蔺草加工业粉尘危害动态分析

目的 了解《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》实施后,蔺草加工业的职业危害的动态变化.方法 对蔺草加工企业进行作业场所粉尘浓度测定和接尘工人的健康监护,分析粉尘浓度及尘肺病患病率的变化.结果 经连续4年的作业场所粉尘浓度监测,作业场所粉尘平均几何浓度从2001年的15.02mg/m^3下降到2004年5.38 mg/m^3,尘肺Ⅰ期检出率以2003年最高,达1.34%,2004年下降为0.41%.各年度均以拔草工的尘肺检出率和患病率为最高.结论 经过《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》贯彻实施,蔺草加工业作业场所的粉尘浓度呈下降趋势,但仍不能消除尘肺发病的危险.     

蔺草加工业尘肺发病及综合防治策略研究

探索我市近年来蔺草加工业粉尘浓度与尘肺发病的消长规律及影响因素，为进一步控制尘肺病提供决策参考。通过蔺草加工业现场职业卫生学调查，2002—2004年已诊断的尘肺病例发病状况分析，了解有关部门所采取的政策、执法、技术方面的干预措施，分析该行业尘源分布和尘肺发病特点及综合防治措施的效果。结果，近年来在政府统一领导下，通过尘肺病综合防治工作，     

1993-2007年宁阳县生产性粉尘危害监测资料分析

[目的]摸清宁阳县粉尘危害现状,以便采取相应防制对策．保护粉尘作业职工健康。[方法]对1993～2007年宁阳县接尘工人职业性健康检查及作业场所粉尘浓度检测结果进行分析。[结果]2004-2007年合计检查1641名接尘人员．检出可疑尘肺（O^＋）174例．检出率为10．60％;检出尘肺病人16例,患病率为0．98％,其中新增尘肺病例13例,检出率为0．58％。1993-2007年发现尘肺69例．发病时年龄为（45．04±9．85）岁,发病时工龄为（22．36±9．46）年．发病时实际接尘工龄为（16．62±10．13）年;其中Ⅰ期尘肺60例,Ⅱ期尘肺6例,Ⅲ期尘肺3例,已有5例分别在1995～2006年死亡。1993-2007年合计检测1223家企业的粉尘作业点7427个,合格的3368个．合格率为45．37%。检测合格率,各年波动在40．47％～58．38％;12家国有企业为71.43%,14家集体企业为65．85%,131家乡镇企业为35．63％（P〈0．01）。2007年检测点粉尘浓度合格率。矽尘、水泥尘、电焊烟尘、煤尘、有机尘和其他尘点分别为15．01％、35．22％、47．31％、50．67％、37．93％、55．28％（P〈0．01）。[结论]宁阳县粉尘危害日趋严重,乡镇企业粉尘危害高于国有、集体企业,可疑尘肺阳性率较高。     

宁波市2002至2004年蔺草作业工人尘肺发病情况

目的分析宁波市2002至2004年蔺草作业工人尘肺发病情况,探讨蔺草作业工人的尘肺发病特征及规律。方法收集2002年1月1日至2004年12月31日宁波市蔺草作业工人体检资料,对蔺草作业工人尘肺检出率、平均发病年龄、工龄和工种等指标进行分析。结果累计体检22 780人次,检出新发尘肺203例,其中Ⅰ期152例,Ⅱ期46例,Ⅲ期5例,3年蔺草染土尘肺检出率分别为2.1%、0.9%和0.3%,逐年降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);尘肺平均发病年龄37.64岁,平均接尘工龄6.07年,其中Ⅰ期新发病例平均发病工龄逐年延长;3年男性累计尘肺检出率1.3%,明显高于女性的(0.5%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);拔草、烘草工序尘肺检出率2.0%,高于其他工种,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论蔺草染土可引发尘肺,其特点为发病工龄短,男性尘肺检出率高于女性,拔草、烘草为主要危害工种。尘肺检出率有逐年下降、平均发病工龄逐年延长的趋势。     

中山市2006-2013年新发尘肺病例发病特征分析

目的研究中山市2006--2013年新发尘肺病例发病特点,为制定尘肺病的预防控制对策提供依据。方法对中国疾病预防控制中心职业病网络直报系统中2006--2013年中山市的新发尘肺病例进行描述性流行病学分析。结果8年共报告新发尘肺病例136例,全部为男性,壹期尘肺72例（52．94％,72／136）,贰期46例（33．82％,46／136）,叁期18例（13．24％,18／136）;发病年龄为（41．10±6．14）岁（30．67～57．50岁）,发病接尘工龄（5．78±3．13）年（1．0～13．0年）。尘肺病的种类主要是矽肺（86．03％,117／136）。尘肺发病工种主要为工厂其他工种（42．65％,58／136）和爆破工（31．62％,43／136）;发病行业分布以非金属矿采选业（44．12％,60／136）和制造业（19．85％,27／136）为主;病例所在企业类型以小型企业为主（70．59％,96／136）。尘肺病例分布于全市15个区镇,以南朗镇（36．03％,49／136）、市区（19．12％,26／136）和三乡镇（17．65％,24／136）为主。尘肺合并肺结核率3．68％（5／136）。结论2006--2013年中山市新发尘肺病以矽肺病为主,病例以青壮年为主,且发病工龄短。粉尘危害预防控制重点为非金属矿采选业和制造业的小型企业。     

安康市粉尘危害与尘肺病调查研究

目的了解安康市粉尘危害情况,进一步治理粉尘污染。方法对全市接触矽尘、煤尘等无机粉尘1年以上的3859名作业工人,按照尘肺病检查内容、程序和GBZ 70-2002尘肺诊断标准进行尘肺病检查、诊断,并对生产环境进行劳动卫生学调查及粉尘浓度、分散度、二氧化硅（SiO2）含量测定。结果粉尘浓度平均86.63 mg/m^3,游离SiO2含量32.17%;尘肺患病率为11.04%;发病工龄最长35年;最短11个月,平均19.58年。结论尘肺患病率、发病工龄、尘肺病进展均与粉尘浓度及游离SiO2含量高有关。     

接触水泥生产性粉尘量与尘肺发病的剂量--反应关系研究

目的探讨水泥生产工人接触水泥生产性粉尘量与尘肺发病关系。方法记录接尘工人的职业史、体检史,累积接尘量由接触时间与接触浓度相乘所得,以寿命表法建立水泥生产性粉尘浓度剂量患病概率直线回归方程式。结果按1％尘肺患病率,工人30年工作年限计算,预测水泥生产性粉尘浓度应低于22．27mg／m^3,其中生料工序粉尘浓度应低于13．85mg／m^3,熟料工序应低于20．86mg／m^3,成品包装工序应低于30．16mg／m^3。结论(1)为修订水泥生产性粉尘标准的制订提供科学依据;(2)现行的国家水泥尘卫生标准值得商榷。     

南安市81例尘肺患者流行病学调查

我站自1973年以来对尘肺患者均发有尘肺动态访视卡，本文根据动态访视卡内容运用流行病学方法，对81例尘肺患者的发病规律、动态变化进行分析，报告于下。1测尘资料分析81例尘肺患者接触粉尘浓度的范围为10．33～382．15mg／m‘。最高超标达190．75倍。游离S．OZ含量为5．7％～48．72％。2患者检查用况1973年以来，共拍片16372人次，诊断1期尘肺50例，I期尘肺23例，阻期尘肺8例，检出率0．49％。3不同工种急病用况不同工种患病率不同，依次为凿岩11．33％（41／353）、破碎5．09％（33／648）、铸造0．gi％（4／437）、电焊0．36％（2／55…     

橡胶工业生产性粉尘对工人健康的危害

目的了解橡胶工业生产性粉尘对工人健康的危害情况，以便更好地采取防治措施。方法对广东省省内5家橡胶制品加工厂开展职业卫生学调查和现场粉尘浓度监测，并对672名接尘工人（接尘组）和598名非接尘人员（对照组）进行职业健康检查。结果5家工厂各生产工序中产生的粉尘主要是滑石粉尘。其中配料、压延、炼胶等工种粉尘浓度最高，平均浓度为6．8～32．6mg／m^3，超标（PC-TWA3mg/m^3）1．3～9．8倍。粉尘中游离SiO2含量平均为5．6％～8．2％。职业健康检查中，X射线（高仟伏）胸片所见，接尘组肺纹理有明显改变者共52例，其中无尘肺（0^＋）7例。而对照组的肺纹理改变只有19例。肺功能测定：接尘组小气道功能轻度异常48例，对照组13例。2组检出率比较，差异有统计学意义（Х^2=17．09，P〈0．01）。此外，接尘组的自觉症状、慢性鼻炎、咽炎以及心电图等改变均比对照组高，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论橡胶制品加工业使用的工业滑石粉，在生产中产生的粉尘对工人健康有一定的危害性，建议使用危害性较小的医用滑石粉来替代。同时加强防尘措施，降低作业场所粉尘浓度，保障工人健康，防止尘肺病发生。     

青铜峡铝业集团电解铝作业者尘肺发病调查

目的了解电解铝作业场所氧化铝混合尘对作业者的危害程度，为职业性健康监护及劳动防护措施提供依据。方法收集过去20年来青铜峡铝业集团电解车间粉尘监测资料，统计其平均值，对960名电解铝作业者进行职业性健康检查，分析接尘量与发病之间的关系及发病特点。结果电解铝车间氧化铝混合尘平均值为6．92mg／m^2，超标0．73倍，诊断Ⅰ期铝尘肺（Ⅰ）7例，无尘肺（0）67名。结论该集团铝作业工人接尘量大，患病率高。应加强对电解铝车间作业者的呼吸系统防护。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.