Metatarsal osteotomy for metatarsalgia.

An oblique osteotomy in the distal half of the metatarsal shaft is described for the treatment of metatarsalgia due to prolapse of one or more of the middle three metatarsal heads. Thirty-eight patients who have had this operation have been followed up for a period of from two to five years. The operation is simple, recovery is rapid and symptoms have been well relieved.     

Metatarsal neck osteotomy for metatarsalgia

Surgical Principles This osteotomy is performed to relieve the pressure exerted by one or more metatarsal heads on the overlying sole of the foot. This pressure can lead to painful plantar callosities. Through a transverse dorsal approach a V-shaped notch down to but not including the plantar cortex is created with a small rongeur. Through manual osteoclasia the head is tilted upward. Full weight bearing helps to maintain the metatarsal head in the corrected position. No internal fixation nor external immobilization are needed.     

Metatarsal osteotomy in rheumatoid arthritis

Thirty-eight feet in 28 patients with rheumatoid forefoot deformity were operated on with a proximal valgus osteotomy of the first metatarsal bone to reduce splaying of the forefoot. Each patient also underwent additional surgical procedures for associated conditions of the forefoot. The mean follow-up period was 3.7 years. Both the entire forefoot and the medial border of the foot were substantially improved in all but 2 cases. Residual symptoms were slightly more pronounced in the anterior footpad and the lesser toes (5 cases). A proximal valgus osteotomy of the first metatarsal bone, performed in combination with other surgical procedures, affords a good correction of the rheumatoid foot deformity with long-term improvement.     

Metatarsal osteotomy in rheumatoid arthritis

Thirty-eight feet in 28 patients with rheumatoid forefoot deformity were operated on with a proximal valgus osteotomy of the first metatarsal bone to reduce splaying of the forefoot. Each patient also underwent additional surgical procedures for associated conditions of the forefoot. The mean follow-up period was 3.7 years. Both the entire forefoot and the medial border of the foot were substantially improved in all but 2 cases. Residual symptoms were slightly more pronounced in the anterior footpad and the lesser toes (5 cases).

A proximal valgus osteotomy of the first metatarsal bone, performed in combination with other surgical procedures, affords a good correction of the rheumatoid foot deformity with long-term improvement.     

Metatarsal neck osteotomy for metatarsalgia

Surgical principle This osteotomy is performed to relieve the pressure exerted by one or more metatarsal heads on the overlying sole of the foot. This pressure can lead to painful plantar callosities. Through a transverse dorsal approach a V-shaped notch down to but not including the plantar cortex is created with a small rongeur. Through manual osteoclasia the head is tilted upward. Full weight bearing helps to maintain the metatarsal head in the corrected position. No internal fixation nor external immobilization are needed.      

Metatarsal osteotomy for the cavus foot

Thirty-nine patients with pes cavus-type deformities were treated with osteotomy of the proximal metatarsals for the cavus component of the deformity. Fifty operations were followed for an average of 15 years, many for up to 26 years. Of the 39 patients, 11 had bilateral involvement. Each patient was clinically evaluated for postoperative mobility and categorized according to the Massachusetts General Hospital rating scale. Excellent or good results were obtained in 84% of the proximal metatarsal osteotomies.     

Metatarsal osteotomy using internal fixation with compression screws

Forty-six metatarsal osteotomies in 25 feet were performed in order to treat forefoot deformity. The authors used an exacting operative procedure based on oblique osteotomies of the metatarsal and rigid internal fixation. All osteotomies healed and only one patient was not satisfied with the operation. This technique provided predictable long-term results in the authors' hands, and also involved an easier postoperative course than conventional methods.     

Correction of hallux valgus. Metatarsal osteotomy versus excision arthroplasty

The long-term retrospective results (followup range, 10-22 years) of an uncontrolled series of basal metatarsal closing wedge osteotomies and Keller's excision arthroplasties performed in patients 14 to 40 years of age are analyzed. In the osteotomy group, 34 patients (50 feet) were available for clinical review and 26 patients (37 feet) were available for radiologic review. In the Keller group, 24 patients (37 feet) were reviewed clinically and 23 patients (34 feet) were reviewed radiologically. Patients were assessed using the Hallux Metatarsophalangeal Interphalangeal Scale of the American Foot and Ankle Society, an additional clinical score, weightbearing radiographs, the patient's record, and clinical investigation. Statistical analysis revealed significantly better results of the clinical and radiologic outcomes after osteotomy. In the osteotomy group, the first metatarsal was elevated dorsally in 14 feet (38%). The incidence of varus deformities was higher with basal osteotomy (18% versus 5.4%). Metatarsalgia occurred similarly in both groups (28% versus 27%). It is known that these techniques should be applied to different patient populations. However, they formerly were used for the same indication. This long-term analysis shows that the Keller arthroplasty should be abandoned for the treatment of hallux valgus in young and active patients. The basal metatarsal closing wedge osteotomy is conceptually the correct treatment for hallux valgus deformity for the younger patient; nevertheless, it is technically demanding and is associated with a higher risk of failure. The long-term results of both procedures are unacceptable for the patient and the surgeon. The short and middle-term results of the newer basal type osteotomies, such as the proximal crescentic osteotomy, the proximal chevron osteotomy, or the proximal oblique osteotomy combined with distal soft tissue releases, suggest a more satisfying long-term outcome.     

跖侧入路截骨延长治疗先天性第四跖骨短小症

[目的]探讨牵张成骨术治疗先天性第四跖骨短小症的效果,并介绍跖侧入路截骨的优点.[方法] 2008年6月～2010年3月,共治疗先天性第四跖骨短小症15例.均为女性;年龄18 ～34岁,平均23.5岁.15例病人共有22根跖骨短小,其中8例为单侧第4跖骨短小,5例为双侧第4跖骨短小,2例为单侧同足有第1和第4跖骨短小.跖骨短缩1.5～2.5 cm,平均2 cm.在影像增强器的帮助下,采用足背侧安装Orthofix单边延长支架,跖侧入路截骨.随访时间8～24个月,平均12个月.所有跖骨都延长到满意的长度,延长骨痂完全钙化.[结果]延长长度12 ～24 mm,平均18 mm,延长百分比25.8％ ～48.7％,平均32.6％.骨延长指数(延长1 cm需要的时间)为52 d/cm ～ 85.8 d/cm,平均63.5 d/cm.按照美国足踝矫形外科协会(the american orthopedic foot and ankle society,AOFAS)的功能评判标准,平均AOFAS评分为89.6分,10例优,3例良,2例可.每个足趾延长后足背遗留直径1 mm点状瘢痕4个,足底切口为线性瘢痕,长2 cm,对功能无任何影响.全部患者对延长的结果和足外观满意.并发症包括:延长跖骨成角4例,对延长足外观无影响;跖趾关节间隙缩窄13例,活动度减小,这是影响AOFAS评分的主要因素,随时间延长而明显改善.[结论]跖侧入路截骨延长治疗先天性第四跖骨短小症能使短小的跖骨恢复到满意的长度,遗留足背瘢痕小,对应的足趾功能恢复好,是一种值得推荐的好方法.     

Metatarsal neck osteotomy with proximal interphalangeal joint resection fixed with a single temporary pin

BACKGROUND: Screws have been recommended for fixation of the site of the metatarsal osteotomy. METHODS: A report is presented on one surgeon's experience with a temporary, single Kirschner wire instead of screws for fixation of metatarsal neck osteotomies combined with proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint resection arthroplasty in patients with dislocated metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints and severe hammertoe deformities. Eleven consecutive patients (13 toes) were treated between January 1999 and January 2002 (mean age, 69 years; range, 44-81 years; seven women, four men) at a tertiary care foot and ankle center. Records and radiographs were reviewed retrospectively, and all patients were examined at follow-up by one of the authors (mean follow-up, 13 months; range, 6-32 months). RESULTS: All 13 metatarsal neck osteotomies had clinical and radiographic union by 6 weeks, with no evidence of nonunion, malunion, avascular necrosis of the metatarsal head, deep wound infection, pin-tract infection, broken pins, or other serious complications. Two metatarsals (18%) had minor residual plantar calluses beneath the metatarsal head. The mean postoperative American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score was 76 of 95 points possible. All patients were satisfied with the procedure and would do it again. CONCLUSION: The use of a single, temporary K-wire provides adequate fixation for combined PIP joint resection arthroplasty and metatarsal neck osteotomy in patients with central metatarsalgia and severe hammertoe deformity.     

Metatarsal and phalangeal double osteotomy of the first shaft in the treatment of hallux valgus

Numerous surgical techniques have been proposed for the surgical treatment of hallux valgus. Some of them only concern soft tissues; others combine a surgery on the soft tissues with a procedure on the bone structures. The technique we present combines a basimetatarsal valgization by subtractive external osteotomy with a wide metatarso-phalangeal freeing. The basimetatarsal osteotomy allows to correct the deformities in the three planes of space. The basi phalangeal osteotomy is not systematic but is proposed in case of severe hallux valgus, superior to 45° or in case of hallomegalia (gigantism of hallux).     

Metatarsal fractures

Generally nondisplaced metatarsal fractures can be treated nonoperatively. Fracture angulation of more than 10 degrees or fracture displacement of more than 3-4 mm are a valid indication for open or closed reduction. Fractures of the metatarsal bases are often associated with Lisfranc injury. Special attention must be paid to proximal fractures of the fifth metatarsal (avulsion, Jones, proximal diaphyseal fracture). Dislocated midshaft fractures of the first and fifth metatarsals should be treated operatively to realign foot geometry. Subcapital fracture malalignment causes post-traumatic metatarsalgias. Stress and children's fractures are treated most times nonoperatively.     

Metatarsal fractures

Metatarsal fractures are relatively common and if malunited, a frequent source of pain and disability. Nondisplaced fractures and fractures of the second to fourth metatarsal with displacement in the horizontal plane can be treated conservatively with protected weight bearing in a cast shoe for 4-6 weeks. In most displaced fractures, closed reduction can be achieved but maintenance of the reduction needs internal fixation. Percutaneous pinning is suitable for most fractures of the lesser metatarsals. Fractures with joint involvement and multiple fragments frequently require open reduction and plate fixation. Transverse fractures at the metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction of the fifth metatarsal ("Jones fractures") require an individualized approach tailored to the level of activity and time to union. Avulsion fractures of the fifth metatarsal bone are treated by open reduction and tension-band wiring or screw fixation if displaced more than 2 mm or with more that 30% of the joint involved. The metatarsals are the most common site of stress fractures, most of which are treated nonoperatively. Symptomatic posttraumatic deformities need adequate correction, in most cases by osteotomy across the former fracture site.