太极拳运动对中老年女性外周血白细胞和红细胞表面CD55/CD59表达的影响

目的:探讨太极拳运动对中老年女性CD55和CD59表达影响。方法:研究一:94名中老年女性志愿者(55~65岁),随机分为安静对照组(47人)和太极拳组(47人)。太极拳组进行24周太极拳锻炼,每周3次,每次训练时间约为60 min;对照组保持原有生活规律。研究二:90名中老年女性志愿者,其中太极拳组30人、快走对照组30人、久坐组30人。太极拳组和快走对照组运动年限在3~5年,每周锻炼次数不少于3次,每次锻炼时间约60 min;久坐组组无运动习惯。对各组CD55、CD59在各血细胞表面的变化进行研究。结果:124周后太极拳锻炼后,MO CD55及RBC CD55下降具有显著性(P<0.05);LY CD59和MO CD59呈非常显著性升高(P<0.01)。安静对照组RBC CD55呈显著性下降(P<0.05);LY CD59显著性上升(P<0.05)。23~5年太极拳组LY、GR、MO、RBC CD55显著低于安静组(P<0.05);LY CD55显著低于快走组但RBC CD55显著高于快走组(P<0.05);太极拳组LY、RBC CD59显著高于安静组和快走组(P<0.05)。3太极拳锻炼第0周、第24周,各血细胞表面CD55和CD59之间均无相关性,3~5年太极拳锻炼组LY CD55/CD59及RBC CD55/CD59出现显著相关(P<0.05);3~5年太极拳组与快走组LY CD55/CD59较安静对照组均出现显著相关(P<0.05);另外太极拳组RBC CD55/CD59比安静对照组和快走组显著相关(P<0.05)。结论:1太极拳锻炼对血细胞表面CD55和CD59的影响不同,其中对红细胞的影响更为明显,可以为进一步研究运动与红细胞免疫提供理论支撑。2太极拳运动后外周血白细胞及红细胞表面CD55、CD59发生的变化与血细胞计数关系不大。3太极拳锻炼时间越长,CD55、CD59在淋巴细胞和红细胞上的协同作用越明显,可有效对抗年龄依赖性免疫机能下降。     

肺癌患者外周血调节性B细胞的表达及其临床意义

目的 检测肺癌患者外周血调节性B细胞(CD19+CD5+CD1d+B细胞,Bregs)的表达及其临床意义.方法 收集72例肺癌患者和29例健康体检者的外周血,采用流式细胞仪检测Bregs细胞数量,ELISA法检测外周血清IL-10和TGF-β的水平.比较肺癌患者与健康对照,肺癌Ⅰ+Ⅱ期与Ⅲ+Ⅳ期患者Bregs细胞比例、外周血IL-10和TGF-β水平的差异;分析肺癌患者Bregs细胞比例与外周血IL-10和TGF-β水平的相关性.结果 肺癌患者外周血Bregs细胞比例明显高于健康对照(5.01％±1.20％vs 2.78％±0.56％,P＜0.01),Ⅲ+Ⅳ期患者高于Ⅰ+Ⅱ期患者(5.63％±1.04％ vs 4.13％±0.78％,P＜0.01).肺癌患者外周血清IL-10和TGF-β水平明显高于健康对照(2.34±0.79pg/ml vs 1.29±0.51pg/ml,56.64±6.93ng/ml vs 22.42±4.42ng/ml,P＜0.01),Ⅲ+Ⅳ期患者高于Ⅰ+Ⅱ期患者(2.79±0.60pg/ml vs 1.71±0.59pg/ml,59.88±6.63ng/mlvs 52.10±4.37ng/ml,P＜0.01).相关分析显示,肺癌患者外周血Bregs细胞比例与IL-10水平呈正相关(r=0.69,P＜0.01),而与TGF-β3水平无明显相关性.结论 肺癌患者外周血Bregs细胞比例及血清IL-10、TGF-β水平增高,提示Bregs细胞可能与肺癌的进展相关.     

肝移植急性排异患者外周血Th17及调节性T细胞的特征及意义

目的 探讨肝移植术后急性排异患者外周血中Th17细胞、CD4+CD25+Foxp3+调节性T细胞(Treg)的变化特征及临床意义.方法 2011年1-9月解放军302医院肝移植研究中心收治的肝移植术后患者25例,根据移植组织穿刺活检病理结果分为急性排异组(排异组,12例)和非排斥稳定组(稳定组,13例),另选取13名健康体检者作为对照.采用流式细胞分析法检测外周血中Th17、Treg细胞占CD4+T细胞的比例,观察Th17/Treg比值变化及其与肝脏损伤的关系.结果移植术后排异组外周血中Th17占CD4+T细胞的比例(3.50％±0.86％)明显高于稳定组(2.10％±0.52％)和对照组(1.79％±0.42％,P＜0.01),稳定组和对照组比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05).排异组和稳定组患者外周血中Treg占CD4+T细胞的比例(分别为0.90％±0.25％、1.51％±0.23％)明显低于对照组(2.57％±0.79％,P＜0.01),且排异组明显低于稳定组(P＜0.05).排异组Th17/Treg比值(4.20±1.69)明显高于稳定组(1.43±0.47)及对照组(0.75±0.28,P＜0.01),且稳定组明显高于对照组(P＜0.01).Th17/Treg比值与丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、谷氨酸转氨酶(GGT)水平呈正相关(分别为r=0.5023,P=0.0105; r=0.4561,P=0.0219;r=0.4393,P=0.0280; r=0.5516,P=0.0043).结论 肝移植术后急性排异反应患者外周血中存在Th17/Treg失衡,且与肝脏损伤有一定关系.Th17/Treg失衡可能参与了肝移植术后急性排异反应的发生发展过程.     

杀伤性CD4+T细胞与原发性肝细胞癌疾病进展的相关性研究

目的 观察原发性肝细胞癌(PHCC)患者外周血中表达颗粒酶A、B和穿孔素的CD4+杀伤性T细胞(CTL)的比例及其与肝癌疾病进展的关系.方法 采用流式细胞术检测外周血颗粒酶A+CD4+ CTL、颗粒酶B+CD4+ CTL和穿孔素+CD4+ CTL占总CD4+T细胞的比例,比较其在PHCC患者(n=99)、慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者(n=28)与健康对照(n=40)中的差异,以及PHCC早期(n=29)、中期(n=36)、进展期(n=34)患者CD4+ CTL比例的差异.结果 PHCC组外周血颗粒酶A+CD4+ CTL、颗粒酶B+CD4+ CTL和穿孔素+CD4+ CTL比例分别为15.38％±10.36％、11.10％±8.43％、7.42％±7.26％,显著高于CHB组(分别为9.10％±5.80％、6.16％±6.04％、2.95％±3.34％)和健康对照组(分别为10.25％±5.62％、6.82％±6.12％、3.14％±3.60％,P＜0.05),而CHB组和健康对照组比较差异无统计学意义.PHCC早期、中期和进展期患者外周血颗粒酶A+CD4+ CTL比例分别为21.26％±12.61％、14.54％±7.11％、11.24％±9.04％,颗粒酶B+CD4+CTL比例分别为15.35％±10.30％、10.71％±6.06％、7.90％±7.44％,穿孔素+CD4+ CTL比例分别为11.82％±9.17％、7.16％±5.03％、5.22％±6.58％,随着疾病进展,CD4+ CTL所占比例显著下降(P＜0.01).结论 CD4+ CTL的比例在PHCC患者外周血中增高,但随着肿瘤发展逐渐降低,提示CD4+CTL细胞可能与肝癌的进展密切相关.     

补充谷氨酰胺和茯苓对五周递增负荷训练青年男性免疫功能的影响

目的:研究营养补剂谷氨酰胺和茯苓对运动诱导的人体免疫功能变化的影响.方法:21名青年男性志愿者随机分为运动对照组(T)、运动+谷氨酰胺组(TG)和运动+茯苓组(TF),依实验方案分别进行5周递增负荷训练(60%～95%VO2max)和营养补充,动态观测分析外周血T细胞亚群(CD3+、CD4+、CD8+)、NK细胞、外周血淋巴细胞自发性细胞因子(IL-2、IL-4、IFN-γ)的mRNA变化.结果:(1)运动对照组递增负荷训练5周后外周血CD3+和CD4+无显著性变化;CD8+、CD4+/CD8+比值、IL-4 mRNA和IFN-γ mRNA随运动负荷增加有升高趋势,第4周有显著性;NK细胞数和IL-2 mRNA的变化呈波动性,在第3周及第4周时显著降低,第5周有升高的趋势.(2)运动+谷氨酰胺组外周血CD4+/CD8+比值有随运动负荷递增而升高的趋势;NK细胞数随运动负荷的递增无显著性变化,与运动对照组比较,第3周及第4周时显著增加;CD3+、CD4+、CD8+及各细胞因子mRNA随运动负荷增加变化均无统计学意义.(3)与运动对照组比较,运动+茯苓组各指标的变化均无统计学意义.结论:NK细胞对运动应激较为敏感,可先于其他免疫指标因运动负荷累积而受到抑制;补充谷氨酰胺可能对这一免疫抑制的发生具有一定的减弱作用.     

微波辐射损伤雷达作业人员外周血T淋巴细胞免疫活性

目的 探讨微波辐射对雷达作业人员外周血T淋巴细胞免疫活性的影响.方法 采取30例雷达作业人员和20例健康人的外周血,对外周血T淋巴细胞进行银染,检测淋巴细胞核仁银染强度;另外采用微量全血直接荧光法标记CD3+、CD4+、CD8+,用流式细胞仪检测T淋巴细胞亚群变化.结果 巨嗜银核仁银染面积与细胞核银染面积的比值(I.S%),对照组为6.06±0.32,雷达作业组为5.12±0.57;对照组外周血CD3+、CD4+、CD8+百分比分别为(65.81±1.60)%、(32.58±0.71)%、(25.07±1.46)%,雷达作业组为(59.20±3.07)%、(28.32±2.66)%、(27.24±1.72)%.与对照组相比,雷达作业组外周血T淋巴细胞的I.S%明显降低(P＜0.05),T淋巴细胞亚群CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+比值明显降低(P＜0.05).结论 微波辐射对雷达作业人员的免疫活性产生明显影响,提示应加强雷达作业人员的防护措施.     

脓毒症患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群PD-1表达率的临床研究

目的 探讨脓毒症患者外周血T淋巴细胞中程序性死亡因子-1(PD-1)表达率变化在脓毒症发生发展、判断疾病严重程度的价值.方法 回顾性研究2019年1月—2020年1月东莞东华医院急诊重症监护病房(EICU)和ICU确诊的脓毒症患者60例,其中男性32例,女性28例;平均年龄(59.7±17.7)岁;致伤原因:道路交通伤24例,意外跌伤12例,高处坠落伤7例,挤压伤3例,烧烫伤2例,其他伤12例.另选同期EICU和ICU收治的43例感染患者[序贯性器官衰竭评分(SOFA)＜2分]为非脓毒症组,其中男性23例,女性20例;平均年龄(51.7±22.0)岁;致伤原因:道路交通伤18例,意外跌伤9例,高处坠落伤3例,锐器伤5例,烧烫伤1例,其他伤7例.检测两组患者外周血C反应蛋白(CRP)、白介素-6(IL-6)、降钙素原(PCT)及T淋巴细胞亚群PD-1的表达[CD3+T细胞中PD-1(PD-1/CD3+)、CD4+T细胞中PD-1、CD8+T细胞中PD-1],比较患者急性生理和慢性健康评分(APACHE Ⅱ)及SOFA评分.结果 脓毒症组与非脓毒症组 APACHE II 评分[17.50(11.00～22.75)vs.10.00(4.00～15.00)]、SOFA 评分[6.00(4.00～10.00)vs.3.00(1.00～5.00)]、PCT[9.60(3.95～49.23)ng/mL vs.0.41(0.06～9.01)ng/mL]、CRP[148.50(77.73～211.84)mg/Lvs.17.64(2.12～111.71)mg/L]、IL-6[19.47(8.17～91.38)pg/mL vs.9.75(5.47～17.56)pg/mL]比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).脓毒症组与非脓毒症组CD3+T细胞(％)[(50.88±15.30)vs.(57.74±13.66)]、CD4+T 细胞(％)[30.76(25.28～40.60)vs.26.54(20.65～32.60)]、CD8+T 细胞(％)[15.84(9.71～22.22)vs.25.00(14.89～28.71)]、CD4+/CD8+比值[1.85(1.23～2.57)vs.1.22(0.82～1.93)]、PD～1+总表达率[10.36(7.89～14.57)％vs.8.26(5.68～11.70)％]、CD4+T 细胞中 PD-1 表达率[17.00(13.27～23.40)％vs.14.60(10.11～18.97)％]比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);PCT、T细胞亚群PD-1表达与APACHE Ⅱ评分、SOFA 评分存在线性正相关(r=0.581、0.510;0.522、0.490;0.435、0.422,均 P＜0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析显示影响脓毒症发生的独立因素有3个:SOFA评分(OR=2.150)、PCT(OR=2.721)、CD4+T淋巴细胞中PD-1表达率(OR=1.257);CD4+T淋巴细胞中PD-1+表达率诊断脓毒症曲线下面积(AUC)为0.770,95％CI:O.680～0.850,P＜0.05,最佳截断值为3.77,灵敏度78.33％,特异度65.12％.结论 脓毒症患者外周血CD4+T细胞中PD-1表达增高与病情严重程度密切相关,是脓毒症发生发展的独立危险因素之一.     

高压氧对脊髓损伤患者外周血CD34+细胞及白细胞的影响

目的 观察高压氧治疗对脊髓损伤患者外周血CD34+细胞及白细胞的影响.方法 将符合研究标准的21例脊髓损伤患者分为2组,对照组10例,高压氧组11例.对照组行常规治疗(手术治疗、营养神经等药物治疗及针刺),高压氧组在常规治疗基础上加高压氧治疗,1次/d,连续20d.2组于治疗前及治疗后第5、10、20天取静脉血,分别行外周血白细胞及CD34+细胞绝对值检测.结果 高压氧治疗后外周血CD34+升高(P＜0.05),白细胞计数无显著变化(P＞0.05).外周血CD34+细胞绝对值轮廓图显示2组变化趋势不同,高压氧组有明显升高趋势,而对照组无明显变化.结论 多次高压氧治疗可动员脊髓损伤患者的骨髓干细胞释放至外周血,使外周血CD34+细胞绝对计数保持在较高水平;而对白细胞计数无明显影响.     

调节性树突细胞对皮肤移植小鼠IL-10+调节性B细胞的影响

目的 探讨吞噬了供者凋亡淋巴细胞的未成熟树突细胞(imDC)对皮肤移植受体小鼠外周血IL-10+CD19+调节性B细胞(Breg)比例及移植物存活时间的影响.方法 以C57BL/6小鼠作为受者,BALB/c小鼠为供者,建立小鼠皮肤移植模型.分离C57BL/6小鼠骨髓细胞,经小鼠重组白细胞介素4(IL-4)和粒-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)共同诱导,制备并培养imDC.分离BALB/c小鼠脾淋巴细胞(SP),经光化学照射方法(PUVA)处理,得到供者小鼠脾淋巴细胞(PUVA-SP).在体外将PUVA-SP与C57BL/6小鼠骨髓来源的imDC共同培养,得到PUVA-SP DCs.根据受体小鼠术前接受的静脉输注成分将其随机分为4组(n=14):PUVA-SP DC组、imDC组、成熟树突细胞(maDC)组和PBS对照组.于手术前7d分别从尾静脉注入1×106个(0.2ml)PUVA-SP DC、imDC、maDC或0.2ml PBS.于移植术后观察受体小鼠的移植物存活时间、外周血IL-10+CD19+ Breg比例及IL-10的表达情况.结果 移植术后,受体小鼠外周血IL-10+CD 19+Breg细胞占CD19+B细胞的比例在PUVA-SP DC组为7.48％,明显高于imDC组(4.12％)、maDC组(3.01％)和PBS对照组(2.37％).PUVA-SP DC组小鼠血清中IL-10表达水平为58.2±0.9ng/ml,与maDC组(20.1±1.6ng/ml)、imDC组(26.2±1.3ng/ml)及PBS对照组(19.0±0.6ng/ml)比较显著升高(P＜0.01).PUVA-SP DC组移植物存活时间为62.3±2.6d,显著长于maDC组(20.7±1.9d)、imDC组(12.1±1.0d)和PBS对照组(11.0±1.3d,P＜0.01).结论 移植术前输注PUVA-SP DCs可显著延长移植物存活时间,增加受者体内IL-10的表达水平,诱导产生较多分泌IL-10的调节性B细胞.     

受者同系骨髓间充质干细胞对心脏移植大鼠的免疫调节作用

目的 观察静脉注射受者同系骨髓间充质干细胞(MSC)对大鼠心脏移植免疫反应的影响.方法 以20只成年雄性Lewis大鼠作为心脏供体,20只成年雄性Wistar大鼠作为受体,将其随机分为2组,每组10只,行颈部心脏移植:对照组(A组)手术后24h,经尾静脉注射3ml 0.9％氯化钠注射液;MSC处理组(B组)手术后24h,经尾静脉注射2×106个MSC(悬浮于3ml 0.9％氯化钠注射液中).术后1周,每组随机取受体大鼠4只,检测静脉血及移植物CD4+、CD8+、CD4+CD25high、CD4+CD25highfoxp3+T细胞占总淋巴细胞的比例,计算CD4+/CD8+比值.其余6只大鼠用于继续观察移植物存活时间.结果 A组大鼠移植心脏存活7.2±1.3d,B组大鼠移植心脏存活14.8±2.9d,两组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).B组静脉血中CD4+/CD8+值、CD4+CD25highT细胞占总淋巴细胞的比例、CD4+CD25highFoxp3+T细胞占总淋巴细胞的比例(分别为1.18±0.07、2.51％±0.56％、2.05％±0.62％)均明显高于A组(分别为0.49±0.05、0.96％±0.19％、0.82％±0.09％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).移植心脏中CD4+/CD8+值在两组间无统计学差异(P＞0.05);B组移植心脏中CD4+CD25highT细胞及CD4+CD25highFoxp3+T细胞占总淋巴细胞的比例(分别为2.74％±0.28％、2.54％±0.31％)均明显高于A组(分别为0.61％±0.06％、0.53％±0.06％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 静脉注射受者同系骨髓MSC可诱导大鼠心脏移植免疫耐受,延长移植心脏的存活时间.     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.