老年人食管鳞状上皮化生和不典型增生及腺癌序列微卫星改变

目的评估老年人食管鳞状上皮和化生-不典型增生-腺癌的微卫星变化。方法应用稀释性聚合酶链反应（PCR）方法检测存档手术切除的食管癌标本中的D2S123、D3S1616、D3S1300、BATRII、D5S346、D17S787和D18S61位点微卫星的变化。结果在非稀释DNA中，17例食管鳞状细胞癌和12例腺癌微卫星不稳定性（MSI）的频率分别是52．9％（9例）和41．7％（5例），杂合性丢失（LOH）的频率分别是23．5％（4例）和16．7％（2例），两者差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。在8例食管鳞状上皮和化生-不典型增生-腺癌组织稀释DNA中，MSI和LOH频繁出现，与其非稀释DNA的结果比较，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论MSI和LOH在上述组织中普遍存在，它们可能是食管腺癌发生、发展的早期事件。     

浸润性乳腺癌及乳腺增生细胞3p、9p上5个微卫星位点的杂合性缺失观察

目的探讨乳腺浸润性导管癌及乳腺增生细胞中染色体3p、9p上5个微卫星位点（MS）杂合性缺失（LOH）模式。方法显微分离技术分离病变细胞,PCR．微卫星技术分析18例乳腺单纯性导管增生（UDH组）、15例不典型导管增生（ADH组）和35例乳腺浸润性导管癌（IDC组）细胞的3p、9p上D3S1447、D3S1612、D3S1597、D9S171及D9S1748位点的LOH模式。结果UDH组中仅1例D3S1447位点发生LOH（10％）,ADH组5个位点均发生一定频率的LOH（10％-22％）,IDC组5个位点均发生高频LOH（19％～48％）。至少1个位点发生LOH者,UDH组为6％、ADH组为33％、IDC组为71％,三组相比,P〈0．05;2个或以上位点发生LOH者,UDH组为0、ADH组为13％、IDC组为40％,UDH组、ADH组与IDC组相比,P均〈0．05。IDC组中D3S1612发生高频LOH者在有淋巴结转移组为63％,无淋巴结转移组为19％,两组相比,P〈0．05。结论UDH组的D3S1447位点发生的LOH和ADH组的5个位点发生的LOH有作为癌变风险预测分子标记的可能性,分析多个MS的LOH模式对于乳腺癌的早期预测和早期诊断有一定参考价值,D3S1612位点的LOH可能是IDC发生淋巴结转移的重要分子机制。     

3p、9p微卫星DNA异常与肺癌早期诊断的研究

目的研究3p、9p微卫星DNA异常在肺癌早期诊断中的价值。方法用PCR—银染法从外周血检测原发性肺癌病人、肺部良性病人及正常人3p14、3p21、9p21上的三个微卫星位点（D3S1228、D3S1029、D9S171）的异常表现。结果肺癌病人血清中DNA含量多于良性病人及正常人。肺癌组各微卫星位点的MSI或LOH异常的阳性率在43。50％之间（n=105）．以D3S1029最高。达到49．6％。三个位点中至少一个位点出现微卫星异常为76．2％，其中有45．7％呈多位点的改变。与肺良性病变组（n=97）及健康对照组（n=7）均有显著差异（P〈0．05）。在肺癌组中，各个微卫星位点的异常表现与肺癌临床分期和临床病理类型之间无明显差异（P〉0．05）。结论3p、9p微卫星DNA异常和肺癌分期无关，可以作为一项肺癌早期基因检测的新途径。不同微卫星位点出现异常表现的具体形式有所不同。多位点联合检测可以提高诊断的敏感性和特异性。     

肝癌患者血浆循环DNA杂合性缺失的检测及其临床意义

目的检测HCC患者血浆循环DNA杂合性缺失（LOH），并探讨将其作为有关临床预测标记的可能性。方法选择位于染色体8p上3个具有高度多态性的微卫星标记D8S277、D8S298和D8S1771，对62份HCC患者血浆循环DNA进行LOH检测，并进一步探讨LOH与患者HBsAg表达、是否肝硬化、血清AFP水平、肿瘤大小及细胞分化程度和有无肝内转移等临床病理特征之间的关系。结果在62份HCC患者血浆循环DNA标本中，36份（58．1％）在1个或多个位点发生LOH，D8S277、D8S298和D8S1771位点杂合度分别为74．2％（46／62）、75．8％（47／62）和69．4％（43／62），LOH频率分别为32．6％（15／46）、44．7％（21／47）和46．5％（20／43）。D8S298位点有肝内转移患者血浆循环DNA标本的LOH频率（62．5％）明显高于无肝内转移者（26．1％），差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；其他临床病理特征与3个位点上的LOH频率无明显相关。结论血浆循环DNA中D8S298位点LOH有可能成为HCC术后转移复发及预后的一个潜在的预测标记。     

食管癌组织微卫星DNA序列不稳定性和杂合性缺失及预后的研究

目的探讨微卫星DNA序列不稳定性（MSI）和杂合性缺失（LOH）与人食管癌发生、临床病理特征及预后的关系。方法应用聚合酶链反应（PCR）和变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对30例人食管癌中MSI及LOH阳性情况进行研究,术后随访5年,了解预后。结果D3S1067位点MSI发生检出频率较高,为26.7%;D18S58位点MSI阳性率为20%。MSI的发生在食管小细胞癌中较食管鳞癌为高（P〉0.05）;MSI、LOH与肿瘤的病理分级、PTNM分期、有无区域淋巴结转移和浸润深度无关（P〉0.05）。结论食管癌在3p和18q染色体位点均存在微卫星不稳定现象;D3S1067和D18S58二个位点上MSI与食管癌的临床病理类型均相关;研究未发现这两个位点MSI、LOH与食管癌的临床分期、细胞分化程度、癌组织浸润深度和有无区域淋巴结转移等参数相关;3p位点基因的改变在食管鳞癌发生过程中具有较重要意义。     

肝细胞癌4号染色体微卫星变异的研究

目的 探讨肝细胞癌(HCC)微卫星变异的特点及其与临床病理的相关性。方法 应用聚合酶链反应-简单重复序列多态性方法,对56例患者HCC中4号染色体上10个微卫星的杂合性缺失(LOH)、微卫星不稳定性(MSI)和等位基因失衡(AI)3种变异特征进行检测。结果 56例HCC中,LOH的频率为71.4％(40/56),D4S426的LOH率最高为61.0％,其次为D4S1534(53.7％)。D4S406基因座,血清乙型肝炎表面抗原阳性患者的LOH频率高于阴性者[76.9％(20/26)与12.5％(2/16),x~2=13.999,P<0.01];在D4S426、D4S1615和D4S1652基因座,EdmondsonⅢ、Ⅳ级的LOH明显高于Edmondson Ⅰ、Ⅱ级[76.7％(23/30)与18.2％(2/11),x~2=9.242、P<0.01;53.8％(14/26)与16.7％(2/12),P<0.05;60.7％(17/28)与18.2％(2/11),P<0.051;D4S2921基因座,肝内转移者的LOH显著高于无肝内转移者[63.6％(21/33)与18.2％(2/11),x~2=5.132,P<0.05]。MSI的频率为8.9％(5/56);AI的频率为26.8％(15/56)。结论 HCC 4号染色体微卫星变异形式以LOH为主,提示LOH路径在HCC的发生和发展过程中起主要作用,MSI路径的作用次之。     

慢性白血病微卫星不稳定性和杂合性缺失的研究

应用PCR扩增技术检测17例慢性白血病患者不同染色体上8个微卫星位点的微卫星不稳定性（MSI）和杂合性缺失（LOH）,同时检测11例健康志愿者的MSI和LOH,以作对照。结果发现,健康对照组所选微卫星位点均未发生MSI或LOH;9例处于慢性白血病加速期的人中有7例发生至少一个位点的MSI,8例慢性期患者中仅1例发生一个位点的MSI,慢性白血病加速期的MSI发生率明显高于其慢性期（P＜0.05>,提示微卫星的遗传不稳定性可能与慢性白血病的病情进展有关。17例慢性白血病中只有1例在急变后出现LOH,提示所选位点的LOH可能不是慢性白血病的多发事件。     

乳腺癌FHIT基因微卫星不稳定性及其蛋白表达的研究

目的分析乳腺癌脆性三联组氨酸基因（FHIT）微卫星不稳定性发生情况及与FHIT蛋白表达缺失的关系，以探讨乳腺癌发生的机制。方法选取FHIT基因的D3S1234、D3S1300位点，采用PCR、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、银染法，对66例乳腺癌患者肿瘤组织进行微卫星不稳定性（MSI）检测，用免疫组化方法检测FHIT蛋白的表达情况。结果30．3％（20／66）的乳腺癌组织至少在一个位点出现MSI；59．1％（39／66）的肿瘤组织发生FHIT蛋白表达缺失或明显下降，17例MSI（＋）病例发生FHIT蛋白低水平表达或缺失，MSI（＋）与FHIT蛋白表达缺失有相关性（P〈0．05）。FHIT蛋白表达缺失与肿瘤组织学分级有相关性（P〈0．05）。结论FHIT基因位点的微卫星不稳定性是FHIT蛋白表达下调的可能的分子机制之一，FHIT基因在乳腺癌的发生发展中起重要作用。     

2号、18号染色体微卫星多态性与甲状腺癌的关系

目的 探讨特定位点微卫星DNA序列不稳定性(MSI)及杂合性缺失(LOH)与人甲状腺癌发生、临床病理特征及预后的关系.方法 选取THRA1、D2S123、D11S912、BAT-26四个位点,应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)和变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对60例人甲状腺癌患者的MSI及LOH表达情况进行研究.结果 THRA1位点MSI检出频率为43.3%,D2S123为36.7%;甲状腺滤泡癌中D2S123检出率为100%,未检测到BAT-26;D18S58的检出率为26.7%;BAT-26在甲状腺癌中检出率为6.7%;LOH 的检出率分别为33.3%、26.7%、23.3%和16.7%.术后随访5年,MSI/LOH阳性的甲状腺癌较阴性者生存期更长(P＜0.05). 结论 在2号和18号染色体中检测到微卫星阳性率较高;D2S123位点MSI与滤泡型甲状腺癌相关性有统计学意义;D18S58位点MSI的阳性率与高龄患者、晚期肿瘤密切相关;BAT-26在甲状腺癌中检出率最低.MSI/LOH导致基因组不稳定,在甲状腺肿瘤发生过程中发挥作用.MSI/LOH阳性的甲状腺癌患者较阴性者生存期更长.     

肺癌癌组织标本中微卫星DNA检测及临床意义

为研究肺癌癌组织标本中微卫星DNA改变及其对肺癌的诊断价值，采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）－银染法，对43例原发性肺癌（观察组）及10例良性肺疾病患者（对照组）纤支镜活检标本的3个微卫星位点进行了检测。结果观察组微卫星不稳定（MSI）发生率47％，杂合性丢失阳性率（LOH）30％，MSI加LOH阳性率为63％；对照组未发现微卫星DNA改变。提示肺癌组织微卫星DNA检测诊断肺癌有一定价值。     

Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect. Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.     

Use of fab fragments of digoxin-specific antibodies in the therapy of massive digoxin poisoning

A case of massive digoxin ingestion with multiple arrhythmias, consisting of high grade A-V block and ventricular ectopy not responsive to lidocaine, is described. The arrhythmias ceased following administration of digoxin-specific Fab fragments. The patient improved and was transferred to the psychiatric unit.     

Comparison of intravenous and oral routes of theophylline loading in acute asthma

In a prospective, randomized clinical trial, 19 patients with an acute exacerbation of asthma were given a loading dose of aminophylline by the IV (n = 10) or oral route (n = 9) of administration following treatment with epinephrine. Plasma concentrations of theophylline were measured prior to giving the loading dose, and one, two, three, and 24 to 48 hours later. Therapeutic effectiveness was evaluated by analyzing spirometric measurements prior to giving the loading dose, and one, three, and 24 to 48 hours later. Side effects also were recorded. In the IV group, the mean peak plasma theophylline concentration was 15.1 micrograms/mL one hour after loading, and in the oral group the mean peak serum theophylline concentration was 14.2 micrograms/mL three hours after loading. There was no correlation between theophylline concentrations and normalized change in spirometric values. There was no significant difference in spirometric values between the IV and oral groups. Nausea was slightly more common in the IV group. We conclude that there is no therapeutic advantage to giving a loading dose of aminophylline by the IV route rather than orally in patients with mild-to-moderate exacerbation of asthma initially treated with epinephrine.     

Application of Granular Biocomposites Based on Homogenised Peat for Absorption of Oil Products

Among the various methods for collecting oil spills and oil products, including from the water surface, one of the most effective is the use of sorbents. In this work, three-component bio-based composite granular adsorbents were produced and studied for oil products’ pollution collection. A bio-based binder made of peat, devulcanised crumb rubber from used tyres, and part fly ash as cenospheres were used for absorbent production. The structure, surface morphology, porosity, mechanical properties, and sorption kinetics of the obtained samples were studied. Composite hydrophobicity and sorption capacity to oil products, such as diesel fuel (DF) and motor oil (MO), were determined. The obtained pellets are characterised by a sufficiently pronounced ability to absorb oil products such as DF. As the amount of CR in the granules increases, the diesel absorption capacity increases significantly. The case of 30-70-0 is almost three times higher than the granules from homogenised peat. The increase in q is due to two factors: the pronounced surface hydrophobicity of the samples (Θ = 152°) and a heterogeneous porous granule structure. The presence of the cenosphere in the biocomposite reduces its surface hydrophobicity while increasing the diesel absorption capacity. Relatively rapid realisation of the maximum saturation by the MO was noted. In common, the designed absorbent shows up to 0.7 g·g⁻¹ sorption capacity for MO and up to 1.55 g·g⁻¹ sorption capacity for diesel. A possible mechanism of DF absorption and the limiting stages of the process approximated for different kinetic models are discussed. The Weber–Morris diffusion model is used to primarily distinguish the limiting effect of the external and internal diffusion of the adsorbate on the absorption process.     

Role of microRNA in regulation of myeloma-related angiogenesis and survival

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant disease caused by clonal proliferation of plasma cells that result in monoclonal gammopathy and severe end organ damage. Despite the uniform clinical signs, the disease is very diverse in terms of the nature and sequence of the underlying molecular events. Multiple cellular processes are involved in helping the malignant cells to remain viable and maintain proliferative properties in the hypoxic microenvironment of the bone marrow. Specifically, the process of angiogenesis, triggered by the interactions between the malignant MM cells and the stroma cells around them, was found to be critical for MM progression. In this review we highlight the current understanding about the epigenetic regulation of the proliferation and apoptosis of MM cells and its dependency on angiogenesis in the bone marrow that is carried out by different microRNAs.     

RNA-Seq在老年神经退行性疾病研究中的应用

阿尔茨海默病及帕金森病是老年人最常见的两种神经退行性疾病,但其发病机制及治疗是研究的热点。随着高通量测序技术的进步及成本的下降,RNA-Seq也成为神经退行性疾病机制研究及生物标志物发现的有力手段。RNA-Seq相对于microarray具有高灵敏度、高准确性、高重复性以及噪声低等优势,在阿尔茨海默病及帕金森病研究中有较为广泛的应用,包括检测差异表达基因,可变剪接、新长链非编码RNA预测分析和miRNAs调控等,但是容易受病理复杂性及样本等因素影响。目前阿尔茨海默病及帕金森病转录组研究相比于癌症等还不够深入,在临床诊断及治疗应用还面临较大挑战。但是随着新技术及新方法的发展,RNA-Seq将进一步推动神经退行性相关疾病的研究和临床转化。     

安徽巢湖市丝虫病控制、消除历程和监测报告

【摘要】 目的  回顾并总结巢湖市丝虫病的流行、控制,以及消除丝虫病的历程。 方法  统计分析1970~1989年在该市采取以消灭传染源、切断传播途径为主的防治策略,以及展开大规模防治的各个阶段。 结果  1989年,采用分层整群抽样调查方法调查,微丝蚴率下降至0.032%,以行政村为单位,微丝蚴率已控制在1.0%以下,达到卫生部规定的基本消灭丝虫病标准;1991年,经省级调查考核,认定全市已达到卫生部规定的基本消灭丝虫病标准。1996年,省级审评确认已达到卫生部颁布的消灭丝虫病标准。经过10年的监测和跟踪治疗,到2005年,全市丝虫病病原学监测未查见微丝蚴阳性者,解剖镜检人房内淡色库蚊1 348只,蚊体内均未查见人体幼丝虫。 结论  巢湖市达到了消除丝虫病的标准。     

Advanced Evaluation of the Freeze–Thaw Damage of Concrete Based on the Fracture Tests

This paper presents the results of an experimental program aimed at the assessment of the freeze–thaw (F–T) resistance of concrete based on the evaluation of fracture tests accompanied by acoustic emission measurements. Two concretes of similar mechanical characteristics were manufactured for the experiment. The main difference between the C1 and C2 concrete was in the total number of air voids and in the A300 parameter, where both parameters were higher for C1 by about 35% and 52%, respectively. The evaluation of the fracture characteristics was performed on the basis of experimentally recorded load–deflection and load–crack mouth opening displacement diagrams using two different approaches: linear fracture mechanics completed with the effective crack model and the double-K model. The results show that both approaches gave similar results, especially if the nonlinear behavior before the peak load was considered. According to the results, it can be stated that continuous AE measurement is beneficial for the assessment of the extent of concrete deterioration, and it suitably supplements the fracture test evaluation. A comparison of the results of fracture tests with the resonance method and splitting tensile strength test shows that all testing methods led to the same conclusion, i.e., the C1 concrete was more F–T-resistant than C2. However, the fracture test evaluation provided more detailed information about the internal structure deterioration due to the F–T exposure.     

A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation

The role of the external and internal anal sphincters in the mechanism of anal continence is presented. The external sphincter induces continence by 1) preventing internal sphincter relaxation, what I have called the “voluntary inhibition action,” and 2) mechanical compression of the rectal neck and anal canal proper. The mechanism of both actions is described. The internal sphincter plays a significant role not only in involuntary, but also in voluntary, continence. The importance of this role in the correction of anal incontinence is clarified. “Stress defecation,” a condition which follows internal sphincter damage, is discussed. A “single loop continence” theory is presented, based on the fact that each of the three loops of the external sphincter has its own innervation, attachment, and direction of muscle bundles; each loop thus acts as a separate sphincter. The clinical application of this theory is presented.