单纯性肥胖症儿童动脉硬化的研究

为探讨单纯性肥胖症儿童颈总动脉、股动脉是否具有早期动脉硬化的形态学改变、变化的程度以及相关因素，采用高分辨率彩色多普勒超声检测仪分别检测肥胖组和对照组儿童的双侧颈总动脉、股动脉的内膜—中层厚度(IMT)和血流速度(PSV和EDV)，并检测两组儿童的血脂。结果显示，肥胖组儿童动脉内膜呈现不同程度的毛糙、不光滑、连续性差、限局性增厚，有的形成局部强回声斑块，动脉IMT明显高于对照组(P＜0．001)；中度肥胖组和重度肥胖组、病史＜5年组和≥5年组、男孩组和女孩组之间，动脉IMT差异有显著性(P＜0．01)，且与血甘油三酯(TG)和总胆固醇(TG)水平成正相关(r＝0．705和0．56)。提示中、重度单纯性肥胖症儿童颈总动脉、股动脉具有不同程度的早期动脉硬化改变，其变化程度与肥胖程度、肥胖病史长短、性别以及血脂水平有关。     

彩色多普勒超声对胃食管反流的筛检价值

目的　探讨彩色多普勒超声对胃食管反流 (GER)的筛检价值。方法　用彩色多普勒超声以肝左叶为透声窗 ,经剑突下扫查胃食管反流患儿、正常对照儿童各 55例。分别测量与观察腹段食管长度、GER现象及反流发生频率。结果　腹段食管清晰显示率 1 0 0 % ;正常对照组小儿腹段食管长度随年龄增加而增长 ;病例组与之比较显示腹段食管长度缩短。彩超检查GER的灵敏性为 98.1 8% ;特异性为 76 .36 %。结论　彩色多普勒超声可以清晰显示腹段食管 ;胃食管反流患儿腹段食管长度缩短 ;彩色多普勒超声可作为胃食管反流的筛检手段。     

动脉导管支架置入术治疗不同类型新生儿肺动脉闭锁的随访结局

目的总结分析动脉导管支架置入术治疗不同类型新生儿肺动脉闭锁的随访结局。方法回顾性队列研究。纳入2014年4月至2021年6月在上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院接受动脉导管支架置入术患儿共19例为研究对象, 分为室间隔完整型肺动脉闭锁(PA-IVS)和室间隔缺损型肺动脉闭锁(PA-VSD)两组。采用不同血管途径置入动脉导管支架, 术后1、3、6和12个月及以后每年定期随访患儿基本情况和心脏超声心动图评估手术效果。组间比较采用独立样本t检验。结果 19例患儿中12例为PA-IVS, 7例为PA-VSD。两组患儿均为足月儿, PA-IVS组和PA-VSD组患儿出生胎龄分别为(38.8±1.1)和(37.7±1.8)周, 出生体重分别为(3.2±0.4)和(3.4±1.1)kg, 手术时年龄分别为(10±9)和(12±7)日龄, 差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。12例PA-IVS患儿中, 9例经股动脉途径, 3例经股静脉途径成功置入动脉导管支架。7例PA-VSD患儿中, 2例经股动脉途径成功置入, 2例经股动脉途径置入失败, 3例经左颈动脉途径成功置入动脉导管支架。所有患儿术后无血栓...     

多普勒肾血流检测对过敏性紫癜患儿肾损害的诊断价值

目的 探讨彩色多普勒检测过敏性紫癜（HSP）患儿肾血流变化的临床价值.方法 用彩色多普勒超声仪检测40例HSP患儿肾主动脉、叶间动脉、弓状动脉肾血流动力学变化,以32例健康儿童作为对照组;同时检测HSP患儿尿常规、尿微量白蛋白.结果 HSP组患儿肾主动脉和叶间动脉收缩期最大峰值血流速度（Vmax）、舒张期谷值血流速度（Vmin）和阻力指数（RI）高于正常对照组（P＜0.05）;弓状动脉Vmax、Vmin、RI与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.40例患儿中多普勒肾血流异常28例（70％）,尿常规异常14例（35％）,尿微量白蛋白异常18例（45％）.彩超肾血流检测的敏感性高于尿微量白蛋白、尿常规,尿常规与尿微量白蛋白比较差异无统计学意义.结论 多普勒肾血流检测是早期发现HSP患儿肾损害的敏感指标.     

床旁彩色多普勒超声在足月新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病早期诊断中的应用

目的 探讨床旁彩色多普勒超声在足月新生儿HIE早期诊断中的应用价值.方法 对35例临床诊断为轻中度HIE的住院足月新生儿在出生24、48和72h连续3次进行床旁彩色多普勒超声检查,观察患儿脑实质回声的变化,测量其大脑前动脉、大脑中动脉和大脑后动脉的收缩期峰值血流速度(Vs)、舒张末期血流速度(Vd)和阻力指数(RI).健康对照组为40例同期本院产科出生的健康足月新生儿.结果 1.脑实质回声的变化:健康对照组新生儿出生24～72h脑实质回声均匀,脑内结构显示清晰、细腻.轻度HIE组新生儿出生24h脑实质回声不均匀,呈点状或小片状回声增强,出生48h脑实质回声接近正常.中度HIE组出生24h脑实质回声呈散在或广泛回声增强增粗,脑内结构显示粗糙,出生48～72h脑实质回声仍呈散在回声增强.2.大脑动脉血流速度的变化:出生24、48h轻中度HIE组Vs、Vd均显著低于健康对照组,组间比较均有显著差异(Pa＜0.01),但出生72h比较无显著差异(Pa＞0.05).3.RI的变化:出生24、48h轻中度HIE组均高于健康对照组,组间比较均有显著差异(Pa＜0.01),出生72h轻中度HIE组、健康对照组组间比较均无显著差异(Pa＞0.05).结论 床旁彩色多普勒超声简便、易行,有助于足月新生儿HIE的早期诊断.     

彩色多普勒超声诊断小儿肠旋转不良

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声对小儿肠旋转不良的诊断价值.方法 分析30例临床以胆汁性呕吐为主要表现并行彩超检查的患儿;观察肠系膜上动脉(SMA)与肠系膜上静脉(SMV)的位置关系,并采用二维切面加彩色追找有关旋涡征,仔细观察SMV旋转的方向及圈数.结果 彩色多普勒超声技术诊断7例小儿肠旋转不良,均可见胃及十二指肠降段中部以卜允盈扩张,胃内容物在胃与十二指肠之间移动;6例SMV与SMA关系异常;5例有旋涡征;5例并肠扭转;1例为幽门狭窄并肠道感染.结论 彩色多普勒超声可根据SMV与SMA的位置关系诊断肠旋转不良,并依据有无旋涡征判断是否并肠扭转;其对此类患儿的早期诊断及选择正确治疗方案,及时挽救重症患儿生命起重要作用.影像学可作为首选.     

Amplatzer蘑菇伞治疗动脉导管未闭疗效观察及方法学再探讨

为进一步探讨Amplatzer动脉导管未闭堵塞器治疗动脉导管未闭(PDA)的方法及疗效 ,于1998年8月～2001年12月应用Amplatzer堵塞器治疗PDA患儿210例 ,年龄4.5±2.8岁(0.6～12岁) ,PDA平均最小直径3.89±1.32mm(1.6～6.9mm),堵塞器直径比PDA最小直径大2.5～6mm ,伴肺动脉高压者选用的堵塞器相对较大。在舒张期多次测量PDA直径 ,如左侧位主动脉造影不能清晰显示PDA ,加做右前斜位主动脉造影。堵塞术后行彩色多普勒随访。结果显示 ,所有PDA临床关闭(听诊无杂音) ,出院时达100 % ,超声彩色多普勒检查在出院时无分流达98.6 % ,堵塞术后3月达100% ;超声多普勒随访发现左肺动脉流速在1.5～1.7m/s间6例 ,都为小于1岁婴儿并伴有肺动脉高压 ,且堵塞器直径大于PDA直径3.5mm以上 ;未发生溶血、堵塞器脱落或堵塞器断裂、PDA再通、血栓栓塞、心内膜炎、主动脉狭窄等。提示AmplatzerPDA堵塞器可安全有效地应用于直径1.6mm以上的PDA ,但应避免医源性左肺动脉狭窄     

动脉导管未闭介入治疗临床观察

目的探讨Amplatzer封堵器治疗动脉导管未闭(PDA)的疗效、安全性及可靠性。方法12例经临床、心电图、X 线和心脏彩色多普勒超声检查确诊PDA患儿,采用美国AGA公司生产Amplatzer自膨性蘑菇状封堵器,选择封堵器的型号较PDA最窄径大2 mm,用6F传送鞘经静脉置入,术后即刻行胸主动脉造影。手术前、后均行血液动力学监测,术后24 h,3、6、12 个月作心脏彩色多普勒超声及X线检查。结果PDA最窄径18～6.3 mm,手术成功率100%,术后即刻听诊杂音消失11例, 轻度收缩期杂音1例。15 min后胸主动脉造影示11例完全闭塞(91.6%),随访3～12个月,患儿均无PDA再通及封堵器移位。结论Amplatzer封堵器操作简便,安全有效,成功率高,是目前介入治疗PDA最理想方法。     

肥胖儿童血浆同型半胱氨酸含量及动脉病变的研究

目的　探讨单纯性肥胖儿童是否存在高同型半胱氨酸血症和早期动脉粥样病变。方法　68例 6 ~14岁单纯性肥胖症儿童与 26例正常同龄儿童对照,多普勒二维超声检测颈动脉内膜 中层厚度(IMT)、肱动脉血流介导的内皮依赖性扩张功能并探查肝脏形态结构,化学发光法测定血浆同型半胱氨酸。生化分析法检测全套血脂。结果　肥胖儿童右颈总动脉IMT( 0.54±0.13 )mm,右颈内动脉IMT(0.69±0.14)mm,左颈总动脉IMT(0.52±0.12)mm,左颈内动脉IMT(0.67±0.14)mm;正常儿童右颈总动脉IMT(0.45±0.04)mm,右颈内动脉IMT(0.46±0.04)mm,左颈总动脉IMT(0.45±0.05)mm,左颈内动脉IMT(0.46±0 03)mm,肥胖儿童明显增厚(P<0.01)。肥胖儿童肱动脉血流介导的内皮依赖性扩张功能 (11.0±4.3)%,与对照组 (17.5±4.9)%比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。肥胖儿童血浆同型半胱氨酸含量(7.9±2.7)μmol/L,与正常儿童血浆同型半胱氨酸含量(5.6±2.1)μmol/L比较差异有统计学意义 (P<0.01)。肥胖儿童总胆固醇 (TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (LDL-ch)、载脂蛋白B(apoB)明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL ch)、载脂蛋白A(apoA)与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。58%肥胖儿童存在脂肪肝或脂肪肝倾     

消化系统疾病

052213中西医结合治疗小儿厌食症/陈永辉//实用儿科临床杂志.-2005,20(3).-199～200052214厌食症患儿血锌与血铅水平/顾俊贤…//中国当代儿科杂志.-2005,7(1).-77～78052215彩色多普勒超声对胃食管返流的筛检价值/张宝琴…//实用儿科临床杂志.-2005,20(3).-204～206用彩色多普勒超声以肝左叶为透声窗,经剑突下扫查胃食管返流(GER)患儿,正常对照儿童各55例。分别测量与观察腹段食管长度、GER现象及返流发生频率。结果:腹段食管清晰显示率100%;正常对照组小儿腹段食管长     

Update on Cochrane data on paediatric respiratory diseases

INTRODUCTION: Systematic reviews seek to describe and summarise the best evidence for a given intervention by pooling data from relevant quality clinical trials. The Cochrane Collaboration has fostered the development and dissemination of systematic reviews throughout the world. We have identified and summarised The Cochrane systematic reviews of relevance to the paediatric pulmonologist. METHODS: We performed an expert search of the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews using a combination of medical subject headings and free text terms relating to paediatric respiratory disease. RESULTS: The search identified 120 systematic reviews with interventions specific to children with some relevance to pulmonary disease, and 327 reviews with interventions relating to pulmonary disease in adults and children. After pragmatic exclusions, 81 reviews were sorted by disease and 59 of these are discussed in detail. CONCLUSIONS: There are now many systematic reviews that make a positive contribution to paediatric pulmonology. The majority of reviews (69%) found evidence that either confirmed or refuted an accepted practice. The remaining reviews concluded that the evidence for an accepted practice is poor and sometimes wholly absent. Clinicians must be aware that lack of evidence of effect is not the same as evidence of lack of effect. Caution must be exercised before applying the conclusions of systematic reviews based upon adult data to childhood disease.     

Passive smoking by asthmatics: its greater effect on boys than on girls and on older than on younger children

In 415 nonsmoking asthmatic children who were seen consecutively, asthma symptoms were more severe if the mother was a smoker than if she was a nonsmoker. This applied to both sexes but was more marked in boys than in girls. There were also other indications that sons were the more severely affected: the forced expiratory volume at 1 second, the forced expiratory flow rate during the middle half of the forced vital capacity, and the provocation concentration of histamine needed to result in a 20% decrease in the forced expiratory volume at 1 second were significantly decreased only in the sons, and lung function test results were significantly less in sons than in daughters of mothers who smoked. When the 415 children were stratified according to age, lung function improved significantly with increasing age in the children of nonsmokers; in children of smokers, by contrast, symptoms and lung function test results became progressively worse. As well, there was a correlation between these indications of asthma severity and the number of years the child had been exposed to the mother's smoke. It appeared that, compared with girls, boys were more sensitive to passive smoking, and that its adverse effect increased with age and with duration of exposure.