胸锁乳突肌肌电的采集方法及其临床意义

目的探讨胸锁乳突肌肌电(electromyogram of sternocleidomastoid,EMGscm)的采集方法及其在监测呼吸中枢驱动水平中的临床意义。方法2005年2月至6月,以广州医学院第一附属医院广州呼吸疾病研究所呼吸力学室的10名健康医务工作者为研究对象,比较EMGscm的不同采集方法,并实时记录10名研究对象在重复呼吸期间的EMGscm、呼气末二氧化碳分压(PCO2-ET)和流量(Flow)的变化。结果(1)研究对象PCO2-ET为(48.2±2.6)mm Hg时,才记录到EMGscm。能耐受的最高PCO2-ET为(81.2±6.6)mm Hg。(2)当PCO2ET增加时,呼吸周期时间逐渐变短,从(2.91±0.85)s减少到(1.92±0.39)s,而潮气量从(0.68±0.27)L增加到(2.21±0.37)L,两者与PCO2-ET的相关系数分别为(0.86±0.12)和(0.89±0.13)(P均<0.001)。(3)EMGscm与Flow和PCO2-ET的相关系数分别为(0.68±0.16)和(0.73±0.13)(P均<0.001)。结论EMGscm可用于监测呼吸中枢驱动水平的动态变化。     

宝石CT能谱成像测定甲状腺含碘量的初步探讨

目的 利用宝石CT能谱成像技术测量正常甲状腺含碘量,计算甲状腺与胸锁乳突肌含碘量的碘比值,为高碘或缺碘性甲状腺疾病诊断提供参考依据.方法 采用美国GE公司生产的宝石CT,对来自潍坊医学院的226例怀疑颈部或颈椎疾病患者进行能谱扫描,扫描范围包括甲状腺,胸锁乳突肌.其中男119例,女107例,年龄18 ～ 77岁,平均年龄(46±17)岁.将扫描数据传至AW 4.4工作站,利用GSI Viewer软件处理,找出甲状腺与胸锁乳突肌的最佳对比噪声比及其所对应的单能量图像,在碘基图像上测量甲状腺左右叶、两侧胸锁乳突肌含碘量,计算二者含碘量比值.结果 甲状腺左右叶总含碘量为(1.5233±0.4318)mg/cm3,其中左叶为(1.5230±0.4271)mg/cm3,右叶为(1.5236±0.4365)mg/cm3,二者比较差异无统计学意义(t=0.0084,P＞0.05).男性甲状腺含碘量为(1.6395±0.4105)mg/cm3,女性为(1.4238±0.3832) mg/cm3,二者比较差异有统计学意义(t=3.4743,P＜0.01).甲状腺与胸锁乳突肌含碘量的碘比值为96.6271±33.2442,其中男性比值为94.6250±37.3621,女性比值为98.0000±29.0737,二者比较差异无统计学意义(t=0.3817,P＞0.05).随年龄增长甲状腺含碘量呈逐渐下降趋势,组间比较差异有统计学意义(F=9.66,P＜ 0.01);其中＜40岁组[(1.7256±0.4631) mg/cm3]甲状腺含碘量高于40～60岁组[(1.4517±0.3643 )mg/cm3]和＞60岁组[(1.4368±0.3465)mg/cm3,q值分别为5.6195、5.4158,P均＜0.0l].结论 宝石CT能谱成像能测定甲状腺含碘量,反映人体碘水平,对高碘或缺碘性甲状腺疾病诊断有重要指导意义.     

延长呼气法和曲线拟合法在老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病呼吸衰竭患者呼出气二氧化碳图中的应用

目的 探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)呼吸衰竭患者应用呼出气二氧化碳分压(PCO2)监测估算动脉血PCO2(PaCO2)的方法,为无创动态监测COPD呼吸衰竭患者的PaCO2提供方法学依据.方法 30例COPD急性加重期(AECOPD)患者给予常规药物治疗,部分患者联用BiPAP呼吸机鼻(面)罩双水平正压辅助通气,疗程为5～7d,治疗前后均采用平静呼气法和延长呼气法记录呼出气PCO2曲线图.结果 患者治疗前平静呼吸呼气末PCO2[PETCO2(Q)]为(50.72±8.93)mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133 kPa),延长呼气第5s末PCO2[(PETCO2(P)]为(70.35±8.91)mm Hg,PaCO2为(71.25±9.08)mm Hg.治疗前PETCO2(Q)显著低于PaCO2(F=38.73,P＜0.01),PETCO2(P)与PaCO2基本一致(P＞0.05),PETCO2(P)基本能反映PaCO2;治疗后复查的结果与治疗前类似.治疗前和治疗后PETCO2(P)和PaCO2均呈正相关(r=0.96和r=0.97,P＜0.01).治疗前,根据从呼气开始到PCO2与PaCO2相等的时间(TABG)呼气时间,从平静呼气二氧化碳-时间拟合曲线公式求得PCO2(C)为(71.78±9.04)mm Hg,与PaCO2比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);治疗后复查的结果与治疗前类似.治疗前后PCO2(C)与PaCO2均呈正相关(r=0.97和r=0.98,P＜0.01).结论 对于COPD伴Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者,延长呼气法测定PETCO2(P)可较准确地预测PaCO2,适合于PaCO2的动态预测.对于部分重度和极重度COPD患者,延长呼气法测定受到一定限制,平静呼气外推PCO2(C)值与延长呼气法测定PETCO2(P),均可较准确地预测PaCO2.     

血钠水平与肺动脉高压预后的相关性研究

目的探讨血钠水平与肺动脉高压患者预后的关系。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2016年12月就诊于武汉亚洲心脏病医院的100例肺动脉高压患者。根据患者血钠水平分为低钠血症组(血钠<135 mmol/L,40例)和正常血钠组(60例),分析血钠水平与肺动脉高压预后的相关性。结果与正常血钠组相比,低钠血症组患者的临床症状更多(82.5%比45.0%,P<0.001)、更易出现水肿(75.0%比27.8%,P<0.001)、住院率更高(72.5%比38.3%,P<0.001)、右心房压更高[(13.4±5.1)mmHg比(8.2±3.6)mmHg,P<0.001]、心脏指数更低[(21.2±8.5)ml/m~2比(34.7±8.9)ml/m~2,P<0.01]、右心室与左心室容积比更大(1.93±0.45比1.31±0.52,P<0.001)和三尖瓣收缩期位移更小[(1.52±0.50)cm比(1.93±0.40)cm,P=0.001],但两组的平均肺动脉收缩压相似[(48.9±8.3)mmHg比(48.5±10.7)mmHg,P=0.542]。结论血钠水平与肺动脉高压患者的病情严重程度和预后均明显相关,低钠血症可能是肺动脉高压患者预后不良的重要指标。     

1 625例经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术回顾性分析

目的:探讨Inoue法经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术(PBMV)的效果和安全性.方法:分析我院自1992年至今资料相对完整的1625例PBMV患者,评价手术前后心导管、超声心动图与临床心功能等各项指标,并统计手术成功率与并发症发生率.结果:技术性成功率98.71%.左房平均压术前(22.76±8.85)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),术后(14.15±6.11)mmHg(P<0.001);左房内径术前(49.42±9.71)mm, 术后(45.16±8.27) mm(P<0.001);二尖瓣瓣口面积术前(1.11±0.29)cm2,术后(2.01± 0.65)cm2(P<0.001);跨二尖瓣平均压差术前(12.18±5.85)mmHg,术后(3.21±3.77)mmHg(P<0.001).手术并发症例数96例(5.90%),二尖瓣反流71例(4.37%),心脏穿孔或心包填塞13例(0.80%),系统性栓塞9例(0.55%),其他5例(0.31%).导致死亡2例(0.12%),需要急诊外科干预11例(0.68%).结论:PBMV治疗二尖瓣狭窄是一种安全、有效的方法.     

胸锁乳突肌瓣在腮腺良性肿瘤手术修复中的应用

对45例手术治疗的腮腺良性肿瘤患者,采用胸锁乳突肌瓣修复术区.随访6个月～1 a,局部凹陷畸形不明显,Frey综合征发生率13.3%(6/45),与对照组的52.3%(23/44)相比,P<0.05.认为胸锁乳突肌瓣用于腮腺良性肿瘤手术后局部组织缺损的修复,效果良好.     

双能量非线性融合技术在甲状腺结节中的应用研究

目的评估双能量CT非线性融合技术(non-linear blending,NLB)在显示甲状腺结节方面的应用价值。方法选取2015年8月~2017年8月间进入我院就医的可疑甲状腺病变患者84例,并进行双能量CT平扫和增强扫描。先通过调整Blending Center(λ)和Blending Width(ω)值,分为NLB1(λ=80 HU,ω=500 HU),NLB2(λ=80 HU,ω=250 HU)和NBL3(λ=160 HU,ω=250 HU)3组,评出最佳NLB参数。再比较80 k V(A组)140 k V(B组)、线性融合0.5 LB(C组)及NLB(D组)4组图像的数据,包括SD、CT胸锁乳突肌、ΔHU、SNR。主观分析研究各组图像质量。结果 NLB2与NBL1在SD、CT胸锁乳突肌、ΔHU、SNR方面均存在统计学意义(P<0.05),和NLB3组图像的测量数据间没有统计学差异(P>0.05),但NLB1各项数据明显优于NLB3。D组图像SD值明显低于A、B组(P<0.05),但和C组间没有统计学差异(P>0.05);D组图像CT胸锁乳突肌显著优于B、C两组(P<0.05),但和A组间CT胸锁乳突肌没有统计学差异(P>0.05);D组图像ΔHU明显高于B、C两组(P<0.05),但与A组间ΔHU差异无统计学意义(P<0.05);D组和其他3组的两两比较,SNR差异存在统计学意义(P<0.05)。4组主观评分值分别为(2.13±0.35)、(3.12±0.71)、(3.53±0.52)和(3.89±0.42),D组图像的主观评分显著胜于其他三组。D组图像质量最优。结论 NLB技术明显提高图像质量,在甲状腺结节的定性诊断上有很好的临床价值。     

前列腺素E1治疗左心衰竭伴肺动脉高压患者20例的超声学评价

目的观察前列腺素E(1PGE1)治疗左心衰竭伴发继发性肺动脉高压的作用。方法选择20例缺血性(或扩张型)心肌病伴肺动脉高压患者并分成两组(各10例),分别予以PGE1加常规治疗,以及仅用常规治疗,比较治疗前、后的超声学指标并做统计学分析。结果PGE1干预组及对照组治疗后三尖瓣返流速度(TR)和三尖瓣跨瓣压差(TGP)均低于治疗前,但干预组和对照组治疗后的TR2[(2.39±0.31)mm/s和(2.80±0.51)mm/s,t=-0.38,P=0.04)和TGP2[(23.18±6.02)mmHg和(32.33±10.69)mmHg,t=-2.36,P=0.03]不等;两组治疗前、后TR的下降幅度(△TR)[(0.84±0.33)mm/s和(0.39±0.36)mm/s,t=2.92,P<0.01]和TGP的下降幅度(△TGP)[(18.84±7.71)mmHg和(10.10±10.32)mmHg,t=2.15,P<0.05)不等,差异有统计学意义。结论在常规治疗的基础上联合使用PGE1,较单独使用常规治疗可以更明显地降低左心衰竭伴发的继发性肺动脉高压。     

高血压患者脉压与肱动脉内皮依赖性血管舒张功能及颈动脉内-中膜厚度关系的研究

目的:研究原发性高血压(高血压)患者脉压与肱动脉血流介导的内皮依赖性血管舒张功能(FMD)及颈动脉内—中膜厚度的关系。方法:选择高血压患者52例,按脉压频数分布分为两组,脉压<50mmHg组(n=28例),脉压≥50mmHg组(n=24例)。另选(健康体检者)正常对照组21例。用高分辨率超声检测各组颈动脉内—中膜厚度、FMD、硝酸甘油介导的非内皮依赖性血管舒张功能(NID),并进行统计学分析。结果:①各组FMD变化:正常对照组为(8.85±5.08)%,脉压<50mmHg组为(5.45±4.08)%,脉压≥50mmHg组为(2.21±2.97)%,3组间两两比较均有极显著性差异(P<0.01)。②各组NID变化:正常对照组为(15.86±5.27)%,脉压<50mmHg组为(13.97±7.21)%,脉压≥50mmHg组为(10.65±4.26)%,3组间两两比较均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。③FMD及NID与其它因素的相关性分析:FMD与脉压呈负相关(r=-0.46,P<0.01);与收缩压呈负相关(r=-0.33,P<0.05);FMD随年龄增加降低,相关系数为r=-0.28,P<0.05。NID随脉压增加而降低,相关系数为r=-0.28,P<0.05。④各组颈动脉内—中膜厚度变化:与正常对照组[(0.74±0.24)mm]比较,脉压<50mmHg组[(1.00±0.21)mm]和脉压≥50mmHg组[(1.18±0.27)mm],均有极显著性差异(P=0.01);且脉压<50mmHg组与脉压≥50mmHg组比较,有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:高血压患者FMD、NID均较正常人减退,且高血压患者随脉压的增高FMD及NID均有不同程度的受损。脉压增高的高血压患者颈动脉内—中膜厚度增厚,且均较血压正常者增厚。     

倾斜试验加异丙肾上腺素静滴用于血管迷走神经性晕厥的诊断

本文研究倾斜体位加异丙肾上腺素静滴诱发血管迷走神经性晕厥,12例有晕厥史的病人中9例诱发出晕厥,而6例正常人无1例阳性.晕厥发作时伴有血压明显下降;试验结束时,阳性组和对照组收缩压比较为10±1.2kPa(75±9mmHg)vs13.3±0.65kPa(100±5mmHg)(P<.001),舒张压力5.3±1.3kPa(40±10mmHg)vs8.3±0.4kPa(62±3mmHg)(P<0.001),阴性组和对照组相比无差异;晕厥发生在倾斜后7±3.2分钟,晕厥时血压处于最低点即收缩压由倾斜开始时的14.9±1.9kPa(112±14mmHg)降到10±1.2kPa(75±9mmHg)(P<0.001),舒张压由10±1,2kPa(72±9mmHg)降至5.3±1.3kPa(40±10mmHg)(P<0.001);阳性组中有2例低血压同时伴心动过缓.倾斜体位加异丙肾上腺素静滴方法用于诊断血管迷走神经性晕厥简单、安全、且为非创伤性手段,对临床诊治有一定帮助.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.