HIV-1包膜蛋白V2区突变对V3区特异的中和抗体的影响

目的 研究HIV-1包膜蛋白V2区突变对V3区特异中和抗体与HIV-1中和作用的影响.方法 使用假病毒中和试验测定L175P突变对于V3区中和抗体对HIV-1中和能力的影响,ELISA方法测定上述中和抗体对gp120蛋白单体的结合力.结果 V2区突变L175P可以改变多个V3区特异性中和抗体对病毒的中和能力,但这些中和抗体对gp120蛋白单体的结合力不因V2区突变而改变.结论 V2区的L175P突变改变了gp120蛋白天然三聚体的结构,促进了V3区抗体的中和能力.

Abstract：

Objective To study the impact of V2 mutations on neutralizing ability of HIV-1-specific neutralizing antibodies. Methods We tested the influence of L175P mutation to the neutralizing ability of V3-specific antibodies by pseudotype virus and the binding affinity of those V3-spesific antibodies to gpl20 monomer by ELISA. Results We found L175P mutation changed the neutralizing ability of V3-specific antibodies. However, L175P mutation showed no effects on the binding affinity of these antibodies to gpl20 monomer. Conclusion Our results revealed the L175P mutation at V2 loop changed the natural trimmer structure of gp120 and enhanced the neutralizing ability of V3-specific antibodies.     

HIV-1流行株去糖基化修饰gp41突变体的构建及其表达和纯化

目的:构建HIV-1ⅢB标准株、中国大陆地区主要流行株CRF-BC和海南省流行株CRF-AE野生型和突变型gp41表达载体,获得gp41重组蛋白。方法:利用基因定点突变的方法,将HIV-1ⅢB、CRF-BC和CRF-AE流行株野生型gp41基因中特定的N611Q糖基化位点天冬酰胺Asn突变为谷氨酰胺Gln,使该位点去糖基化。利用基因工程技术构建野生型pc DNA3. 1-gp41和突变型pc DNA3. 1-Mgp41表达载体。取测序正确的重组质粒转染293 T细胞,重组蛋白经Ni-NTA亲和层析柱纯化后采用免疫杂交方法进行分析。结果:测序结果显示野生型gp41的N611糖基化位点均由天冬酰胺(Asn)的编码基因(AAU)突变为谷氨酰胺(Gln)的编码基因(GAA),成功构建了野生型和突变型gp41表达载体。琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析显示野生型和突变型HIV-1 gp41基因大小约为700 bp,Western blot免疫杂交结果显示在26 k D处出现目的条带,与预期一致。结论:成功构建了HIV-1流行株去糖基化修饰gp41突变体,为研究去糖基化修饰gp41蛋白与疾病发生发展的分子机制奠定基础。     

Ⅰ型人类免疫缺陷病毒包膜糖蛋白CD4结合位点修饰诱导小鼠体液免疫反应的实验研究

目的 探讨Ⅰ型人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV-1)包膜糖蛋白(Env) gp120的CD4结合位点(CD4BS)核心区第423、425和431位氨基酸三联突变ING/MKE对其诱导体液免疫反应的影响.方法 构建HIV-1原代毒株06044包膜gp120 ING/MKE三联突变表达载体pcT22-06044 gp120T-ING/MKE(gp120T-ING/MKE),在体外转染的HEK293T细胞表达三聚化野生型gp120Twt蛋白和突变体gp120T-ING/MKE蛋白.免疫BALB/c小鼠后检测结合抗体、中和抗体和骨髓抗原特异性浆细胞.结果 获得真核表达载体gp120T-ING/MKE.转染后,在293T细胞培养上清中检测到了三聚化重组蛋白.末次免疫后14 d,gp120Twt和gp120T-ING/MKE免疫血清中结合抗体滴度都大于1∶1 000,但两组血清抗体滴度无显著差异.突变体组骨髓特异性浆细胞分泌水平和非特异浆细胞水平均低于野生型gp120免疫组.野生型和突变体免疫诱导血清抗体的中和活性均不强.结论 HIV-1包膜蛋白CD4结合区423、425和431位三联突变没有改善gp120蛋白的免疫原性.     

5株不同亚型HIV-1毒株gp120序列特征分析及其蛋白的表达

目的 分析我国HIV-1主要亚型毒株的gp120区域的序列特征,并表达出gp120糖基化蛋白,为研究gp120的致病机制和设计疫苗奠定基础.方法 利用巢式PCR从来自于不同省份的5名HIV-1感染者外周血单个核细胞DNA中扩增全长gp120基因并测序,对序列特征进行分析,并将获得的gp120基因克隆入真核表达载体,体外表达获得gp120糖基化蛋白.结果 序列分析显示,此5条gp120序列分属HIV-1 Thai-B、BC重组和AE重组哑型,虽然亚型不同,但这些gp120序列在相同的位置都存在着一些保守的糖基化位点,且都具备相同的Furin蛋白酶第一切割位点,与参考序列比较发现,不同的HIV亚型序列中,除V3序列长度较为保守外,V1、V2、V4、V5各区域都有不同程度的缺失现象,与BC重组和AE重组亚型相比,Thai-B亚型V3的顶端环呈现出多种组合.最终将这5条gpl20序列都克隆人真核表达载体并表达出糖基化的gp120蛋白.结论 在设计疫苗和检测试剂时应考虑到膜区的高变性,gp120糖蛋白的体外表达有利于进一步开展针对我国主要HIV流行毒株膜蛋白致病机制和疫苗学的研究.     

HIV-1广谱中和性单克隆抗体的研究进展

从HIV感染患者血清中分离的针对HIV-1包膜上保守表位的中和性单克隆抗体(mAb)很多,识别的表位分别是HIV-1gp120上CD4结合位点(CD4bs),gp41的跨膜前域MPER,gp120表面包膜的高甘露聚糖,gp120上V2/V3环,这些抗体对HIV-1疫苗免疫原的研究设计至关重要.本文主要综述了各中和性单克隆抗体的结构特征,识别的表位,抗体与病毒包膜之间的相互作用.     

HIV-1中和抗体b12的研究进展

HIV-1由于其外膜糖蛋白结构多变可以很容易逃避抗体介导的中和作用.b12抗体是目前少数几种被证明具有广谱抗HIV-1活性的中和抗体,近来关于gp120结构研究表明在gp120上有一个保守的中和位点,且b12抗体可以和这个位点结合从而阻断靶细胞CD4与gp120作用,这一发现预示b12抗体对于新一代艾滋病疫苗设计具有重要的作用.本文即对b12抗体的有关研究进展作一综述.     

HIV-1中和抗体b12的研究进展

HIV-1由于其外膜糖蛋白结构多变可以很容易逃避抗体介导的中和作用.b12抗体是目前少数几种被证明具有广谱抗HIV-1活性的中和抗体,近来关于gp120结构研究表明在gp120上有一个保守的中和位点,且b12抗体可以和这个位点结合从而阻断靶细胞CD4与gp120作用,这一发现预示b12抗体对于新一代艾滋病疫苗设计具有重要的作用.本文即对b12抗体的有关研究进展作一综述.     

HIV-1中和抗体b12的研究进展

HIV-1由于其外膜糖蛋白结构多变可以很容易逃避抗体介导的中和作用.b12抗体是目前少数几种被证明具有广谱抗HIV-1活性的中和抗体,近来关于gp120结构研究表明在gp120上有一个保守的中和位点,且b12抗体可以和这个位点结合从而阻断靶细胞CD4与gp120作用,这一发现预示b12抗体对于新一代艾滋病疫苗设计具有重要的作用.本文即对b12抗体的有关研究进展作一综述.     

HIV-1中和抗体b12的研究进展

HIV-1由于其外膜糖蛋白结构多变可以很容易逃避抗体介导的中和作用.b12抗体是目前少数几种被证明具有广谱抗HIV-1活性的中和抗体,近来关于gp120结构研究表明在gp120上有一个保守的中和位点,且b12抗体可以和这个位点结合从而阻断靶细胞CD4与gp120作用,这一发现预示b12抗体对于新一代艾滋病疫苗设计具有重要的作用.本文即对b12抗体的有关研究进展作一综述.     

HIV-1中和抗体b12的研究进展

HIV-1由于其外膜糖蛋白结构多变可以很容易逃避抗体介导的中和作用.b12抗体是目前少数几种被证明具有广谱抗HIV-1活性的中和抗体,近来关于gp120结构研究表明在gp120上有一个保守的中和位点,且b12抗体可以和这个位点结合从而阻断靶细胞CD4与gp120作用,这一发现预示b12抗体对于新一代艾滋病疫苗设计具有重要的作用.本文即对b12抗体的有关研究进展作一综述.     

In vivo alteration of humoral responses to HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 by antibodies to the CD4-binding site of gp120

The binding of antibodies to the CD4-binding site (CD4bs) of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 has been shown to induce gp120 to undergo conformational changes that can expose and/or shield specific epitopes on gp120. Here, we study alterations in the antigenicity and immunogenicity of gp120 when complexed with human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for the CD4bs of gp120. The data showed that gp120 bound by anti-CD4bs mAbs had enhanced reactivity with mAbs to the V3 and N-terminal regions, but not with mAb to the C terminus. Moreover, mice immunized with the gp120/anti-CD4bs mAb complexes produced higher titers of gp120-specific serum IgG and IgA than mice immunized with uncomplexed gp120 or other gp120/mAb complexes. Notably, the enhanced antibody production was directed against V3 and correlated with better exposure of V3 on the gp120/anti-CD4bs mAb complexes. The higher antibody reactivity was evident against the homologous V3(LAI) peptide, but not against heterologous V3 peptides. Potent neutralization activity against HIV-1(LAI) was also observed in the sera from mice immunized with gp120/anti-CD4bs mAb complexes, although the sera exhibited poor neutralizing activities against other viruses tested. These results indicate that the anti-CD4bs antibodies alter the antigenicity and immunogenicity of gp120, leading to enhanced production of anti-gp120 antibodies directed particularly against the V3 region.     

Sensitivity of HIV-1 to neutralization by antibodies against O-linked carbohydrate epitopes despite deletion of O-glycosylation signals in the V3 loop

Summary It has been suggested that threonine or serine residues in the V3 loop of HIV-1 gp120 are glycosylated with the short-chain O-linked oligosaccharides Tn or sialosyl-Tn that function as epitopes for broadly neutralizing carbohydrate specific antibodies. In this study we examined whether mutation of such threonine or serine residues could decrease the sensitivity to infectivity inhibition by Tn or sialosyl-Tn specific antibodies. All potentially O-glycosylated threonine and serine residues in the V3 loop of cloned HIV-1_BRU were mutagenized to alanine thus abrogating any O-glycosylation at these sites. Additionally, one of these T-A mutants (T308A) also abrogated the signal for N-glycosylation at N306 inside the V3-loop. The mutant clones were compared with the wild type virus as to sensitivity to neutralization with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies specific for the tip of the V3 loop of BRU or for the O-linked oligosaccharides Tn or sialosyl-Tn. Deletion of the N-linked oligosaccharide at N306 increased the neutralization sensitivity to antibodies specific for the tip of the loop, which indicates that N-linked glycosylation modulates the accessibility to this immunodominant epitope. However, none of the mutants with deletions of O-glycosylation signals in the V3 loop displayed any decrease in sensitivity to anti-Tn or anti-sialosyl-Tn antibody. This indicates that these broadly specific neutralization epitopes are located outside the V3 loop of gp120.     

Identification of an N-linked glycan in the V1-loop of HIV-1 gp120 influencing neutralization by anti-V3 antibodies and soluble CD4

Summary Glycosylation is necessary for HIV-1 gp120 to attain a functional conformation, and individual N-linked glycans of gp120 are important, but not essential, for replication of HIV-1 in cell culture. We have constructed a mutant HIV-1 infectious clone lacking a signal for N-linked glycosylation in the V1-loop of HIV-1 gp120. Lack of an N-linked glycan was verified by a mobility enhancement of mutant gp120 in SDS-gel electrophoresis. The mutated virus showed no differences in either gp120 content per infectious unit or infectivity, indicating that the N-linked glycan was neither essential nor affecting viral infectivity in cell culture. We found that the mutated virus lacking an N-linked glycan in the V1-loop of gp120 was more resistant to neutralization by monoclonal antibodies to the V3-loop and neutralization by soluble recombinant CD4 (sCD4). Both viruses were equally well neutralized by ConA and a conformation dependent human antibody IAM-2G12. This suggests that the N-linked glycan in the V1-loop modulates the three-dimensional conformation of gp120, without changing the overall functional integrity of the molecule.     

Structure-based,targeted deglycosylation of HIV-1 gp120 and effects on neutralization sensitivity and antibody recognition

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) exterior envelope glycoprotein, gp120, mediates receptor binding and is the major target for neutralizing antibodies. Primary HIV-1 isolates are characteristically more resistant to broadly neutralizing antibodies, although the structural basis for this resistance remains obscure. Most broadly neutralizing antibodies are directed against functionally conserved gp120 regions involved in binding to either the primary virus receptor, CD4, or the viral coreceptor molecules that normally function as chemokine receptors. These antibodies are known as CD4 binding site (CD4BS) and CD4-induced (CD4i) antibodies, respectively. Inspection of the gp120 crystal structure reveals that although the receptor-binding regions lack glycosylation, sugar moieties lie proximal to both receptor-binding sites on gp120 and thus in proximity to both the CD4BS and the CD4i epitopes. In this study, guided by the X-ray crystal structure of gp120, we deleted four N-linked glycosylation sites that flank the receptor-binding regions. We examined the effects of selected changes on the sensitivity of two prototypic HIV-1 primary isolates to neutralization by antibodies. Surprisingly, removal of a single N-linked glycosylation site at the base of the gp120 third variable region (V3 loop) increased the sensitivity of the primary viruses to neutralization by CD4BS antibodies. Envelope glycoprotein oligomers on the cell surface derived from the V3 glycan-deficient virus were better recognized by a CD4BS antibody and a V3 loop antibody than were the wild-type glycoproteins. Absence of all four glycosylation sites rendered a primary isolate sensitive to CD4i antibody-mediated neutralization. Thus, carbohydrates that flank receptor-binding regions on gp120 protect primary HIV-1 isolates from antibody-mediated neutralization.     

Synergistic interaction between ligands binding to the CD4 binding site and V3 domain of human immunodeficiency virus type I gp120.

We demonstrate that soluble CD4 (sCD4) or a monoclonal antibody (mAb), 39.13g, binding to a conformational epitope of gp120 involved in CD4 binding, and mAbs binding to the V3 domain of gp120, can synergistically neutralize human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1). In contrast, a neutralizing mAb binding to a linear epitope within the CD4 binding domain was unable to exert a synergistic effect in combination with V3 mAbs, suggesting that synergism is dependent on ligands binding to the critical, discontinuous, gp120 residues constituting the CD4 binding site. A number of V3 mAbs showed increased binding to virion gp120 in the presence of sCD4, suggesting a mechanism for the synergistic neutralization. This effect was not observed with recombinant or detergent solubilized viral gp120, suggesting that the oligomeric structure of gp120 on viral particles affects V3 epitope exposure. This hypothesis is supported by the ability of two new V3 mAbs, 8/38c and 8/64b, to only neutralize HIV-1 in the presence of sCD4 or mAb 39.13g; binding studies demonstrate that these mAbs only bind to virion gp120 in the presence of sCD4. Thus, V3 epitope exposure is modulated by the interaction of virion gp120 with ligands specific for the CD4 binding domain and results in enhanced antibody-mediated neutralization.     

Highly conserved HIV-1 gp120 glycans proximal to CD4-binding region affect viral infectivity and neutralizing antibody induction

Glycosylation plays important roles in gp120 structure and HIV-1 immune evasion. In the current study, we introduced deglycosylations into the 24 N-linked glycosylation sites of a R5 env MWS2 cloned from semen and systematically analyzed the impact on infectivity, antigenicity, immunogenicity and sensitivity to entry inhibitors. We found that mutants N156-T158A, N197-S199A, N262-S264A and N410-T412A conferred decreased infectivity and enhanced sensitivity to a series of antibodies and entry inhibitors. When mice were immunized with the DNA of wild-type or mutated gp160, gp140 or gp120; N156-T158A, N262-S264A and N410-T412A were more effective in inducing neutralizing activity against wild-type MWS2 as well as heterologous IIIB and CH811 Envs. In general, gp160 and gp140 induced higher neutralizing activity compared with gp120. Our study demonstrates for the first time that removal of individual glycan N156, N262 or N410 proximal to CD4-binding region impairs viral infectivity and results in enhanced capability to induce neutralizing activity.     

Detection of orientation-specific anti-gp120 antibodies by a new N-glycanase protection assay

Several functions have been assigned to the extensive glycosylation of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120, especially immune escape mechanisms, but the intramolecular interactions between gp120 and its carbohydrate complement are not well understood. To analyse this phenomenon we established a new microwell deglycosylation assay for determining N-linked glycan accessibility after binding of gp120-specific agents. Orientation-specific exposition of gp120 in ELISA microplates was achieved by catching with either anti-C5 antibody D7324 or anti-V3 antibody NEA-9205. We found that soluble CD4 inhibited the deglycosylation of gp120 only when gp120 was caught by D7324 and not by NEA9205. In contrast, antibodies from HIV-infected individuals inhibited the deglycosylation best when gp120 was caught by NEA9205. These results demonstrated that both the CD4-binding site and the epitopes recognised by antibodies from HIV-infected individuals have N-glycans in the close vicinity. However, the difference in gp120 orientation indicates that antibodies in HIV-infected individuals, at least partly, bind to epitopes different from the CD4-binding site. Finally, we determined the structural class of the glycan of one V1 glycosylation site of prototype HIV-1 LAI gp120, which remained unsolved from previous studies, and found that it belonged to the complex type of glycans.     

Antigenicity and Predefined Specificities of the Multi-Epitope Vaccine in Candidate Consisting of Neutralizing Epitope and Mutated Epitopes Suggested a New Way against HIV-1 Mutation

A seven-amino acid epitope GPGRAFY located inside the V3 loop on envelope protein gp120 of HIV-1 is the principal neutralizing epitope (PNE), and a subset of anti-V3 antibodies specific for this epitope show a broad range of neutralizing activity. But this epitope undergoes restricted mutation. In this study, three epitope peptides [C-(GPGRAFY)2, C-(GPGQTFY)2 and C-(GPGQAWY)2] that contain neutralizing epitope GPGRAFY and its two mutated epitope GPGQTFY and GPGQAWY, were synthesized and then conjugated to carrier protein KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin). the epitope-vaccines C-(GPGRAFY)2-KLH, C-(GPGQTFY)2-KLH and C-(GPGQAWY)2-KLH induced high levels of antibodies to three V3 loop peptides that contain these epitopes respectively, and the antibody response induced by each epitope-vaccine showed predefined epitope-specific. When these three epitope-peptides mixed together and conjugated to carrier protein, or conjugated to carrier protein separately and then mixed together, high levels of epitope-specific antibodies which respectively recognized these epitopes on V3 loop peptide and both mutated peptides all can be induced by both of them. In blotting assay, these epitope-specific antibodies all recognized the neutralizing epitope and mutated epitopes on peptides respectively. In addition, the reactivity of the antibodies with whole gp120 molecule which contained the epitope GPGRAFY was tested. Only the GPGRAFY-epitope-specific antibodies but not the other antibodies recognized the gp120 molecule. These results provide experimental evidence that the candidate multi-epitope-vaccine containing neutralizing epitope and mutated epitopes may bring new hope against viral mutation resulting in HIV-1 immune evasion and may be developed as an effective vaccine with a broad neutralizing activity against HIV-1 infection.     

N-linked glycosylation in C2 region of HIV-1 envelope reduces sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies

N-linked glycosylation at specific sites on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)--1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein is believed to act as a glycan shield to protect the viral neutralizing epitopes. Various glycosylation sites have been shown to affect the sensitivity to antibody-mediated neutralization. These include sites on V1V2, C2, base of V3, V5 and C5. Among these, the sites around the base of V3 loop have been most consistently found to associate with neutralization sensitivity in subtype B viruses. In contrast, we found that N-linked glycosylation sites at the junction of V2--C2 and in the middle of C2 were responsible for the neutralization resistance in CRF01_A/E, whereas sites at the base of V3 loop and in V1 and V5 did not affect the neutralization phenotype.     

Mutations increasing exposure of a receptor binding site epitope in the soluble and oligomeric forms of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus envelope glycoprotein

The caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAEV) and ovine maedi-visna (MVV) viruses are resistant to antibody neutralization, a feature shared with all other lentiviruses. Whether the CAEV gp135 receptor binding site(s) (RBS) in the functional surface envelope glycoprotein (Env) is protected from antibody binding, allowing the virus to resist neutralization, is not known. Two CAEV gp135 regions were identified by extrapolating a gp135 structural model that could affect binding of antibodies to the RBS: the V1 region and a short sequence analogous in position to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 loop B postulated to be located between two major domains of CAEV gp135. Mutation of isoleucine-166 to alanine in the putative loop B of gp135 increased the affinity of soluble gp135 for the CAEV receptor(s) and goat monoclonal antibody (Mab) F7-299 which recognizes an epitope overlapping the gp135 RBS. The I166A mutation also stabilized or exposed the F7-299 epitope in anionic detergent buffers, indicating that the I166A mutation induces conformational changes and stabilizes the RBS of soluble gp135 and enhances Mab F7-299 binding. In contrast, the affinity of a V1 deletion mutant of gp135 for the receptor and Mab F7-299 and its structural stability did not differ from that of the wild-type gp135. However, both the I166A mutation and the V1 deletion of gp135 increased cell-to-cell fusion activity and binding of Mab F7-299 to the oligomeric Env. Therefore, the CAEV gp135 RBS is protected from antibody binding by mechanisms both dependent and independent of Env oligomerization which are disrupted by the V1 deletion and the I166A mutation, respectively. In addition, we found a correlation between side-chain beta-branching at amino acid position 166 and binding of Mab F7-299 to oligomeric Env and cell-to-cell fusion, suggesting local secondary structure constraints in the region around isoleucine-166 as one determinant of gp135 RBS exposure and antibody binding.