstract：

Objective To discuss the clinical treatment of the unstable pelvic fractures. Methods A retrospective study was conducted based on the clinical data of 32 patients with unstable pelvic fractures who were admitted to the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University from June 2008 to June 2010.There were 20 patients with type B injury and 12 with type C injury according to AO classification scheme.Of all, four patients were treated conservatively, one was treated with emergency external fixation followed by angiographic management, and the remaining 27 patients received selective surgeries. The surgeries were carried out at days 4-43 after trauma by using the external fixators in seven patients, the plates in nine, the iliosacral screws in four, the plate plus external fixator in four, the iliosacral screw plus external fixator in two and the iliosacral screw plus plate in one, respectively. Results The follow-up for an average 15 months among 30 patients showed bony union in 27 patients, malunion in two and nonunion in one. The clinical outcomes of 29 patients was assessed with the Majeed' s scoring system, which showed excellent result in 26 patients, good in nine and poor in three, with excellence rate of 90%. Secondary injuries caused by unstable fractures occurred in two patients and iatrogenic injuries caused by fracture reduction in two.Conclusions Unstable pelvic fractures should be treated surgically as early as possible to restore the stability of the full pelvic ring and prevent the secondary injury, while the conservative treatment is unreliable.Attentions should be paid to avoidance iatrogenic injuries, especially nerve injuries, during the course of treatment.     

寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定治疗伸直型齿状突骨折合并寰枢关节半脱位

Objective To explore the clinical outcome of atlantoaxial pedicle screw instrument in treatment of extension-type odontoid fracture combined with aflantoaxial subluxation. Methods From December 2002 to December 2006, seven patients with extension-type odontoid fracture combined with at-lantoaxial subluxation were reduced and fixed with atlantoaxial pedicle screw instrument of Vertex system under general anesthesia. There were five males and two females, at mean age of 39.2 years (range 21-59 years). All odontoid fractures were fresh type Aderson Ⅱ. JOA scores of spinal core function was 8.6-14.9 (average 10.7) preoperatively. The X-ray examination, CT scanning and skull traction were performed in all patients preoperatively. Results There found no severe complications such as injuries of vertebral artery, nerve root and spinal cord postoperatively. All patients obtained complete reduction and healing of the fracture and dislocation. The mean off-bed time was four days (3-6 days) after opera-tion. A follow-up for 12-36 months (average 22 months) in all patients showed that the clinical symptom was improved significantly six months postoperatively and that all screws were in proper position verified by X-ray and CT scanning. All patients obtained solid bony union on radiographs, with no loosing or breakage of instrument. The postoperative JOA scores was 13.5-16.9 (average 15.8). Conclusions Allantoaxial pedicle screw fixation has advantages of intraoperative reduction, reliable fixation and high fusion rate and can be used as an effective method for extension-type odontoid fracture combined with at-lantoaxial subluxation.     

寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定治疗伸直型齿状突骨折合并寰枢关节半脱位

Objective To explore the clinical outcome of atlantoaxial pedicle screw instrument in treatment of extension-type odontoid fracture combined with aflantoaxial subluxation. Methods From December 2002 to December 2006, seven patients with extension-type odontoid fracture combined with at-lantoaxial subluxation were reduced and fixed with atlantoaxial pedicle screw instrument of Vertex system under general anesthesia. There were five males and two females, at mean age of 39.2 years (range 21-59 years). All odontoid fractures were fresh type Aderson Ⅱ. JOA scores of spinal core function was 8.6-14.9 (average 10.7) preoperatively. The X-ray examination, CT scanning and skull traction were performed in all patients preoperatively. Results There found no severe complications such as injuries of vertebral artery, nerve root and spinal cord postoperatively. All patients obtained complete reduction and healing of the fracture and dislocation. The mean off-bed time was four days (3-6 days) after opera-tion. A follow-up for 12-36 months (average 22 months) in all patients showed that the clinical symptom was improved significantly six months postoperatively and that all screws were in proper position verified by X-ray and CT scanning. All patients obtained solid bony union on radiographs, with no loosing or breakage of instrument. The postoperative JOA scores was 13.5-16.9 (average 15.8). Conclusions Allantoaxial pedicle screw fixation has advantages of intraoperative reduction, reliable fixation and high fusion rate and can be used as an effective method for extension-type odontoid fracture combined with at-lantoaxial subluxation.     

寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定治疗伸直型齿状突骨折合并寰枢关节半脱位

Objective To explore the clinical outcome of atlantoaxial pedicle screw instrument in treatment of extension-type odontoid fracture combined with aflantoaxial subluxation. Methods From December 2002 to December 2006, seven patients with extension-type odontoid fracture combined with at-lantoaxial subluxation were reduced and fixed with atlantoaxial pedicle screw instrument of Vertex system under general anesthesia. There were five males and two females, at mean age of 39.2 years (range 21-59 years). All odontoid fractures were fresh type Aderson Ⅱ. JOA scores of spinal core function was 8.6-14.9 (average 10.7) preoperatively. The X-ray examination, CT scanning and skull traction were performed in all patients preoperatively. Results There found no severe complications such as injuries of vertebral artery, nerve root and spinal cord postoperatively. All patients obtained complete reduction and healing of the fracture and dislocation. The mean off-bed time was four days (3-6 days) after opera-tion. A follow-up for 12-36 months (average 22 months) in all patients showed that the clinical symptom was improved significantly six months postoperatively and that all screws were in proper position verified by X-ray and CT scanning. All patients obtained solid bony union on radiographs, with no loosing or breakage of instrument. The postoperative JOA scores was 13.5-16.9 (average 15.8). Conclusions Allantoaxial pedicle screw fixation has advantages of intraoperative reduction, reliable fixation and high fusion rate and can be used as an effective method for extension-type odontoid fracture combined with at-lantoaxial subluxation.     

寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定治疗伸直型齿状突骨折合并寰枢关节半脱位

Objective To explore the clinical outcome of atlantoaxial pedicle screw instrument in treatment of extension-type odontoid fracture combined with aflantoaxial subluxation. Methods From December 2002 to December 2006, seven patients with extension-type odontoid fracture combined with at-lantoaxial subluxation were reduced and fixed with atlantoaxial pedicle screw instrument of Vertex system under general anesthesia. There were five males and two females, at mean age of 39.2 years (range 21-59 years). All odontoid fractures were fresh type Aderson Ⅱ. JOA scores of spinal core function was 8.6-14.9 (average 10.7) preoperatively. The X-ray examination, CT scanning and skull traction were performed in all patients preoperatively. Results There found no severe complications such as injuries of vertebral artery, nerve root and spinal cord postoperatively. All patients obtained complete reduction and healing of the fracture and dislocation. The mean off-bed time was four days (3-6 days) after opera-tion. A follow-up for 12-36 months (average 22 months) in all patients showed that the clinical symptom was improved significantly six months postoperatively and that all screws were in proper position verified by X-ray and CT scanning. All patients obtained solid bony union on radiographs, with no loosing or breakage of instrument. The postoperative JOA scores was 13.5-16.9 (average 15.8). Conclusions Allantoaxial pedicle screw fixation has advantages of intraoperative reduction, reliable fixation and high fusion rate and can be used as an effective method for extension-type odontoid fracture combined with at-lantoaxial subluxation.     

寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定治疗伸直型齿状突骨折合并寰枢关节半脱位

Objective To explore the clinical outcome of atlantoaxial pedicle screw instrument in treatment of extension-type odontoid fracture combined with aflantoaxial subluxation. Methods From December 2002 to December 2006, seven patients with extension-type odontoid fracture combined with at-lantoaxial subluxation were reduced and fixed with atlantoaxial pedicle screw instrument of Vertex system under general anesthesia. There were five males and two females, at mean age of 39.2 years (range 21-59 years). All odontoid fractures were fresh type Aderson Ⅱ. JOA scores of spinal core function was 8.6-14.9 (average 10.7) preoperatively. The X-ray examination, CT scanning and skull traction were performed in all patients preoperatively. Results There found no severe complications such as injuries of vertebral artery, nerve root and spinal cord postoperatively. All patients obtained complete reduction and healing of the fracture and dislocation. The mean off-bed time was four days (3-6 days) after opera-tion. A follow-up for 12-36 months (average 22 months) in all patients showed that the clinical symptom was improved significantly six months postoperatively and that all screws were in proper position verified by X-ray and CT scanning. All patients obtained solid bony union on radiographs, with no loosing or breakage of instrument. The postoperative JOA scores was 13.5-16.9 (average 15.8). Conclusions Allantoaxial pedicle screw fixation has advantages of intraoperative reduction, reliable fixation and high fusion rate and can be used as an effective method for extension-type odontoid fracture combined with at-lantoaxial subluxation.     

损伤控制骨科技术在严重多发伤合并骨折治疗中的应用

目的 探讨严重多发伤时损伤控制骨科(damage control orthopedics,DCO)技术应用的可行性、适应证和疗效.方法 对1998-2008年应用DCO方法救治的31例严重多发伤合并骨折患者的临床资料作回顾性分析.结果18例严重多发伤伴骨盆骨折大出血,早期双侧髂内动脉结扎17例,早期骨盆外固定支架使用12例.11例严重多发伤伴开放性股骨骨折初期仅作清创和简单外固定,后期确定性内固定手术.2例脊柱骨折伴脊髓压迫,早期经后路行简单椎板减压.ICU治疗时间为1～11 d,平均4.3 d.本组患者死亡1例,其余30例全部生存.结论DCO更符合外伤后患者的病理生理特点,早期针对性控制处理及后期的一体化治疗是提高严重多发伤生存率的关键.     

严重多发伤时损伤控制骨科应用41例

目的 探讨严重多发伤时损伤控制骨科（DCO）应用的可行性和疗效。方法对1995年1月-2005年12月应用DCO方法救治严重多发伤41例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果29例严重多发伤伴骨盆骨折大出血，均行髂内动脉断血术，其中双侧髂内动脉结扎21例，双侧髂内动脉栓塞术8例，早期骨盆外固定支架使用10例。10例严重多发伤伴开放性股骨骨折初期仅行清创和简单外固定。2例脊柱骨折伴脊髓压迫行简单椎板减压。均在ICU复苏治疗后，再做确定性内固定手术。本组死亡率12％（5／41），死亡组损伤严重度评分（ISS）平均值41．4分，主要死于休克和合并伤。共发生并发症7例，合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）3例，右髂总动脉血栓形成1例，2例膈下脓肿，1例下肢深部感染，均痊愈。结论迅速准确的诊断和一体化治疗，是提高严重多发伤生存率的关键，合理应用DCO是安全有效的方法。     

GrauerⅡ型齿状突骨折治疗方式选择及疗效分析

目的 探讨GrauerⅡ型(ⅡA、ⅡB、ⅡC型)齿状突骨折治疗方式的选择及临床疗效。 方法 本组共40例新鲜齿状突骨折患者,按照Grauer分型：ⅡA型7例,ⅡB型18例,ⅡC型15例;5例伴有不完全性脊髓损伤。7例ⅡA型患者先行枕颌带或颅骨牵引,后改用头颈胸石膏或支具外固定;15例ⅡB型患者行前路齿状突中空螺钉内固定;15例ⅡC型、3例严重移位ⅡB型患者经后路行寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统内固定植骨融合术。 结果 40例患者随访6～ 24个月。7例ⅡA型患者经保守治疗3-6个月骨折愈合。15例ⅡB型患者螺钉位置良好,未出现脊髓损伤,其中14例术后3～6个月骨性愈合,愈合率93.3％;15例ⅡC型、3例严重移位ⅡB型患者术中未出现椎动脉和脊髓损伤,后路植骨3～6个月骨性融合;复查内置物位置良好,无变形、松动或断裂;5例伴有脊髓不全损伤患者术后脊髓神经功能均有不同程度改善。 结论 Grauer分型中ⅡA型齿状突骨折可以保守治疗,ⅡB型(无移位或经牵引复位)宜行前路齿状突中空螺钉内固定术,ⅡC型及严重移位ⅡB型则应经后路行寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统内固定植骨融合术治疗。     

多发伤并长骨损伤的固定方式与处理时机

目的 分析严重多发伤与长骨损伤的救治关系,探讨骨折固定方式与处理时机.方法 对随机采集的357例多发伤并长骨损伤患者按其长骨损伤特征、固定方式以及处理时间分组进行回顾性分析,采用ALS、ISS和TRISSRTS法对创伤的严重程度进行3个层次衡量评定,以控制组内和组间的可比性与统计学分析.结果 全组长骨损伤AIS最大值(MAIS)=3.28 ±1.15,并发其他部位伤MAIS=4.45 ±1.69,ISS=35.57 ±19.64,Ps=0.67±0.29.伤员生存危险与长骨损伤状况及所并发损伤的部位或器官有关,组合或混合方式固定患者并发损伤部位和长骨数多而伤情复杂,后期固定患者多存在延迟骨折固定的影响因素.结论 建立损害控制的概念,依据伤情进行分类救治有助于权衡骨折治疗利弊并做合理选择或分期实施.     

Multiple level spinal injuries: importance of early recognition.

Patients with severe trauma may simultaneously sustain more than one level of spinal injury. Often, the second or third levels of injury are not recognized early enough to prevent clinically significant extension of the neurologic deficit, pain pattern, spinal instability, and/or deformity. A review of 710 spinal injury patients admitted to the Midwest Regional Spinal Cord Injury Care System yielded 4.5% multiple noncontiguous vertebral injuries. Thirty cases were studied in respect to location and type of primary and secondary injury. Of the secondary lesions, 40% occurred above and 60% below the primary lesion. In half of the patients, there was a mean of 52.6 days delay in diagnosis of the secondary lesion. Three major patterns of injury emerged from this analysis. Knowledge of these patterns and careful total spine radiography in patients with severe trauma may be a significant aid in early recognition of multiple level injuries and possible prevention of their complication.     

大批量地震伤员的早期救治

目的 探讨大批量地震伤员的早期救治方法.方法 对1 123例地震伤员实施早期救治.受伤部位:四肢伤925例,脊柱伤65例,头部伤46例,胸部伤53例,腹部伤72例.单部位伤809例,多发伤314例.紧急手术67例,其中肝破裂修补13例,脾破裂行脾切除14例,肠系膜血管损伤修补3例,腹部多脏器损伤修补6例,胸腹联合伤行胸腹脏器损伤修补及膈肌破裂修补4例,颅内血肿清除术12例,肺破裂修补4例,肺及支气管部分切除5例,心脏压塞行心包切开1例,连枷胸行肋骨内固定5例.早期手术166例,其中早期单纯清创105例,清创加骨折外固定支架固定36例,截肢25例.结果 406例治愈出院,673例经初期治疗后转院治疗,死亡3例.结论 分级救治方法适用于大批量地震伤员的早期救治.危重伤员及伴有严重心肺等基础疾病的地震伤员早期应采用损害控制技术.反复检诊是防止延误诊治的有效方法.     

损伤控制剖腹术治疗严重胰腺损伤19例

目的 总结损伤控制剖腹术（damage control laparotomy，DCL）治疗严重胰腺损伤的经验。方法回顾性分析采用DCL治疗的19例严重胰腺损伤患者的手术方式选择和后续治疗情况。结果6例行快速止血、清创及引流（32％），3例行改良Cogbill手术（16％），10例行消化道未重建的胰十二指肠切除（53％）。SICU复苏后，所有患者均接受再次确定性手术。死亡2例（11％），死亡原因与手术无关；治愈17例（89％），术后出现胰瘘2例（11％），经保守治疗痊愈。结论符合DCL指征的严重胰腺损伤的患者，应根据不同损伤胰腺部位和程度，积极选用适宜的方式，分次手术治疗。     

急救部开展创伤急救手术1673例

目的：探讨急救部开展创伤急救手术的可行性和救治效果，方法：急救部在4年时间内开展各部位创伤急救手术1673例，其中开颅探查术259例，开胸探查术55例，开腹探查术205例，四肢长骨骨折切开复位内固术768例，血管，神经、肌腱吻合术242例，颈部伤及全身多处软组织撕脱伤的清创缝合术141例，脊柱或骨盆手术3例，结果：本组术后痊愈1567例，死亡106例，其中颅脑外伤术后死亡96例，心脏刀刺伤术中死亡1例，严重多发伤术后并发多器官功能不全综合征（MODS）死亡6例，并发感染性休克死亡1例，并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）死亡2例，死亡的主要原因为严重的颅脑外伤，心脏刀刺伤，MODS，ARDS，感染等，术后发生并发症者362例，主要并发症为低血容量性休克103例，感染性休克86例，心源性休克12例，ARDS92例，MODS58例，骨折延迟愈合或骨不连11例，结论：急救部应开展各部位创伤的手术急救，以降低创伤患者并发症的发生率和死亡率。     

寰枢椎后路三种组合固定技术治疗寰枢关节不稳的临床评估

目的 评估寰枢椎后路三种组合固定技术治疗C1～2不稳的临床疗效和应用价值.方法 2002年8月至2008年3月,采用不同方法治疗寰枢关节不稳68例.(1)采用寰枢椎后路椎弓根螺钉技术治疗32例,其中AndersonⅡ型齿状突骨折20例(陈旧骨折7例,新鲜骨折13例),Ⅲ型新鲜齿状突骨折6例,寰椎横韧带断裂4例,先天性游离齿突并寰枢椎不稳2例;(2)采用经寰椎后弓椎弓根螺钉联合枢椎椎板螺钉固定治疗20例,其中AndersonⅡ型齿状突骨折伴寰枢关节向后脱位8例,向前脱位4例,齿状突骨折不愈合2例,Ⅲ型齿状突骨折伴寰枢关节不稳3例,寰枢关节前脱位伴横韧带断裂3例;(3)对16例创伤性寰枢椎不稳经牵引已达复位的可复型及经口前路松解后牵引复位的难复型寰枢椎脱位患者,采用经颈后路Apofix椎板夹和C1～2关节突螺钉内固定联合自体髂骨植骨治疗.结果 (1)采用寰枢椎后路椎弓根螺钉技术治疗32例患者共置入寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉120枚,其中有3例在置入寰椎椎弓根螺钉时,因后弓细小发生破裂,改用寰椎侧块固定.术中无一例发生脊髓和椎动脉损伤.术后CT显示2例一侧枢椎椎弓根螺钉部分进入椎动脉孔,另1例枢椎螺钉偏内致椎弓根内侧皮质破裂,均无症状,未发现与螺钉有关的神经血管损伤并发症.32例患者均获随访6～42个月,平均26个月.术后JOA评分13.2～16.8分,平均14.8分.无内固定松动或断钉现象,均已达到骨性融合.(2)采用寰椎经后弓椎弓根螺钉联合枢椎椎板螺钉固定治疗20例患者共置入枢椎椎板螺钉32枚,枢椎椎板螺钉位于椎板中,无偏斜.术中无一例发生脊髓和椎动脉损伤.20例随访6～14个月,平均11.2个月.术后X线片未见明显颈椎不稳、无内固定松动或断钉现象,均获得了良好的骨性愈合.(3)16例难复型寰枢椎脱位患者症状均有所改善,无神经症状加重表现.无神经血管损伤等并发症发生.16例随访8～26个月,平均16个月,所有患者在3～6个月均获得骨性融合.术后脊髓功能改善优5例,良8例,有效2例,无变化1例,无加重患者.内置物无松动、断裂.结论 寰枢椎后路三种组合固定技术是治疗上颈椎疾患的有效方法,具有固定牢固、固定节段短和三维固定的优点,在临床应用可根据患者的具体病情组合固定.     

地震开放性损伤伴感染转运伤员的临床特点及疗效分析

目的 分析汶川地震开放性损伤伴感染转运伤员的临床特点,总结其治疗经验.方法对我科2008年5月13日-2008年6月10日收治的54例汶川地震开放性损伤伴感染转运伤员进行分析、总结.治疗方法包括:在全身支持治疗的基础上对创口行反复彻底清创,在细菌培养和药敏试验基础上抗感染治疗,并行高压氧辅助治疗,对开放性骨折患者行外固定支架固定.结果所有地震开放伤均有感染,且多为混合感染,以G+球菌和G-杆菌为主,大部分患者合并厌氧菌感染.54例患者中无一例死亡,1例院外截肢患者因残端感染严重而行多次行残端清创、修整.除2例患者外,其余患者伤口均愈合.骨折患者骨折复位好,外固定牢靠,目前正处于康复中.结论在积极抗感染的基础上反复、彻底地清创和正确及时地闭合创口是降低死亡率和致残率的关键,根据感染特点予以恰当的辅助治疗可明显提高疗效.