关节镜下空心螺钉固定治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折

目的探讨关节镜下后内侧入路中空螺钉固定治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱性骨折的手术技巧及疗效。方法对15例后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱性骨折行关节镜下复位经后内侧入路,克氏针临时固定,经克氏针置入单枚带垫片直径4.5 mm中空钛质螺钉固定。结果手术时间40～82 min,平均55 min。随访6～24个月,平均15个月。术后6周,所有骨折均获愈合,未出现骨折移位。无窝部神经、血管损伤并发症。所有患者均无屈伸膝活动受限,仅1例患者后抽屉试验弱阳性。术后半年Lysholm膝关节功能评分89～96分,平均92.5分。结论关节镜下通过后内侧入路带垫片中空螺钉治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱性骨折,操作方便、安全,效果可靠。     

关节镜下螺钉内固定治疗胫骨髁间嵴骨折

目的探讨关节镜下空心螺钉内固定治疗胫骨髁间嵴骨折的手术方法。方法胫骨髁间嵴骨折28例,在关节镜下将骨块复位,分别用2枚空心钛螺钉固定骨折块,必要时使用垫片。术后早期进行CPM训练。结果所有骨折术后3个月内均一期愈合,Lysholm评分平均98.4分。1例有轻度伸膝受限,1例Lachman试验Ⅰ度阳性。结论关节镜下螺钉内固定治疗胫骨髁间嵴骨折是一种安全、简便、有效的新术式,损伤小,术野广,可准确复位和固定骨折块,早期进行功能锻炼。     

关节镜下缝线固定治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折

目的探讨关节镜下缝线固定治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折的疗效。方法选择膝关节前外侧、高位前内侧、后内侧切口,从胫骨外向撕脱处钻一骨道,将2根5号缝线绕过骨块韧带交界处,打结,将缝线引至骨道外并拉紧,用带鞘螺钉将缝线固定于骨道壁。结果术后骨折块均得到复位。随访3个月～1年,骨折均骨性愈合。术后Lysholm膝关节功能评分(97.3±2.4)分。结论关节镜下缝线固定治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折,方法简便,创伤小。     

关节镜下前交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱性骨折病理解剖观察与手术技术选择

目的观察关节镜下前交叉韧带（ACL）胫骨止点撕脱性骨折移位的病理解剖与手术技术选择的关系。方法对23例ACL胫骨止点撕脱性骨折行关节镜下观察,明确骨折移位情况及骨折端难以手术复位的原因。采用在关节镜下结合常规关节镜入路和经髌腱入路进行骨折复位固定。使用双根5号Ethibond聚乙烯缝线将ACL环绕,缝合线引到胫骨平台下打结并结合空心钉固定打结线。结果23例撕脱骨折面均不平整,骨折两端间存留碎骨片及血凝块嵌入16例、膝横韧带嵌入7例、髌下滑膜嵌入4例、内侧半月板前角嵌入5例。14例Ⅲ型骨折中13例撕脱骨折块除与ACL相连外,还与外侧半月板前角相连,骨块向上外明显移位。手术时间40～60（50±6.46）min。23例均获随访,时间10～26（15±3.95）个月。术后3个月骨折均获愈合,未出现骨折移位。根据Lysholm膝关节功能评分：术前19～42（30.13±6.36）分;术后6个月90～98（93.91±2.56）分（t=49.92,P〈0.01）。结论移位的ACL胫骨止点撕脱性骨折块不仅与ACL相连,而且绝大部分还与外侧半月板前角相连,两者力学作用方向不同是其难以复位的主要原因。关节镜下缝线8字打结空心钉固定治疗ACL胫骨止点撕脱性骨折疗效确切。     

全镜下后正中入路固定后交叉韧带下止点撕脱骨折的临床研究

目的介绍全关节镜下采用附加后正中入路及交换棒技术治疗后交叉韧带下止点撕脱骨折的手术方法。方法 2008年1月至2009年10月,采用后正中入路交换棒技术治疗后交叉韧带下止点撕脱骨折12例,于关节镜下常规探查后,通过后内、后外入路将骨块修整、新鲜化后,附加后正中入路,并采用切口平移与交换棒技术,通过交换棒及套管将加压螺钉导入并直接垂直加压复位固定骨折块,固定方法与切开复位完全相同。术后在改良支具保护下早期开始康复训练。结果本组患者术后显示骨折解剖复位、愈合良好,固定螺钉位置与骨折线垂直。术后4例失访,8例得到随访,时间为6～12个月。术后2周内膝关节屈曲可达90°,术后4周伸屈恢复正常,术后6周行走正常。术后无血管、神经并发症发生,平均3个月骨折愈合。Lysholm评分中位数97.9分,IKDC评分7/8例达到正常水平;KT2000检测中位数0.83mm。8例患者均恢复术前运动水平。结论膝后正中入路与交换棒技术,能直接对后交叉韧带下止点撕脱骨折复位、硬固定,不需直视下操作,不需打骨道,骨块固定稳固,达到了切开直视下骨折直接复位固定的效果,手术快捷,利于术后早期康复锻炼。     

关节镜下经双后内侧入路治疗急性后十字韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折

目的关节镜下通过双后内侧入路和“Y”形骨隧道治疗急性后十字韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折,探讨此技术的临床应用效果。方法对33例急性后十字韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折,在关节镜下结合常规关节镜入路和双后内侧入路进行骨折复位固定。高位后内侧入路位于膝关节线近侧4cm,低位后内侧入路位于关节线水平。术中使用双根6号Aesculap聚乙烯缝线,从前往后拢住韧带,在韧带后方、骨块上方打结,进行韧带和撕脱骨块绑扎。从胫骨前内侧,向胫骨后方骨床的下内侧和下外侧,作前侧单开孔、后侧双开孔的“Y”形骨隧道。经“Y”形骨隧道将缝线拉出,固定于钛质纽扣上,并通过固定纽扣的旋转绞紧固定线,以充分复位骨折块。术后6个月定期随访,了解骨折复位、愈合,膝关节稳定性、活动度及患肢功能恢复情况。结果术后6周,骨折均愈合,无移位。术后6个月,1例患者有Ⅰ度后抽屉试验阳性,其余均为阴性。所有患者均无伸膝受限,3例有10°～15°屈膝受限,平均屈膝活动度139°±4.1°。Lysholm膝关节功能评分为(91.4±3.6)分。结论关节镜下通过双后内侧入路治疗后十字韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折监控可靠,操作简便;“Y”形骨隧道和纽扣旋转技术的应用可保证固定效果。     

关节镜下跨后纵隔人路空心钉治疗后交叉韧带撕脱骨折

目的 探讨后交叉韧带胫骨附着部撕脱骨折行关节镜下复位、空心钉固定的方法及疗效.方法 对10例后交叉韧带胫骨附着部撕脱骨折在关节镜下行复位固定,术中采用后内侧、后外侧跨后纵隔入路,复位后使用空心钉固定骨折块.结果 术后无血管神经并发症,X线片示骨折骨性愈合,后抽屉试验阴性,术后1年Lysholm评分为95分(90～98分).结论 关节镜下空心钉治疗后交叉韧带胫骨附着部撕脱骨折,固定牢靠、创伤小,术后恢复良好.     

关节镜下跨后纵隔入路空心钉治疗后交叉韧带撕脱骨折

目的探讨后交叉韧带胫骨附着部撕脱骨折行关节镜下复位、空心钉固定的方法及疗效。方法对10例后交叉韧带胫骨附着部撕脱骨折在关节镜下行复位固定,术中采用后内侧、后外侧跨后纵隔入路,复位后使用空心钉固定骨折块。结果术后无血管神经并发症,X线片示骨折骨性愈合,后抽屉试验阴性,术后1年Lysholm评分为95分（90-98分）。结论关节镜下空心钉治疗后交叉韧带胫骨附着部撕脱骨折,固定牢靠、创伤小,术后恢复良好。     

关节镜下Ethibond缝线复位固定治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折的临床疗效

目的探讨关节镜下Ethibond缝线复位固定治疗后交叉韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL)胫骨止点撕脱骨折的临床效果。方法对2015年2月至2017年12月我院收治的22例PCL胫骨止点撕脱骨折病人,在关节镜下常规前内、前外侧入路结合双后内侧入路显露骨折,将PCL重建定位器置入并在其引导下由前内向后于撕脱骨折床3点和9点处钻出导针,制造两骨隧道。术中使用双根5号Ethibond缝线在韧带后方骨块近侧打结,经胫骨双骨隧道将缝线拉出于胫骨前侧,充分复位骨折块,缝线收紧打结固定。术后定期随访,了解骨折复位、愈合情况及活动度,采用KT 1000测量及后抽屉试验评估膝关节稳定性,比较手术前后的Lysholm评分、Tegner评分、国际膝关节评分委员会(International Knee Documentation Committee,IKDC)评分。结果随访时间为19~28个月,平均24.5个月。术后6周骨折均愈合,复位良好。术后6个月,所有病人后抽屉试验均为阴性,无伸膝、屈膝受限,平均屈膝活动度为138.5°±3.5°。手术前后的KT 1000测量值分别为(10.9±0.7)mm、(1.5±0.6)mm,Lysholm评分分别为(36.5±4.9)分、(94.2±3.3)分,Tegner评分分别为(2.6±0.8)分、(6.7±0.4)分;IKDC评分:术前C级7例(31.82%)、D级15例(68.18%),术后A级21例(95.45%)、B级1例(4.55%)。上述指标手术前后的数值比较,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论关节镜下经胫骨双骨隧道应用5号Ethibond缝线复位固定治疗PCL胫骨止点撕脱骨折,固定方法简便可靠,临床疗效满意。     

关节镜下缝线“8”字打结空心钉固定治疗前交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱性骨折

目的探讨关节镜下缝线“8”字打结、空心钉固定治疗前交叉韧带（ACL）胫骨止点撕脱性骨折的可行性及近期疗效。方法对15例ACL胫骨止点撕脱性骨折行关节镜下ACL胫骨止点缝合及空心钉固定术,采用在关节镜下结合常规关节镜人路和经髌腱人路进行骨折复位固定,术中使用双根5号Ethibond聚乙烯缝线,在韧带下方、骨块上方经前内侧人路从后往前拢住韧带,并打结呈“8”字形,经韧带两侧胫骨骨隧道拉到胫骨内下方。在骨隧道下方2cm处打入带垫圈的直径4．5mm空心钉,做后抽屉试验,同时拉紧固定线,复位骨块,将固定线固定于空心钉垫圈下,拧紧空心钉。结果手术时间40～60min,平均50min。15例随访6～18个月,平均12个月。术后6周,所有骨折均获愈合,未出现移位。术后3个月,1例有I度前抽屉试验阳性,其余患者均为阴性。所有患者屈伸膝活动度正常。术后半年Lysholm膝关节功能评分90～96分。结论关节镜下缝线“8”字打结空心钉固定治疗ACL胫骨止点撕脱性骨折,术中关节镜监控可靠,操作简便,效果满意,值得推广。     

胸腰椎骨折椎弓根内固定断裂与植骨融合方式的相关性分析

[目的]探讨胸腰椎骨折椎弓根螺钉内固定系统内固定术后,椎弓根螺钉断裂与植骨融合方式之间的关系,以探讨胸腰椎骨折植骨融合的最佳方式。[方法]回顾性研究1995年5月~2005年12月本院脊柱外科收治的胸腰椎骨折病人197例,其中A组单纯内固定(不植骨)患者14例,B组“H”形椎板植骨21例,C组横突间植骨67例,D组椎间、椎内联合横突间植骨95例。[结果]术后随访6~32个月,内固定断裂12例,其中A组4例,B组3例,C组5例,D组0例,4组中D组内固定断裂率显著低于其他3组(P<0.05)。[结论]椎间、椎体内联合横突间植骨重建脊柱三柱的稳定性,符合人体生物力学原理,能有效降低内固定断裂的发生。     

On the measurement of the functional properties of the CFTR

A number of methods are currently employed to assess the functional properties of CFTR channels and their response to pharmacological potentiators, correction of the defective CFTR trafficking, and vectorial introduction of new proteins. Here we review the most common methods used to assess CFTR channel function. The suitability of each technique to various experimental conditions is discussed.     

The Measurement of the Inclination Angle of the Hamate and Analysis of the Inclination Angle for the Rotation Deformity of the Little Finger in the Fixation of the Carpometacarpal Joint

ObjectiveComplex base fractures of the fifth metacarpal bone and dislocation of the fifth carpometacarpal joint are more prone to internal rotation deformity of the little finger sequence after fixation with a transarticular plate. In the past, we have neglected that there is actually a certain angle of external rotation in the hamate surface of transarticular fixation. This study measured the inclination angle of the hamate surface relative to the fifth metacarpal surface for clinical reference.MethodsIn a prospective single‐center study, we investigated the tilt angle of 60 normal hamates. The study included thin‐layer computed tomography (CT) data from 60 patients from the orthopaedic clinic and inpatient unit from January 2017 to March 2020, including 34 men and 26 women who were 15~59 years old, average 35 years old. The CT data of 60 cases in Dicom format of the hand was input into Mimics and 3‐Matics software for three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction and measuring the angle α between hamate surface and the fifth metacarpal surface. According to the possible placement of the transarticular plate on the fifth metacarpal surface, we measured the angle β between the hamate surface 1 and the fifth metacarpal surface and the angle γ between the hamate surface 2 and the fifth metacarpal surface.ResultsThe average angle between the hamate surface and the fifth metacarpal surface was 11.66°. The hamate surfaces 1 and 2 have an external rotation angle of 7.30° and 7.51° on average with respect to the fifth metacarpal surface, respectively. There is no statistically significant difference in the angles between the two groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionsThe horizontal angle of the dorsal side of the hamate is different from the back of the fifth metacarpal surface, and the hamate has a certain external rotation angle with respect to the fifth metacarpal surface. No matter how the transarticular plate is placed, the plate always has a certain external rotation angle relative to the fifth metacarpal surface. When the fixation is across the fifth carpometacarpal joint, if the plate does not twist and shape, it will inevitably cause internal rotation of the fifth metacarpal, resulting in internal rotation deformity of the little finger sequence.     

静脉输注甘露醇开放血脑屏障对抗生素透过血脑屏障的影响

目的　通过快速静脉输注甘露醇可逆性开放血脑屏障 (BBB) ,探知此方法能否增加抗生素透过BBB的量 ,在何时达到最高峰 ,其通透量增加后临床上有无不良反应。方法　采用自身配伍设计 ,共 6个样本组。对照组仅使用抗生素 ;其余 5组分别在使用甘露醇前 60、3 0min ,同时使用甘露醇后 3 0、60min使用抗生素 ,各组皆取使用抗生素后 1h的脑脊液测其抗生素浓度。抗生素选用头孢三嗪。结果　测量值经过q检验 ,经 2 0 %甘露醇处理前后的CSF中的头孢三嗪浓度差异有非常显著性。全组患者经临床观察未出现神经系统的不良反应。结论　经静脉快速输注2 0 %甘露醇后可以使透过BBB的水溶性抗生素的量增加 ,两者使用的顺序是在抗生素使用 3 0min内即给予甘露醇快速滴注。该方法不会增加低神经毒性抗生素在中枢神经系统的不良反应。     

Preservation of the pylorus and resection of the head of the pancreas

The historical evolution of the pylorus-preservation resection of the head of the pancreas is traced from the first resections early in this century to relative standardization of the operation, to a lowering of the operative mortality, and to an interest in improving nutritional status after resection. There are many theoretical advantages for the function of the upper gastrointestinal tract after pylorus and gastric preservation, such as maintenance of gastric capacitance and equilibration of osmotic pressure in gastric digestants, foodstuff digestion and absorption, and bowel motility. After the pylorus-preserving resection, gastric emptying is normal, pyloric function to prevent duodenal reflux is often normal, and gastric acids and serum levels of duodenal hormones are at normal levels, whereas after standard pancreatoduodenectomy, all of these are often abnormal. No prospective blinded studies have been published comparing nutritional values after the two operative procedures, but evidence is presented of a satisfactory result with regard to gastric capacitance, body weight gain, and lack of postgastrectomy symptoms. An undoubted advantage of the pylorus-preserving feature is a simplification of the operation. These gains are achieved without increase in operative mortality, without increase in the incidence of jejunal ulcer, and without theoretical or actual decrease in value of the procedure as a cancer operation, except in patients with duodenal carcinoma proximal to the ampulla of Vater.     

下颌全牙弓后移量及最后界的测量

目的：研究下颌牙弓的有效后移量及找寻下颌牙弓移动的后界。方法：选取涉及拔除下颌第三磨牙或下颌第三磨牙缺失的病例18例（男6例,女12例）。采用种植支抗牵引下牙弓向远中,治疗完成时所有病例均明确到达下颌牙弓后界,即下颌第二磨牙远中到达下颌升支前缘软组织交界处。应用治疗前后的曲断片测量下颌第二磨牙远中到升支前缘的距离。结果：下颌第二磨牙后移量为（3.49±1.21）mm;治疗后磨牙后间隙的长度为（4.43±0.97）mm。结论：下颌牙弓可确定性地实现整体后移;最大后移量由磨牙后间隙的长度决定;其最后界止于下颌第二磨牙远中与下颌升支前缘软组织交界处。     

Preservation of the pylorus in resection of the head of the pancreas

Whipple's pancreatoduodenectomy was the standard operation for diseases of the head of the pancreas for more than 40 years, but the results were vitiated in part by poor gastrointestinal function and malnutrition. Reintroduced in 1978, pylorus-preserving proximal pancreatoduodenectomy (PPPP) has had an increasing impact on pancreatic surgery as its benefits have been recognized: improved nutritional status, decreased incidence of postgastrectomy syndromes, and a technically easier operation. Postoperative mortality rates and 5-year survival rates are comparable with those of the classic Whipple procedure. PPPP is indicated for most patients with chronic pancreatitis of the pancreatic head. It is also appropriate for patients with periampullary cancer and for those with pancreatic cancer arising from the lower part of ‘the head and the uncinate process. More than 650 patients have now undergone PPPP: 31% for chronic pancreatitis and 66% for periampullary and pancreatic cancers. We assess the indications for PPPP, outline the operation, and review the results.