胃癌患者血清中五种微量元素含量的分析

目的 了解血清中微量元素与胃癌的关系。方法 采用比色法检测54例胃癌患者血清中Cu、Fe、Zn、Ca、Mg等5种微量元素的含量，并与40例正常人及30例胃良性疾病患者进行比较。结果 胃癌患者血清Zn低于正常对照组（P〈0．05），血清Cu、Fe（P〈0．01）明显高于正常对照组，血清Ca、Mg的变化与正常人差别不大（P〉0．05）。结论 胃癌的发生与发展与血清中微量元素的变化有密切关系。     

微量元素与戊型病毒性肝炎的研究(4)

目的：探讨微量元素与戊型病毒性肝炎的关系。方法：用原子吸收分光光度计对HEV感染者血清中的微量元素Cu、Fe、Zn、Se进行测定，以SPSS for win9.0进行相应的统计分析。结果：抗－HEV阳性组血清Zn、Se低于对照组（P＜0．001），血清Fe高于对照组（P＜0．001）。戊型病毒性肝炎患者组血清Zn、Se低于对照组（P＜0．001），血清Fe低于对照组（P＜0．05）。抗－HEV阳性组Cu/Zn、Fe/Zn比值均高于对照组，有显著性差异（P＜0．001）。戊型病毒性肝炎患者组Cu/Zn、Fe/Zn比值高于对照组（P＜0．05）。Logistic回归分析，抗－HEV阳性组微量元素Se及Cu/Zn、Zn/Se比值进入回归方程。结论：微量元素Zn、Se对HEV感染者的影响最为显著。     

微量元素与血脂和血糖的相关性

目的研究上海地区成年人全血微量元素与血脂和血糖的关系。方法选择上海地区2个社区18岁以上成年调查对象245名,测定其体内铁（Fe）、锌（zn）、铜（Cu）、镁（Mg）、铅（Pb）、锰（Mn）、镉（cd）等各种元素含量及体重指数（BMI）、腰臀比（WHR）和血压水平,分析上述指标与血脂和血糖之间的关系。结果与正常对照组相比,高脂血症组全血Fe、Mn水平显著降低,Zn、Zn／cu水平显著升高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;高血糖组全血Zn、Zn／Cu和Mn水平显著降低,cu和Pb水平显著升高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;在高脂血症和高血糖组均存在低Mg高Cd趋势,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论高脂血症和高血糖患者体内大多数微量元素都存在代谢异常,及时纠正微量元素代谢紊乱对高脂血症和高血糖的防治和转归可能具有一定价值。     

2型糖尿病患者血清16种矿物元素分析

目的了解2型糖尿病患者与健康人血清中16种矿物元素的含量。方法血清样品经恒压湿法消解处理,采用全反射X射线荧光分析法（TXRF）同时测定2型糖尿病患者和健康人群血清中K、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Rb、Sr、Pb等16种矿物元素,并对这些元素含量进行对比分析。结果2型糖尿病患者和健康人各检测100名,两组血清中Cr、Mn、Cu、Zn、Se、Sr、Pb含量的差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05或0．01）,2型糖尿病患者血清中这7种元素的含量分别为（rag／L）（0．053±0．002）、（0．011±0．002）、（1．19±0．04）、（0．75±0．04）、（0．066±0．002）、（0．041±0．002）、（0．035±0．004）,健康人群中这7种元素含量分别为（rag／L）（O．100±0．010）、（O．009±0．001）、（0．78±0．02）、（0．96±0．01）、（0．114±0．002）、（0．044±0．001）、（0．021±0．001）,K、Ca、Ti、V、Fe、Co、Ni、As、Rb含量差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论2型糖尿病患者血清中Zn,Cr,Se和Cu的含量与健康人群的有较大差异,2型糖尿病可能会导致患者体内部分微量元素失衡,可据此适当补充Zn,Cr,Se等微量元素,减少Cu的摄入量,调节体内电解质的平衡,在一定程度上缓解2型糖尿病的症状。     

孕妇血清微量元素检测结果分析

目的探讨孕妇血清元素含量的变化规律,提出干预措施。方法按孕周将614名孕妇分为早孕（〈12周）、中孕（13-27周）和晚孕（〉27周）3个实验组,102名正常体检妇女为对照组;采用原子吸收光谱法检测血清微量元素铁（Fe）、钙（Ca）、锌（Zn）、镁（Mg）、铜（Cu）和铅（Pb）含量,分析比较实验组与对照组微量元素含量。结果实验组血清Fe、Ca、Zn含量低于对照组,孕妇血清Fe、Ca、Zn缺乏率与对照组比较均有显著性差异（P〈0.05）;缺Fe孕妇的比例（〉60%）随着孕周的增加而增大。晚孕组血清Pb〉100μg/L的比例与对照组比较有显著性差导（P〈0.05）;孕妇血清Mg、Cu缺乏率与对照组比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论孕妇应根据不同孕周,合理补充微量元素铁、钙和锌;并采取措施,降低血铅浓度。     

甲状腺功能亢进症患者头发微量元素研究

目的 探讨甲状腺功能亢进症（甲亢）患者头发微量元素谱的变化及其与甲状腺功能状态的关系。方法 对照组60例，甲亢组67例，测定头发微量元素[镁（Mg）、钙（Ca）、铬（Cr）、锰（Mn）、铁（Fe）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）、锶（Sr）、钼（Mo）、钡（Ba）]以及血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT，）、游离四碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT4）水平，比较两组间各微量元素的差异；并将甲亢患者各微量元素与FT3、FT4分别进行相关分析。结果 甲亢组头发Zn、Cu、Mg、Cr水平降低，Mn、Sr水平升高，与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01或P〈0．05），Fe、Ca、Mo、Ba水平差异无统计学意义；Zn、Mg与FT3、FT4水平呈负栩关，Mn与FT3、FT4水平呈正相关。结论 甲亢患者存在头发微量元素谱的变化，微量元素与甲状腺功能状态相互关联，微量元素在甲亢的病理生理机制中可能起着重要作用。     

微量元素与丙型病毒性肝炎的研究(3)

目的 探讨微量元素与丙型病毒肝炎的关系。方法 用原子吸收分光光度计测定HCV感染血清中的微量元素Cu、Fe、Zn、Se，以SPSS for windows 9.0进行统计分析。结果 抗－HCV阳性组及HCV患组血清Zn低于正常对照组，经统计学检验具有高度显性差异（P＜0．001）；抗－HCV阳性组血清Cu高于对照组，差异有高度显性差异（P＜0．001）。丙肝患组血清Se低于健康对照组，有显性差异（P＜0．001）。抗－HCV阳性组及丙肝患组Cu/Zn、Fe/Zn均高于对照组，有高度显性差异（P＜0．01）。Logistic回归分析，抗－HCV阳性组微量元素Cu、Zn进入回归方程，丙肝患组微量元素Se进入回归方程。结论 微量元素Zn、Se、Cu、Fe与病毒性肝炎存在密切关系，微量元素Cu、Zn对抗－HCV阳性组影响最大，微量元素Se对丙肝患影响最为显。     

视力低下中学生头发微量元素含量测定

目的探讨中学生视力低下与体内微量元素含量之间的关系，为预防中学生视力低下提供依据。方法选取视力低下（实验组）和视力正常（对照组）中学生各30名，采用原子吸收分光光度法测定其枕发中锌（Zn）、铁（Fe）、铜（Cu）、钙（Ca）、镁（Mg）、镉（Cd）含量。结果与对照组相比，视力低下者发中Zn，Fe，Ca，Mg含量明显较低，差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）；Cu含量虽然低于对照组，但差异无显著性（P〉0.05）；Cd含量明显较高，差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）。结论视力低下与体内Zn，Fe，Ca，Cu，Mg含量偏低有关。     

贵阳市2889例全血Zn、Fe、Ca、Mg、Cu含量调查分析

目的了解本地区不同年龄性别人群体内锌（Zn）、铁（Fe）、钙（Ca）、镁（Mg）、铜（Cu）元素的含量及其分布特点。方法采用阳极溶出伏安法（anodicstrippingvoltammetry,ASV）检测6种微量元素的含量。结果各元素中以缺Ca最多,其次为Zn、Fe、Cu缺乏。不同年龄之间Zn、Fe、Ca、Cu元素缺乏有显著性差异（P〈0．05）,Mg元素差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。Zn元素水平有较大的年龄阶梯,Zn有随年龄增加而递减的趋势,年龄越大,血中Zn水平越低。30岁以下人群血清铁明显低于其他各年龄人群。60岁以上人群Ca含量明显减少。不同性别之间血清Ca、Mg、Cu元素差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,而Zn、Fe差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论不同年龄之间全血Zn、Fe、Ca、Cu元素缺乏有显著性差异,Mg元素差异无统计学意义;不同性别之间全血Zn、Fe元素缺乏有显著性差异,Ca、Mg、Cu元素差异无统计学意义。其检验结果可作为临床诊断和分析病因研究的重要参考依据。     

肝素锂抗凝血浆及两种血清对比色法测定6种元素的影响

目的探讨肝素锂抗凝血浆、分离胶促凝管血清与真空无添加剂红头管血清对比色法检测钙、镁、磷、铜、锌、铁6种元素的影响。方法相同条件下配对并在全自动生化分析仪上分别检测肝素锂抗凝血浆、分离胶促凝管血清的6种元素,并与无添加剂红头管血清标本进行比较。结果分离胶促凝管与无添加剂红头管血清Ca、Mg、P、cu结果差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,Zn、Fe差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;肝素锂抗凝管血浆与无添加剂红头管血清P、Zn、Cu差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,Ca、Mg、Fe差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;分离胶促凝管血清与肝素锂抗凝管血浆组P、Zn差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu差异有统计学意义（P〈0．0）,P〈0．05）。结论比色法检测钙、镁、磷、铜、锌、铁6种元素应尽量使用真空无添加剂红头管血清;如需用分离胶促凝管血清或肝素锂抗凝管血浆用于该6种元素检测时应建立各自的参考范围;肝素锂抗凝血浆不宜作Fe的检测。     

Dietary adherence and associated glycemic control in families of young children with type 1 diabetes

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the dietary intake, dietary adherence, and associated daily glycemic control of young children (mean age 5.6+/-1.6 years) with type 1 diabetes in 33 families. DESIGN: This was a one-sample cross-sectional study. Children's nutrient and energy intakes were measured using 3-day diet diaries. Children's mean daily blood glucose levels were assessed prospectively for 2 weeks using the FreeStyle (TheraSense, Inc, Alameda, CA) home blood glucose meter. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Means, standard deviations, and frequencies described the sample. Associations between dietary adherence and glycemic control were examined by one-tailed Pearson correlations. RESULTS: Mean nutrient intakes were less than the Dietary Reference Intake for children's intake of vitamin B-12 and calcium. Children's dietary deviations revealed better-than-predicted adherence to the number and timing of feedings per day and number of carbohydrate units consumed per meal. In contrast, children's daily carbohydrate intake was approximately 80%+/-21% of the recommended levels based on their weight and age. In addition, children's energy intake was only 78%+/-18% of the recommended levels based on age. Correlations revealed a positive association between poor dietary adherence and higher blood glucose levels. CONCLUSIONS: Young children with type 1 diabetes are likely to have adequate dietary intake of most micronutrients. However, their adherence to specific carbohydrate and energy intake recommendations may be lower. Because the preschool years represent a period of rapid growth, diet plans for preschoolers with diabetes need to be revised often for optimal management of type 1 diabetes. Close adherence to dietary recommendations is one behavior that may improve blood glucose control in young children with diabetes.     

Effects of a nutritional intervention on body composition, clinical status, and quality of life in patients with heart failure

OBJECTIVES: We assessed the effects of a nutritional intervention on clinical and nutritional status and quality of life in patients with heart failure. METHODS: Sixty-five patients with heart failure were assigned to one of two groups: the intervention group (IG; n = 30) received a sodium-restricted diet (2000 to 2400 mg/d) with restriction of total fluids to 1.5 L/d, and the control group (CG; n = 35) received traditional medical treatment and general nutritional recommendations. Anthropometric, body composition, physical activity, dietary, metabolic, clinical, and quality of life assessments were performed in all patients at baseline and 6 mo later. RESULTS: At the end of the study, kilocalories, macronutrients, and fluid intakes were significant lower in the IG than in the CG. Urinary excretion of sodium decreased significantly in the IG and increased in the CG (-7.9% versus 29.4%, P < 0.05). IG patients had significantly less frequent edema (37% versus 7.4%, P = 0.008) and fatigue (59.3% versus 25.9%, P = 0.012) at 6 mo than at baseline; in addition, functional class improved significantly, and no changes were observed in the CG. Extracellular water decreased -1.1 +/- 3.7% in the IG and increased 1.4 +/- 4.5% in the CG (P = 0.03). Physical activity increased 2.5% +/- 7.4% in the IG and decreased -3.1 +/- 12.0 in the CG (P < 0.05). The IG had a greater increase in total quality of life compared with the CG (19.3% versus 3.2%, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the beneficial effect of a supervised nutritional intervention was proved as part of a non-pharmacologic treatment of patients with heart failure, with improvements in clinical status and quality of life.     

Lower Interstitial Glucose Concentrations but Higher Glucose Variability during Low-Energy Diet Compared to Regular Diet—An Observational Study in Females with Obesity

This is an observational study of interstitial glucose (IG) concentrations, IG variability and dietary intake under free-living conditions in 46 females with obesity but without diabetes. We used continuous glucose monitoring, open-ended food recording and step monitoring during regular dietary intake followed by a low-energy diet (LED). Thirty-nine participants completed both study periods. The mean BMI at baseline was 43.6 ± 6.2 kg/m². Three weeks of LED resulted in a mean weight loss of 5.2% with a significant reduction in diurnal IG concentration but with greater glycemic variability observed during LED. The mean 24 h IG concentration decreased from 5.8 ± 0.5 mmol/L during the regular diet period to 5.4 ± 0.5 mmol/L (p < 0.001) during LED, while the mean amplitude of glycemic excursion increased from 1.5 ± 0.7 to 1.7 ± 0.7 mmol/L (p = 0.031). The positive incremental area under the curve at breakfast was significantly larger for LED compared to regular diet. The daily fiber intake and the glycemic index of breakfast meals were significantly associated with the glycemic variability during regular dietary intake. In conclusion, the 24 h mean IG concentration was lower but with more pronounced glycemic variability during LED compared to a regular diet.     

Dietary Intake,Supplement Use,and Survival Among Women Diagnosed With Early-Stage Breast Cancer

Previous studies examining the relationship between micronutrient intakes and survival following diagnosis of breast cancer have reported mixed results. This may be partly due to considerable variance in amounts of micronutrients consumed from diet and supplements across studies. Early-stage breast cancer survivors (N = 3081) completed four 24-h dietary and supplement recalls at the baseline assessment (1995 to 2000) and were followed for a median of 9.0 yr. Mean micronutrient intakes were compared to dietary reference intakes (DRI) to assess micronutrient adequacy for both users and nonusers of supplements. Cox regressions were performed to assess whether intakes of selected micronutrients were associated with all-cause mortality. Four hundred and twelve deaths occurred between baseline and August 2009. Among these women, more supplement users had adequate micronutrient intakes than nonusers for 15 out of 17 micronutrients. Less than 10% of supplement users (<2% of nonsupplement users) reported levels that exceeded the tolerable upper limit for each micronutrient except magnesium. After adjusting for age, tumor characteristics, and health status variables, micronutrient intakes were not significantly associated with all-cause mortality. Dietary supplements may improve overall micronutrient intakes of breast cancer survivors. However, vitamin and mineral intakes were not associated with all-cause mortality.     

Validation of a Short Food Frequency Questionnaire to Measure Dietary Intake of a Selection of Micronutrients in Oncology Patients Undergoing Systemic Therapy

Dietary intake, specifically consumption of anti-inflammatory micronutrients, can play a role in both cancer initiation as well as the treatment-related outcomes experienced by patients receiving systemic cancer therapy. Increasing research is being conducted to determine whether micronutrient supplementation can aid in altering the tumor microenvironment (TME), reducing inflammatory side effects and immune-related adverse events (irAEs). However, further research pertaining to the adequacy of dietary micronutrient intake is indicated in the oncology cohort. Currently, no tool measuring dietary intakes of various micronutrients exists in the oncology population. In this study, a 21-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) measuring intakes of 14 different micronutrients was validated using diet history as the reference method in 112 oncology patients. Bland Altman plot and Passing Bablok regression analysis were conducted to determine agreement between the two methods. The results showed adequate agreement between FFQ and diet history for 12 nutrients including copper, iron, vitamins A, E, and D, alpha linolenic acid (ALA), long-chain omega 3 fatty acids (LC n3-FA), arginine, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, and valine. This 21-item FFQ, which takes an average of 10 min to complete, can be utilized as a quick screening tool to determine adequacy for 12 different micronutrients in place of a diet history.     

Nutrient intakes and snacking frequency in female students

Background: Snacking can have the negative image of being detrimental to the diet, because snack foods are commonly thought of as providing only 'empty calories'—high in energy but low in micronutrients. This observational study looked at the nutrient density of snacks and meals, and at the effect of eating frequency on mean daily nutrient intakes in 44 female students (aged 17–26 years). Methods: Baseline dietary data from an existing intervention study were re-analysed. Eating occasions, taken from 7-day weighed food diaries, were classified as meals or snacks by time of day, and the composition of meals and snacks compared. Subjects were divided into tertiles by eating frequency and their nutrient intakes compared. Results: As eating frequency increased, the number of snacks and the number of different snack items in the diet increased, while the number of meals remained constant. Snacks, overall, were significantly lower in percentage non-alcohol energy from fat and higher in percentage non-alcohol energy from carbohydrate. Snacks had lower nutrient densities than meals for non-starch polysaccharide (NSP), minerals and vitamins except vitamin C. However, there were no significant differences between the top and bottom tertiles of snacking frequency for overall percentage energy from fat, protein or carbohydrate, or intakes of micro-nutrients. The top tertile tended to be leaner and have higher energy intakes than infrequent eaters (not significant). There was a significant negative correlation between eating frequency and body mass index (BMI). Conclusions: It is concluded that snacking per se did not compromise diet quality in this group, and that those with a high snacking frequency were eating more in general and choosing a wider variety of foods, resulting in a balanced intake of nutrients.     

Nutritional status and dietary intakes of children aged 2-5 years and their caregivers in a rural South African community

The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional status regarding vitamin A, iron and anthropometric indices and dietary intakes of children aged 2-5 years and their caregivers in a rural South African community. Micronutrient, haematological, anthropometric and dietary indicators were used to assess nutritional status during a cross-sectional survey. The setting was a low socioeconomic rural African community (Ndunakazi), approximately 60 km northwest of the coastal city of Durban in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The subjects were children aged 2-5 years (n = 164), and their caregivers (n = 137). Of the preschool children, 50% had a low vitamin A status (serum retinol < 20 micrograms/dL), 54% were anaemic (Hb < 11 micrograms/dL), 33% had depleted iron stores (serum ferritin levels < 10 micrograms/L), and 21% were stunted (Z-score for height-for-age < -2SD). Of the caregivers, 30% had a low vitamin A status (serum retinol < 30 micrograms/dL), 44% were anaemic (Hb < 11 micrograms/dL), 19% had depleted iron stores (serum ferritin levels < 12 micrograms/L), and 40% and 26% were overweight (BMI > or = 24 and < 30) and obese (BMI > or = 30), respectively. The children and caregivers consumed a cereal-based diet, with phutu (a stiff porridge made with maize meal), rice and bread as staple foods. Quantitative dietary analysis showed that the dietary intakes were high in carbohydrates (approximately 70% of total energy), while fat intake was within the prudent dietary guideline of 30% of total energy intake. Median dietary intakes were below 50% of the RDA for calcium, zinc (children only), vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin (children only) and vitamin B12. These preschool children and their caregivers consumed a high carbohydrate diet deficient in most of the essential micronutrients. The poor quality of the diet was reflected in a poor vitamin A and iron status, and one-fifth of the children showed linear growth retardation. Nutrition education and intervention programmes should address micronutrient deficiencies, with the focus not only on quantity, but also quality of the diet.     

Plasma zinc and copper concentrations in rheumatoid arthritis: influence of dietary factors and disease activity

Forty patients with rheumatoid arthritis performed a thorough 7-d diet recording. The food diaries were analyzed together with clinical and laboratory data by means of stepwise multiple linear regression to clarify the effects of both diet and the inflammatory disorder on the plasma concentrations of zinc and copper. The patients' daily dietary intakes of zinc and copper (24.3 +/- 7.54 and 3.48 +/- 1.55 mg/MJ) were comparable to the corresponding intakes in the ordinary Finnish diet (24.0 and 3.68 mg/MJ). In multivariate analyses the best predictors of plasma trace elements were the measures of disease activity and not the dietary factors. As an exception to this, there was a strong correlation between plasma copper-copper intake ratio and zinc intake both in univariate (r = -0.638, P less than 0.001) and multivariate analysis. This suggests that zinc depresses copper absorption with intakes in normal, physiological ranges.     

Changes in vitamin and mineral intakes and serum concentrations among free-living men on cholesterol-lowering diets: the Dietary Alternatives Study

Nutritional adequacy of diets with 18-30% of calories from fat was investigated in men with elevated serum cholesterol (n = 396) at the end of diet classes and 1 and 2 y later. On 4-d food records, intakes of vitamin A, beta-carotene, folate, vitamin C, magnesium, vitamin B-6, iron, thiamin, and riboflavin increased from baseline whereas niacin, selenium, vitamin E, and zinc decreased. Median zinc intake, 80% of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) at baseline, decreased to approximately 75% of the RDA, most markedly when intakes of meat, fish, and poultry were limited to 85 g/d. Nutrient densities generally increased. Of the serum nutrients measured, median beta-carotene and vitamin C increased, whereas vitamin B-6, iron, and zinc were unchanged. Below-normal values were fewer for vitamin C and magnesium. Diets similar to the National Cholesterol Education Program Step-Two Diet [less than 7% saturated fatty acids, less than 200 mg cholesterol/d] appeared to provide increased levels of most micronutrients both short and long term to men receiving comprehensive dietary counseling.     

Diet Quality of Urban Older Adults Age 60 to 99 Years: The Cardiovascular Health of Seniors and Built Environment Study

There are few studies that evaluate dietary intakes and predictors of diet quality in older adults. The objectives of this study were to describe nutrient intakes and examine associations between demographic, economic, behavioral, social environment, and health status factors and diet quality. Cross-sectional data were from black, white, and Hispanic adults, age 60 to 99 years, living independently in New York City and participating in the Cardiovascular Health of Seniors and the Built Environment Study, 2009-2011 (n=1,306). Multivariable log-linear regression estimated associations between selected factors and good diet quality, defined as a Healthy Eating Index score more than 80 (based on the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans [HEI-2005]). Dietary intakes were similar for men and women; intakes of energy, fiber, and the majority of micronutrients were less than recommendations, whereas intakes of fats, added sugar, and sodium were within the upper range or exceeded recommendations. Hispanic ethnicity (relative risk [RR]=1.37; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.75), energy intake <∼1,500 kcal/day (RR=1.93; 95% CI, 1.37 to 2.71), adherence to a special diet (RR=1.23; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.50), purchasing food at supermarkets at least once/week (RR=1.34; 95% CI, 1.04 to1.74), and being married/living with a partner (RR=1.37; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.71) were positively associated with HEI-2005 score more than 80. Consuming at least one restaurant meal/day was negatively associated with HEI-2005 score more than 80 (RR=0.69; 95%CI, 0.50-0.94). These findings identify specific groups of older adults, such as blacks or those who live alone, who may benefit from dietary interventions, as well as specific modifiable behaviors among older adults, such as eating restaurant meals or shopping at supermarkets, which may be targeted through interventions.