Bond strength between machinable glass-ceramic and dual-cured resin luting cements using silane coupling agents

PURPOSE: To evaluate the shear bond strength of two dual-cured resin luting cements (Linkmax HV and Panavia Fluoro Cement) to machinable glass-ceramics (Decsy Machinable Ceramic) and the effect of three silane coupling agents (Clearfil Porcelain Activator, Ceramic Primer, and Porcelain Liner M) on the bond strength. METHODS: Disk-shaped specimens fabricated from machinable glass-ceramic blocks using a low-speed cutting saw were either treated or not treated with one of three silane coupling agents and then bonded together with one of two dual-cured resin luting cements. Specimens were stored in water at 37degrees C for 24 hours and/or thermal cycled 50,000 times before shear bond strength testing. RESULTS: Regardless of the resin luting cement and thermal cycling, specimens treated with the Clearfil Porcelain Activator showed the highest shear bond strength among all the treatments. Surface treatment of the Clearfil Porcelain Activator showed significantly greater shear bond strength after 50,000 thermocycles compared with other treatments. However, significant differences in bond strength were observed between 0 and 50,000 thermocycles for all treatments.     

Effect of four silane coupling agents on bonding of two resin-modified glass ionomer cements to a machinable ceramic

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of four silane coupling agents on the bond strength between two resin-modified glass ionomer cements and a machinable leucite glass ceramic. Ceramic specimens were ground with silicon carbide paper and cleaned with phosphoric acid. They were then conditioned and bonded with combinations of four silane coupling agents (GC Ceramic Primer, Clapearl Bonding Agent, Clearfil Mega Bond Porcelain Bonding Kit, and RelyX Ceramic Primer) and two resin-modified glass ionomer cements (Fuji Luting S and Fuji Lute). Shear bond strength was determined after 24-hour immersion in water or after thermocycling of 50,000 cycles. The results showed that every silane coupling agent significantly improved the bond strength. It was thus recommended that resin-modified glass ionomer cement be applied in conjunction with silane coupling agent when luting ceramic restorations.     

氢氟酸处理时间对玻璃陶瓷与树脂粘接耐久性的影响

目的 评价不同氢氟酸处理时间对玻璃陶瓷表面与树脂粘接耐久性的影响,以期为玻璃陶瓷表面氢氟酸处理时间的正确选择提供临床参考.方法 可切削玻璃陶瓷(PmCAD)表面接受4.8%氢氟酸处理0 s(对照组)、30 s(30 s氢氟酸处理组)和60 s(60 s氢氟酸处理组),每组32个陶瓷片.使用三维激光共聚焦显微镜测量陶瓷片表面粗糙度参数(Ra)和表面积.陶瓷片与4种粘接套装(硅烷偶联剂和树脂粘接剂:A:Monobond S和Variolink Ⅱ;B:Clearfil Ceramic Primer和Clearfil Esthetic Cement;C:GC Ceramic Primer和Linkmax HV;D:Porcelain Liner M和SuperBond)粘接形成粘接试件,每组16个陶瓷片直接测量粘接强度,16个陶瓷片经30 000次冷热循环后测量粘接强度.结果 对照组、30和60 s氢氟酸处理组Ra值[分别为(3.89±1.94)、(12.53±0.80)、(13.58±1.10)μm]及表面积[分别为(7.81±2.96)、(30.18±2.05)、(34.16±1.97)mm2]随着氢氟酸处理时间的延长而显著增加(P<0.05).同种粘接套装相同氢氟酸处理时间下冷热循环后试件的粘接强度均显著低于冷热循环前(P<0.05).冷热循环后粘接套装A、B的粘接强度随着氢氟酸处理时间的延长而显著增加[A:分别为(3.59±3.51)、(16.18±2.62)、(20.33±2.45)Mpa;B:分别为(4.74±2.08)、(7.77±1.55)、(13.45±3.75)Mpa];粘接套装D 30 s氢氟酸处理组的粘接强度[(22.00±1.64)Mpa]显著高于相应对照组[(12.96±4.17)Mpa],但与60 s氢氟酸处理组[(20.42±3.01)Mpa]相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);氢氟酸处理时间未对粘接套装C的粘接强度产生显著影响.结论 氢氟酸处理能提高玻璃陶瓷与树脂的粘接耐久性,氢氟酸处理时间的选择不仅取决于陶瓷表面结构的变化,也取决于所使用的粘接套装.     

Shear bond strengths of four resin bonding systems to two silica-based machinable ceramic materials

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bond strength between four bonding systems (GC Ceramic Primer and Linkmax HV (CP+LM), Clapearl Bonding Agent and Clapearl DC (CBA+CL), Clearfil Mega Bond Porcelain Bonding kit and Panavia F2.0 (MB+PF), and RelyX Ceramic Primer and RelyX ARC (RC+RA)) and two machinable ceramics (Vitablocs Mark II, VMII and GN-I ceramic block, GNI). Shear bond strength was determined after 24-hour immersion in water or after thermocycling of 20,000 cycles. It was found that the post-thermocycling bond strength of each bonding system to VMII was significantly higher than that to GNI. VMII showed no significant differences between CP+LM, MB+PF, and CBA+CL--the values of which were higher than that of RC+RA. Regarding GNI, CP+LM showed the greatest bond strength after thermocycling among the four bonding systems used. It was concluded that the crystalline phase of the ceramics used might have an effect on bond strength.     

Bond durability of composite luting agents to ceramic when exposed to long-term thermocycling

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the effect of thermocycling on the microtensile bond strength of four adhesive luting agents to GN-I CAD-CAM ceramic. The hypothesis tested was that thermocycling did not affect bonding effectiveness, irrespective of the luting agents used. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ceramic specimens of two different sizes (6x8x3 mm; 13x8x4 nm) were fabricated from GN-I CAD-CAM ceramic blocks (GC) using a low-speed diamond saw. Two different sized porcelain discs were bonded with one of the four composite luting agents (Linkmax [LM], Panavia [PN], RelyX Unicem [UN] and Variolink II [VL]) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The specimens were stored for 24 hours in distilled water at 37 degrees C and subjected to 0; 10,000; 20,000 and 40,000 thermocycles prior to microTBS testing. Two-way analysis of variance was used to test the influence of luting cement, thermocycling and interaction between both (p < 0.05). The Tukey HSD test determined statistical differences in microTBS for each luting composite between the different thermocycling conditions (p < 0.05). The mode of failure was determined at a magnification of 50x using a stereomicroscope (Wild M5A). RESULTS: Two-way ANOVA revealed that microtensile bond strength was affected by the luting cement, thermocycling and a combination of both. No difference in bond strength between Linkmax, Panavia F and Variolink II was noticed after 24 hours of water storage (LM: 47.6 MPa; PN: 41 MPa; VL: 36 MPa). RelyX Unicem scored significantly lower than Linkmax and Panavia F (UN: 24.2 MPa). The influence of thermocycling on bond strength was different for the four luting cements. Using Variolink II, the bond strength remained stable after 40,000 thermocycles (43.6 MPa). Linkmax showed a significant decrease in bond strength after 10,000 (26 MPa) and 40,000 thermocycles (14.8 MPa). Panavia F and RelyX Unicem were the most negatively influenced, as all specimens failed prior to testing (pre-testing failures) when the specimens were thermocycled 10,000 and 20,000 times or longer, respectively. Regarding the failure mode, there was a correlation between bond strength and type of failure. Initially, a combination of adhesive and mixed adhesive-cohesive failures was noticed. The percentage of adhesive failures increased, together with a decrease in bond strength. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that there were significant differences among the four resin composite cements in terms of their bonding effectiveness to CAD-CAM ceramic after thermocycling. The varying degrees of bonding effectiveness of these adhesive luting agents highlight the need for material specifications.     

Mechanical Properties of Dual-Cured Resin Luting Agents for Ceramic Restoration

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate mechanical properties, including surface hardness, flexural strength, and flexural modulus, of two dual-cured resin luting agents [Clearfil Esthetic Cement (CEC) and Variolink II (VLII)] irradiated through four thicknesses of leucite ceramics (0, 1, 2, and 3 mm) and to evaluate their shear bond strength to zirconia ceramic (Cercon) using each ceramic primer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Knoop hardness was measured on a thin layer of resin luting agent on the ceramic surface. Three-point bending tests were performed after 24 hours of storage at 37 degrees C. Two differently shaped zirconia ceramic specimens with or without sandblasting with alumina were treated with each primer. The specimens were then cemented together with each resin luting agent. Half of the specimens were stored in water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours and the other half were thermocycled 5000 times. RESULTS: VLII revealed statistically higher Knoop hardness and flexural modulus than CEC for each thickness of ceramic. No significant differences in flexural strength were observed between VLII and CEC for each ceramic spacer. Reduction of the mechanical properties with increase of ceramic thickness varied for each property; however, these properties were similar in the two materials. Blasting with alumina was significantly effective for increasing shear bond strength of both resin luting agents before and after thermal cycling. The use of Clearfil Ceramic Primer showed the highest shear bond strength and maintained bond durability after 5000 thermocycles. CONCLUSION: Mechanical properties of CEC dual-cured resin luting agent appear adequate for ceramic restorations.     

自粘接型树脂粘接剂对玻璃陶瓷粘接耐久性的研究

目的 评价自粘接型和普通型树脂粘接剂与玻璃陶瓷粘接的耐久性,以期为树脂粘接剂的临床应用提供参考.方法 按照ISO 4049 国际标准,对粘接剂A(自粘接型,G-CEM)和粘接剂B(普通型,Linkmax HV)各5个试件在6周内的最大吸水值和溶解值以及其光照射后0.5、24 h和6周的表面显微硬度进行测量.对64个陶瓷试件分别使用硅烷偶联剂A(Monobond S)、B(Clearfil Ceramic Primer)和C(GC Ceramic Primer)进行表面处理或不进行表面处理,再分别使用粘接剂A和B粘接,并于冷热循环前和冷热循环30 000次后测量试件粘接强度.结果 粘接剂A的吸水值和溶解值分别为(79.62±5.63)和(4.78±3.33)μg/mm～3,明显高于粘接剂B[分别为(35.03±3.33)和(0.00±0.00)μg/mm～3].两种粘接剂的表面显微硬度在光照射后24 h达到最大值.冷热循环30 000次后未行表面处理和硅烷偶联剂A、B、C处理后的陶瓷试件与粘接剂A的粘接强度分别为(0.00±0.00)、(2.86±3.25)、(12.75±1.55)和(11.98±2.35)MPa,与粘接剂B对应试件粘接强度[分别为(0.00±0.00)、(5.15±5.20)、(10.94±3.30)和(14.18±3.13)MPa]的差异无统计学意义.结论 在使用硅烷偶联剂的前提下,自粘接型树脂粘接剂可以代替普通型树脂粘接剂进行玻璃陶瓷粘接.     

Twenty-four hour bond strength between layers of a highly loaded indirect composite

This study evaluated the repair bond strength of Estenia composite. Disk specimens of a dentin material were conditioned with varying combinations of silane primer (Add-on Primer, Clearfil Porcelain Bond Activator, Clearfil Porcelain Bond Activator + Clearfil Mega Bond-Primer, Porcelain Liner M, and unprimed) and bonding agent (Clearfil Mega Bond-Bond, Modeling Liquid, Stain Diluent, and no bonding agent). After photopolymerization of the enamel material placed on each surface, the specimens were either wet- or dry-stored at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. Average shear bond strength varied from 24.9 to 61.4 MPa, where the Clearfil Porcelain Bond Activator + Clearfil Mega Bond-Bond group and the Add-on Primer + Modeling Liquid group showed the greatest bond strength for dry and wet conditions respectively. To achieve reliable bond strength between layers of Estenia composite, it is highly recommended to use specific combinations of silane primer and bonding agent.     

Effect of zirconium-oxide ceramic surface treatments on the bond strength to adhesive resin

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Surface treatment methods used for resin bonding to conventional silica-based dental ceramics are not reliable for zirconium-oxide ceramics. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of airborne-particle abrasion, silanization, tribochemical silica coating, and a combination of bonding/silane coupling agent surface treatment methods on the bond strength of zirconium-oxide ceramic to a resin luting agent. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty square-shaped (5 x 5 x 1.5 mm) zirconium-oxide ceramic (Cercon) specimens and composite resin (Z-250) cylinders (3 x 3 mm) were prepared. The ceramic surfaces were airborne-particle abraded with 125-microm aluminum-oxide (Al(2)O(3)) particles and then divided into 6 groups (n = 10) that were subsequently treated as follows: Group C, no treatment (control); Group SIL, silanized with a silane coupling agent (Clearfil Porcelain Bond Activator); Group BSIL, application of the adhesive 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate monomer (MDP)-containing bonding/silane coupling agent mixture (Clearfil Liner Bond 2V/ Porcelain Bond Activator); Group SC, silica coating using 30-microm Al(2)O(3) particles modified by silica (CoJet System); Group SCSIL, silica coating and silanization (CoJet System); and Group SCBSIL, silica coating and application of an MDP-containing bonding/silane coupling agent mixture (Clearfil Liner Bond 2V/Porcelain Bond Activator). The composite resin cylinders were bonded to the treated ceramic surfaces using an adhesive phosphate monomer-containing resin luting agent (Panavia F). After the specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours, their shear bonding strength was tested using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Debonded specimen surfaces were examined with a stereomicroscope to assess the mode of failure, and the treated surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Bond strength data were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance and the Duncan test (alpha = .05). RESULTS: The bond strengths (mean +/- SD; MPa) in the groups were as follows: Group C, 15.7 +/- 2.9; Group SIL, 16.5 +/- 3.4; Group BSIL, 18.8 +/- 2.8; Group SC, 21.6 +/- 3.6; Group SCSIL, 21.9 +/- 3.9; and Group SCBSIL, 22.9 +/- 3.1. The bond strength was significantly higher in Group SCBSIL than in Groups C, SIL, and BSIL (P<.001), but did not differ significantly from those in Groups SC and SCSIL. Failure modes were primarily adhesive at the interface between zirconium and the resin luting agent in Groups C and SIL, and primarily mixed and cohesive in Groups SC, SCSIL, and SCBSIL. CONCLUSION: Tribochemical silica coating (CoJet System) and the application of an MDP-containing bonding/silane coupling agent mixture increased the shear bond strength between zirconium-oxide ceramic and resin luting agent (Panavia F).     

In vitro evaluation of shear bond strengths of resin to densely-sintered high-purity zirconium-oxide ceramic after long-term storage and thermal cycling

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The few available studies on the resin bond to zirconium-oxide ceramic recommend airborne-particle abrasion and modified resin luting agents containing adhesive monomers for superior and long-term durable bond strengths. It is unknown whether this regimen can also be successfully applied to the intaglio surface of a commercial zirconia-based all-ceramic system. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare bond strengths of different bonding/silane coupling agents and resin luting agents to zirconia ceramic before and after artificial aging. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Composite cylinders (2.9 mm x 3.0 mm) were bonded to airborne-particle-abraded intaglio surfaces of Procera AllZirkon specimens (n=80) with either Panavia F (PAN) or Rely X ARC (REL) resin luting agents after pretreatment with Clearfil SE Bond/ Porcelain Bond Activator (Group SE). In another group, Rely X ARC was used with its bonding/silane coupling agent (Single Bond/Ceramic Primer, Group SB). PAN without any bonding/silane agent (Group NO) was the control. Subgroups of 10 specimens were stored in distilled water for either 3 or 180 days before shear bond strength was tested. One hundred eighty-day-old specimens were repeatedly thermal cycled for 12,000 cycles between 5 and 60 degrees C with a 15-second dwell time. Data were analyzed with 1- and 2-way analysis of variance and the Tukey multiple comparisons test (alpha=.05). Failure modes were examined under original magnification x25. RESULTS: After 3 days, SE-REL (25.15 +/- 3.48 MPa) and SE-PAN (20.14 +/- 2.59 MPa) groups had significantly superior mean shear bond strengths (P=.0007) compared with either NO-PAN (17.36 +/- 3.05 MPa) or SB-REL (16.90 +/- 7.22 MPa). SE-PAN, NO-PAN, and SB-REL groups were not significantly different. Artificial aging significantly reduced bond strengths. After 180-day storage, SE-PAN (16.85 +/- 3.72 MPa), and SE-REL (15.45 +/- 3.79 MPa) groups demonstrated significantly higher shear bond strengths than NO-PAN (9.45 +/- 5.06 MPa) or SB-REL (1.08 +/- 1.85 MPa) groups. The modes of failure varied among 3-day groups but were 100% adhesive at the ceramic surfaces after artificial aging. CONCLUSION: Artificial aging significantly reduced bond strength. A bonding/silane coupling agent containing an adhesive phosphate monomer can achieve superior long-term shear bond strength to airborne-particle- abraded Procera AllZirkon restorations with either one of the 2 resin luting agents tested.     

Zirconate coupling agent for bonding resin luting cement to pure zirconium

PURPOSE: To evaluate the shear bond strengths of two dual-cured resin luting cements to pure zirconium and the effect of zirconate coupling agent on the bond strength. METHODS: The two different-shaped pure zirconium specimens (99.9%) were untreated or treated with one of the four primers including zirconate coupler and then cemented together with one of the two dual-cured resin luting cements. Half of the specimens were stored in water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours and the other half thermocycled 20,000 times before shear bond strength testing. RESULTS: Regardless of the resin luting cement and thermocycling, specimens treated with the mixture of zirconate coupler and resin bonding agent showed the highest shear bond strength among the five treatments. Surface treatment with the mixture of zirconate coupler and resin bonding agent showed significantly greater shear bond strength compared with other treatments at 20,000 thermocycles. The application by the mixture of zirconate coupler and resin bonding agent on the pure zirconium metal surface appears to be effective for bonding between zirconium and dual-cured resin luting cements.     

Micro-shear bond strength of dual-cured resin cement to glass ceramics.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sandblasting, etching, and a silane coupling agent on the ability of dual-cured resin cement to bond to glass ceramics designed for in indirect adhesive restoration. METHODS: A cast glass ceramic (Olympus Castable Ceramics) with a crystalline phase consisting of mica and beta-spondumene was selected as the substrate material. The glass surfaces, which were sandblasted, polished, or etched with phosphoric acid or hydrofluoric acid (HF), were bonded with a dual-cured resin cement (Panavia Fluoro Cement) using a dentin adhesive system (Clearfil SE Bond), both with and without a silane coupling agent. A micro-shear bond test was carried out to measure the bond strength of the resin cement to the glass surface. Each glass surface was bonded and tested using the shear test. In addition, surfaces with the bonding removed after the shear bond test, the adhesive interface between the glass and cement, and an etched glass surface without any bonding, were studied morphologically using scanning electron microscopy or field emission scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: Usage of a silane coupling agent effectively raised the bond-strength values of resin cement (Fisher's PLSD, P<0.01). The effectiveness of using phosphoric acid etching to improve bonding was not clear (Fisher's PLSD, P>0.01). HF-etching for 30s seemed to over-etch the glass surface, resulting in adverse effects on bonding (Fisher's PLSD, P<0.01). SIGNIFICANCE: The micro-shear bond strength between Olympus Castable Ceramics and resin cement can be increased by the silane coupling agent used along with an acidic primer.     

Effect of three-liquid bonding agents on bond strength to a machine milled ceramic material

This study determined the bond strengths of porcelain bonding systems joined to a ceramic material, with the aim of evaluating the effect of a catalyst for silane coupling as well as that of initiators for bonding agents. Two sizes of specimen were cut from ceramic blocks (Cerec 2 Vitablocs Mark II) and then primed with either a three-liquid self-curing bonding agent (Clearfil Porcelain Bond, CPB), a three-liquid dual-activated bonding agent (Clapearl Bonding Agent, CBA), or their components. Unprimed specimens were also used as controls. After conditioning, the two different sized plates were bonded together with a dual-cured luting agent (Clapearl DC). The specimens were stored in 37 degrees C water for 24 h and shear bond strengths were determined. Shear testing revealed that the greatest bond strength was generated in the group consisting of ceramic material primed with CBA and exposed for 20 s prior to luting. Bond strengths of the CPB-primed group and the CBA-primed group without pre-exposure were comparable, whereas the remaining groups resulted in significantly lower bond strengths than the other three groups. The priming effect was greatly enhanced when a catalyst was used with the silane coupler as compared with the application of silane alone. The results suggest that incorporation of an initiator and a catalyst for silane coupling into the bonding agent reciprocally enhances bonding between the luting agent and the ceramic material.     

Influence of light irradiation condition on microshear bond strength of dual-cured resin luting agents

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microshear bond strength and bond durability between ceramic and two dual-cured resin luting agents irradiated by different light intensities. Ceramic specimens were bonded with two resin bonding systems: Ceramic Primer and Linkmax HV (CP/LMHV) and Monobond S and Variolink IIHV (MBS/VLIIHV), and were either irradiated by 800, 310, 160, 80, and 40 mW/cm2 light or not irradiated. Bond strength was measured after 24-hour water storage at 37 degrees C and after subsequent 10,000 times of thermal cycling. Failure modes were determined by stereomicroscopy. After 24-hour water storage, there were no significant differences among the various irradiation conditions for both MBS/VLIIHV and CP/LMHV. However, regardless of light intensity, MBS/VLIIHV showed higher bond strength than CP/VLIIHV at each thermal cycling, except for no irradiation condition at 10,000 thermal cycles. In conclusion, thermal cycling significantly reduced the bond strength for all groups.     

Effect of ceramic surface treatment on the shear bond strengths of two resin luting agents to all-ceramic materials

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bond strengths of some resin luting cements of two different all ceramic materials (In-Ceram, IPS-Empress). Composite cylinders 3.2 x 2 mm were prepared on the ceramic surfaces for a shear test. Four ceramic surface treatments were performed. (i). As received, (ii). grinding with diamond bur, (iii). sandblasting with 50 microm alumina grit and (iv). HF acid treatment and sandblasting with 50 microm alumina grit. Ceramic specimens were treated with one of the four methods and then cemented together with each of the two luting agents. The tested luting cements were Panavia F and Clearfil Se Bond (CSeB). The CSeB demonstrated the highest bond strength (59.95 MPa) regardless of the ceramic blocks. The average of load to fracture the In-Ceram blocks luted with Panavia F cement was 25.89 MPa. The mean shear bond strength of IPS Empress blocks luted with Panavia F cement was 10.31 MPa. Grinding the surface with a diamond bur for In-Ceram blocks luted with Panavia-F was 30.93 MPa and with CSeB was 77.04 MPa. For IPS-Empress blocks these values decreased to 12.39 MPa for Panavia-F and 30.84 MPa for CSeB. Acid etching of the surfaces with HF acid demonstrated a weak tendency to improve bond strength (In-Ceram-->Panavia-F= 14.59 MPa and CSeB=59.32 Mpa; IPS-Empress--> Panavia-F=5.85 MPa and CSeB= 23.33 MPa).     

Effects of primer containing silane and thiophosphate monomers on bonding resin to a leucite-reinforced ceramic

Objectives

Silane primers are commonly used for bonding between resin-based luting agents and ceramic restorations. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of nine silane primers on the bond strength of resin to a leucite-reinforced ceramic.

Methods

The commercially available dental primers used were five silane primers (GC Ceramic Primer, GP; Clearfil Ceramic Primer, CP; Tokuso Ceramic Primer, TP; Porcelain Liner M, PM; and Monobond Plus, MB). Four experimental primers (MDS, MTS, MDS/MPII, and MTS/MPII) and two control primers (MMA and MMA/MPII) were also prepared. The ceramic specimen was ground with silicon carbide paper, primed, and then bonded to a resin composite disc using a dual-curing luting agent. After a 24-h immersion in water, the shear bond strengths were determined.

Results

Shear bond testing revealed that the bond strength was significantly improved with the use of a MTS/MPII primer when compared to MDS, MTS, MMA, MDS/MPII and MMA/MPII. Although no significant differences were detected between GP, CP, PM, and MB, the primers CP, TP, PM, and MTS/MPII exhibited the highest bond strengths, followed by GP and MB, whilst the no-primer control resulted in the lowest values.

Conclusion

The maximum bond strengths were obtained with CP, TP, PM, and MTS/MPII. It was suggested that the thiophosphate monomer accelerated the role of the silane monomer. When selecting a primer to bond ceramic restorations, clinicians should be aware that not only the silane monomer but also additional components of the primer considerably affect the bond strength.     

Effects of two silane coupling agents, a bonding agent, and thermal cycling on the bond strength of a CAD/CAM composite material cemented with two resin luting agents

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Surface treatment of CAD/CAM-generated composite material is important for a strong bond of resin luting agents to composite material. Purpose. This study evaluated the shear bond strengths of 2 dual-cured resin luting agents to a CAD/CAM composite material and the effect of silane coupling agent and bonding resin on the bond strength. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Rectangular- and disk-shaped CAD/CAM composite materials were untreated or treated with 1 of the 2 silane coupling agents or bonding resin and then cemented together with 1 of the 2 dual-cured resin luting agents. Half of the specimens were stored in water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours, the other half thermocycled 50,000 times before shear bond strength testing. Shear bond strengths were measured with a servohydraulic mechanical testing machine, and results were analyzed with 2-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: Surface treatment by silane coupling agent improved the shear bond strength when compared with nontreatment. Specimens treated with bonding resin showed significantly greater shear bond strength than the untreated groups. However, all specimens had the same adhesive failures at the composite-luting agent interface as untreated groups. When the CAD/CAM composite material was treated with 1 of the 2 silane coupling agents, no significant differences in bond strength were noted between water storage alone and after 50,000 thermocycles. For the 2 groups treated with bonding resin or silane coupling agent and cemented with 1 of the 2 dual-cured resin luting agents, there were significant increases in bond strength after 50,000 thermocycles, compared with specimens that were not subjected to thermal cycling. On the other hand, for the 2 untreated groups, there were significant decreases in bond strength after thermocycling. After 50,000 thermocycles, all specimens treated with silane coupling agent and then cemented with 1 of the 2 resin luting agents showed cohesive failures within the composite material. CONCLUSION: The application of a silane coupling agent to the CAD/CAM composite surface provided the highest bond strength between the resin luting agent and composite after long-term thermal cycling.     

Effects of dental adhesive cement and surface treatment on bond strength and leakage of zirconium oxide ceramics

To evaluate the interactive influence of adhesive materials and surface treatments on bond strength of zirconium oxide ceramics, six types of adhesive resin cements (RelyX ARC (RA), Super-Bond C & B (SB), Linkmax (LM), Panavia Fluoro Cement (PF), Bistite II (BT), and Imperva Dual (ID)), three types of resin-reinforced glass ionomer cements (Xeno Cem Plus (XC), Vitremer Luting (VR), and Fuji Luting (FL)), as well as four types of surface treatments (# 600 polishing, sandblasting, silane, and Rocatec system) were used in this study. Results of this study indicated that all the tested adhesive materials treated with Rocatec system achieved the highest shear bond strength (31.9-67.1 MPa). In particular, the highest shear bond strength value of 67.1 MPa was found for Linkmax and Rocatec treatment combination, while the lowest shear bond strength value of 5.4 MPa was found for RelyX and # 600 polishing combination. Furthermore, results showed that Rocatec treatment was an effective way to prevent marginal leakage.     

Properties of dual-curable luting composites polymerized with single and dual curing modes

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of visible-light exposure on water absorption, solubility and colour stability of dual-curable luting composites. Using eight dual-curable luting composites (2bond2, Bistite II, G-CERA Cosmotech II, Imperva Dual, Linkmax, Lute-It, Panavia Fluoro Cement and Variolink II), disk specimens were prepared by the following two methods: (i) dual-cured specimens; exposed with visible-light from a light-curing unit, and (ii) chemical-cured specimens; chemically polymerized without exposure. Five specimens were produced for each material and curing mode. Water absorption and solubility were determined according to standardized testing methods, and the data were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and contrasts. With regard to colour stability, the colour difference (DeltaE*) values between 24 h and the other immersion periods (1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks) were calculated and then analysed by repeated measure ANOVA. The dual-cured specimens exhibited significantly lower solubility values than the chemical-cured specimens except for the Lute-It material. The dual-cured Linkmax material exhibited the lowest solubility (0.51 +/- 0.01 microg mm(-3)) and the lowest DeltaE* value after 24 weeks (2.64 +/- 0.39). The dual-curable luting composites should be light-exposed after seating of restorations in order to reduce water absorption and solubility, and to improve colour stability.     

Effects of alumina-blasting and adhesive primers on bonding between resin luting agent and zirconia ceramics

This study evaluated the effect of alumina-blasting and three commercial adhesive primers on the shear bond strength of a dual-cured resin luting agent to zirconia ceramics. Two different-sized zirconia ceramic specimens were treated with or without alumina-blasting and then treated with one of three adhesive primers. Subsequently, specimens were cemented together with Linkmax HV (GC). Half of the specimens were stored in water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours and the other half thermocycled 10,000 times before shear bond strength testing. For groups treated with either alumina-blasting or primer, shear bond strength significantly decreased after thermal cycling. For groups treated with both alumina-blasting and one of the three primers, there were no significant differences in shear bond strength before and after thermal cycling (p<0.05). It was thus concluded that the application of each of the three adhesive primers following alumina-blasting was effective for strong bonding of resin luting agent to zirconia ceramics.