Prognostic factors in a patients with renal cell carcinoma]

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate prognostic factors of renal cell carcinoma using univariate statistics. Materials and methods: Materials are 182 patients treated from 1976 to 1992. Kaplan-Meier method and generalized wilcoxon test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Seventy cases were found incidentally without any symptoms. The overall 5- and 10-year survival rates by Kaplan-Meier method were 73.8% and 66.2%, respectively. In the univariate analysis, sex, chief complaints, tumor sizes, T-Stages, venous invasions and grades were statistically significant prognostic factors. The prognosis of males more than 60 years of age was significantly poor. The prognosis of patients with incidentalomas was far better than that of symptomatic patients. CONCLUSION: Sex and chief complaints were pointed out as significant prognostic factors for renal cell carcinoma.     

Prognostic factors for disease progression in patients with renal cell carcinoma

IntroductionMore than 40% of patients with renal cell carcinoma present with disease progression after surgery. The objective of the current study was to identify a clinically useful set of prognostic factors that would correlate significantly with the capacity of progression.Material and methodsThe authors studied 252 patients with renal cell carcinoma who underwent radical nephrectomy. Followup ranged from 12-246 months (median 36 months). Several morphologic parameters of the tumors were considered. DNA content was analyzed by flow cytometry and tumor size was determined from the surgical specimen. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to identify significant independent prognostic factors for disease progression.ResultsA total of 224 out of 252 were available for suitable histograms. Of the 224 patients, 95 (42,4%) were aneuploid tumors, 106 (47,2%) were organ-confined renal cell carcinoma and 87 (39,74%) presented disease progression. At 5 and 10 years of followup, disease free survival was found to be 66,31% and 62,23%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that DNA ploidy, Furhman grade and stage (TNM) had a statistically significant predictive value for disease progression. Survival univariate analysis found a worse probability of survival for aneuploid tumors, grade III-IV tumors, non organ-confined tumors and conventional and undiferentiated tumors. Using multivariate survival analyses, Furhman grade, stage (TNM) and DNA ploidy were the only independent prognostic factors. So, the probability of death for aneuploid tumor was 1,7 times higher than for diploid tumors.ConclusionsStage, DNA content and Furhman grade were the only significant independent predictors of disease progression. Tumoral size and histological type did not provide more additional information.     

Prognostic factors in renal cell carcinoma

Several well-established prognostic factors are now available for RCC and have proven utility for patient counseling and management. Consideration of these factors allows for a rational stratification of patients into clinical trials and facilitates the comparison of reports from diverse institutions. Tumor stage remains the most important prognostic factor for RCC, but compelling data have also been accumulated in support of various clinical signs and symptoms, tumor grade, size, histologic subtype, and DNA content and nuclear morphometry. Novel efforts to integrate these factors show great promise and are likely to incorporate molecular factors in the near future.     

Prognostic factors in renal cell carcinoma

Various prognostic factors were retrospectively studied in 81 patients with renal cell carcinoma. Among 16 studied variables 3 were statistically strongly associated with survival. These were clinical stage, tumour cell type and histopathological grade. Some other variables were statistically associated with survival, e.g. tumour size, palpable mass, sedimentation rate and haemoglobin value. In patients surviving more than 10 years, the majority of tumours (28/35) were confined within the renal capsule. Tumours spreading outside the renal capsule dominated in patients who survived less than 10 years (32/46). Patients with renal vein involvement only had longer survival times than those with other local spread.     

Prognostic factors in renal cell carcinoma

In order to evaluate the prognostic factors of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a retrospective study was carried out on 215 patients (150 men, 65 women) who had undergone surgical treatment from March 1979 to December 1986. The average age of the patients was 58 years (ranging from 15 to 85 years). The ratios of survival to tumor stage and grade, as well as to nodal and venous involvement, distant metastases at the time of diagnosis (as TNM classification) were evaluated by means of the actuarial method (life table). Corrected 5-year survival rates for stage T1-T4 were 100, 81, 68.9 and 0%, respectively. Grade 1 and grade 2 tumors had a 5-year survival rate of 66.5 and 52.8%, respectively; grade 3 had a 3-year survival rate of 46.5%. Nodal involvement at the time of diagnosis had a prediction value for the 3- and 5-year survival rate of 39.8 and 34.5%, respectively. Metastases at time of diagnosis had a 14.1% prediction value for a 3-year survival rate. Tumor extension to the vena cava (21 patients) affected survival in a significant way (55.8% at 3 years). A definite tendency towards lower stage and grade was observed in incidentally diagnosed RCC (11%). In conclusion, stage, grade, nodal and venous involvement as well as metastases at the time of diagnosis have a significant prognostic value in RCC. These data and the lack of early diagnostic methods for RCC suggest the routine use of renal ultrasonography in clinically asymptomatic patients during examination for suspected abdominal diseases and in high-risk patients (Von Hippel-Lindau disease smokers).     

Prognostic factors in renal cell carcinoma

Purpose  

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a very heterogeneous disease with widely varying prognosis. An accurate knowledge of the individual risk of disease progression and mortality after treatment is essential to counsel patients, plan individualized surveillance protocols and select patients for adapted treatment schedules and new clinical trials.     

Prognostic factors of renal cell carcinoma

PURPOSE: Determination of prognostic factors is essential for the management of renal cell carcinoma. Stage, histological grade and type, and performance status are now well known and commonly used. During the last decade numerous predictors of patient outcome were tested. This review summarizes the most important studies, explores and compares the results, and tries to respond to the question, "Today, what do we expect of clinical, molecular and genetic factors concerning survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma?" MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on MEDLINE literature searches we comprehensively reviewed the literature on the prognostic factors associated with the tumor, the patient and the treatment. RESULTS: During the last decades numerous factors have been studied but few of them maintained independent significance in terms of overall survival as assessed by multivariate analysis. Results are more often controversial from one series to another. No known molecular or cytogenetic tumor marker has been identified to help diagnose, manage or confirm renal cell carcinoma remission, progression or relapse. CONCLUSIONS: The classical prognostic factors remain histological grade, histological type, performance status, patient age, number and location(s) of metastatic sites, time to appearance of metastases and prior nephrectomy. The only striking advancement during the last few years has been the proven contribution of radical nephrectomy for metastatic disease in patients with good performance status.     

Prognostic factors for patients with gliomatosis cerebri: retrospective analysis of 17 consecutive cases

Neurosurgical Review - Gliomatosis cerebri (GC) is a rare fatal glial neoplasm of the central nervous system. Neuroimaging, histological, and clinical outcome data were reviewed of 17 consecutive...     

Prognostic factors for patients with gliomatosis cerebri: retrospective analysis of 17 consecutive cases

Gliomatosis cerebri (GC) is a rare fatal glial neoplasm of the central nervous system. Neuroimaging, histological, and clinical outcome data were reviewed of 17 consecutive patients, 8 males and 9 females aged 15–68 years (median, 37 years), treated for GC between April 1992 and October 2007. All patients received cranial irradiation to include the hyperintense area on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. The total dose of the radiotherapy was 50–72 Gy (median, 60). Intravenous nimustine hydrochloride was administered in all patients, combined with temozolomide in four patients. The median survival time was 23.3 months, with a median follow-up of 23.3 months. Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated the overall survival rate which was 70.6% for 1 year, 23.5% for 3 years, and 17.7% for 5 years. Spinal enhanced lesions and nodular malignant transformation to glioblastoma were observed during follow-up in two patients each. Poor survival showed correlation with higher Ki-67 labeling index, higher choline/N-acetylaspartate ratio on magnetic resonance spectroscopy, tumor volumes, lower Karnofsky performance status on admission, cognitive/behavioral deterioration, poor response to the initial radiochemotherapy, and emergence of paraventricular enhanced lesions during the clinical course. The prognosis for patients with GC is unfavorable, but radiochemotherapy may prolong survival.     

Prognostic factors and survival of patients with sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma.

PURPOSE: Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma often has an aggressive clinical course characterized by rapid disease progression. We evaluate prognostic factors for patient survival and the effect of treatment on patient outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1987 and 1998, 108 patients were classified as having sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma at our institution. We reviewed the records of these patients to identify clinical and pathological prognostic variables. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to determine differences in overall survival. RESULTS: A total of 96 (89%) patients were symptomatic at presentation. Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma was localized to the kidney in 25 (23%) patients, whereas metastasis was present in 83 (77%). The median overall survival of all patients was 9 months. The presence of clinically localized disease was associated with longer overall survival when compared to patients with metastasis (17 versus 7 months, respectively, p <0.004). Of 86 patients who received systemic therapy partial response was seen in 28, and no complete responses were noted. Patients who had a partial response had a median survival of 19 months and those with no response 7 (p <0.005). Those patients with metastatic disease who were treated with nephrectomy followed by systemic therapy survived a median time of 8.5 months, whereas those who received systemic therapy alone 5.3 (p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma have poor overall survival because of the aggressive biological behavior. Survival is longer for patients presenting with clinically localized disease, single metastatic site, and exhibiting a partial response to systemic therapy.     

舒尼替尼治疗转移性肾癌的预后因素分析

目的 探讨影响舒尼替尼治疗转移性肾癌的预后因素. 方法 回顾性分析2008年5月至2012年12月82例接受舒尼替尼治疗的转移性肾癌患者的临床资料,男60例,女22例.年龄29～ 82岁,平均(56.1±11.3)岁.52例有血尿、腰痛、肿块等临床症状.肿瘤大小2.0～18.0 cm,平均(8.0±3.0) cm.肾肿瘤位于左侧41例,右侧37例,双侧4例.69例接受了肾切除术,13例未行肾切除术者行穿刺活检获得病理.病理诊断为透明细胞癌75例,乳头状癌、嫌色细胞癌、肉瘤样癌各2例,集合管癌1例.转移部位包括肺50例、肝11例、骨14例、胰腺3例、后腹膜淋巴结31例.美国东部肿瘤协作组(eastern cooperative oncology group,ECOG)评分1～2分52例,≥3分30例.Hb平均(132±24) g/L,治疗开始时59例低于正常值.碱性磷酸酶平均(90±65) U/L,治疗开始时9例异常.乳酸脱氢酶平均(168±114) U/L,治疗开始时6例异常者.WBC平均为(6.4±2.0)×109/L,治疗开始时2例异常.MSKCC风险模型高危组14例,中危组68例.74例在确诊1年内、8例在确诊1年后接受舒尼替尼治疗,59例治疗首月相对剂量密度≥50％.采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析法计算患者的生存率,log-rank检验生存率差异,应用Cox比例回归风险模型分析影响预后的因素. 结果 本组82例的总生存期为2.8264.1个月,平均(21.6±14.1)个月.Kaplan-Meier生存分析结果显示,1年存活率为71％,2年存活率为64％,3年存活率为58％.单因素分析结果显示ECOG评分≥2分(P=0.005)、初次就诊时有临床症状(P=0.031)、未行患肾切除术(P=0.012)、转移部位数目≥2个(P=0.015)、靶向治疗开始时的Hb值(P=0.005)、靶向治疗开始时的碱性磷酸酶值(P=0.007)、MSKCC评分≥3分(P=0.000)、肝转移(P=0.000)、骨转移(P=0.000)、舒尼替尼首月相对剂量密度＜50％(P=0.000)等10项因素对转移性肾癌的预后有影响.Cox多因素分析结果显示ECOG评分≥2分(P=0.136)、初诊时无临床症状(P=0.801)、靶向治疗开始时碱性磷酸酶值＜126 U/L(P=0.618)、无骨转移(P=0.068)、无胰腺转移(P=0.265)等是对预后有益的因素;舒尼替尼首月相对剂量密度≥50％(P=0.000)是影响转移性肾癌预后的独立因素. 结论 靶向药物可使影响转移性肾癌预后的因素发生一定变化.舒尼替尼首月相对剂量密度≥50％是影响转移性肾癌预后的独立因素.     

Prognostic factors and risk classifications for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma

The introduction of molecular‐targeted therapy has made dramatical changes to treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Currently, there are four vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors and two mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors in Japan. For the appropriate clinical use of these molecular‐targeted drugs, the identification of prognostic and/or predictive factors in patients who received these drugs is required. Although molecular biological and genetic factors that determine the prognosis of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma have been reported, most of these factors are problematic in that the number of patients analyzed was small. In contrast, clinicopathological prognostic factors, including the practice of cytoreductive nephrectomy, pathological findings, metastatic sites and metastasectomy, and abnormal inflammatory response, have been identified by analyzing a relatively large number of patients. Several prognostic classification models that were developed by combining these clinicopathological factors are widely used in not only clinical trials, but also routine clinical practice. However, the quality of these prognostic models is considered to be insufficient regarding prognostic prediction of metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients and, thus, requires further improvements. Recently, basic and clinical studies have been extensively carried out for the identification of promising informative markers and for understanding molecular mechanisms of resistance to molecular‐targeted drugs in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients. The present review considers ongoing translational research efforts on clinicopathological, molecular biological, and genetic prognostic and/or predictive factors for metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients in the era of molecular‐targeted therapy, and discusses the clinical implications of these findings.     

Prognostic factors for cases with metastatic renal cell carcinoma in the era of targeted medicine

Prognostic factors in the setting of treated metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) can theoretically predict drug response, progression-free survival or overall survival. These factors are potentially useful for informing patients and for tailoring medical treatment according to risk assessment. Prognostic factors were well defined in the era of immunotherapy. Since 2006, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and anti-angiogenic drugs have revolutionized the treatment of mRCC by improving progression-free survival and overall survival. Physicians now need new predictive tools adapted to targeted therapies. The aim of our study was to review the current knowledge about prognostic factors in mRCC by focusing on anatomical, clinical, biological, histological, radiological and molecular parameters. The most recent integrated prognostic models will be reviewed as well.     

Prognostic value of renal cell carcinoma nuclear grading: multivariate analysis of 333 cases

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the independent predictive value of the nuclear grading system according to Fuhrman in relation to the disease-specific survival of patients with renal clear cell carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 333 patients who underwent radical nephrectomy for renal clear cell carcinoma between 1983 and 1999 were evaluated. In all patients we retrospectively studied nuclear grading, average tumor size, multifocality, pathologic stage of primary tumor, vein invasion, lymph node involvement and distant metastases. The Kaplan-Meier method was applied to evaluate disease-specific survival rates. The log rank test was used to compare survival curves and for univariate analysis. The Cox proportional hazards model was used for the multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Histologic grade was G1 in 83 cases (25%), G2 in 117 cases (35%), G3 in 110 cases (33%) and G4 in 23 cases (7%). Our data showed that nuclear grading according to Fuhrman is related to medium tumor size (p < 0.0001), pathologic stage of cancer (p < 0.001), venous system invasion (p < 0.001), lymph node involvement (p < 0.001) and distant metastases (p < 0.001). The disease-specific survival after 5 and 10 years was 94 and 88%, respectively, in patients with G1, 86 and 75% in patients with G2, 59 and 40% in patients with G3 and 31% in patients with G4 (log rank p value < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis showed that nuclear grading by Fuhrman has a prognostic independent predictive value (hazard ratio = 1.8461, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Nuclear grading is an important independent predictive factor of disease-specific survival in patients with renal cell carcinoma.     

Prognostic factors for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma: a retrospective review of 66 patients

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the prognostic factors on recurrence and disease-specific survival of patients treated for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). METHODS: Data on 66 patients who were treated for upper tract TCC in a single centre over a 13-year period were analysed. Mean follow-up time was 49.2 months. Fifty-five out of 66 (83.3%) underwent nephroureterectomy with excision of a bladder cuff. Four (6.1%) patients had nephrectomy alone while three (4.5%) had renal-sparing surgery. Four patients did not receive surgery due to advanced age and other comorbidities. Age, sex, tumour location, stage and grade were analysed as prognostic factors for disease recurrence and disease-specific survival using log rank univariate analysis. RESULTS: Disease recurrence occurred in 45 (68.2%) patients at a median time of 11.0 months. Recurrences were found in the bladder in 27.3%, the contralateral renal pelvis in 4.5%, local retroperitoneum in 19.7%, distant sites in 13.6%, with simultaneous local and distant metastases occurring in 3.0%. Tumour stage was the only significant prognostic factor for recurrence. Presence of extraurothelial recurrence, stage and grade were significant prognostic factors for disease-specific survival. CONCLUSION: Tumour stage was the most consistent predictor of both disease recurrence and survival. These findings would guide the need for any adjuvant chemoradiotherapy.     

Prognostic factors and value of adjunctive nephrectomy in patients with stage IV renal cell carcinoma

We reviewed 57 cases of Stage IV renal cell carcinoma to clarify the factors influencing prognosis and to evaluate the value of nephrectomy. Cumulative survival from the initial diagnosis was analyzed with respect to the patients' age, sex, side of primary tumor, initial performance status (PS), site of metastasis, and nephrectomy. Overall survival for the patients was 51 percent at one year, 22 percent at three years, and 11 percent at five years. Age, sex, and side of primary tumor had no influence on survival. Improved survival was correlated with good PS, metastases limited to single organ, and removal of the primary tumor. With regard to histopathologic features in nephrectomized patients, low grade and stage were correlated with longer survival. These factors should be considered in the analysis of results of future clinical trials of metastatic renal cell carcinoma.