血管内超声评价支架置入效果及指导高压球囊后扩张术的应用价值——附45例分析

目的:探讨血管内超声(intravascular ultrasound,IVUS)检查评价药物洗脱支架置入术效果及指导高压球囊后扩张术的应用价值.方法:对45例需行支架置入术治疗的ACS患者76处病变置入药物洗脱支架(drug-eluting stent,DES),在支架置入前后进行冠状动脉造影(coronary angiography,CAG)及IVUS检查,对未达到IVUS检查视为理想的支架置入标准者再采用高压球囊后扩张术,并用IVUS评价支架置入的效果.结果:45例患者76处病变置入DES后行CAG检查,结果所有支架均达到理想的支架置入标准;行IVUS检查,结果76处病变中有43处(57%)达到IVUS检查视为理想的支架置入标准,33处(43%)未达到IVUS检查视为理想的支架置入标准.对这33处病变行高压球囊后扩张术,结果25处病变达到IVUS检查视为理想的支架置入标准,总理想达标率由之前的57%上升至89%(P＜0.01).随访1～10个月,中位数5个月,再发心绞痛2例.结论:IVUS在评价支架置入效果及指导高压球囊后扩张术方面具有重要的临床实用价值,可进一步提高高压球囊后扩张术及评价支架置入的疗效.     

应用血管内超声评价冠状动脉支架植入

目的 探讨血管内超声（IVUS）评价冠状动脉（冠脉）内高压球囊扩张支架植入后支架释放的效果.方法 46例患者62处冠脉病变行支架植入术后接受IVUS检查,观察支架是否充分扩张及粥样斑块负荷的变化,未达到理想扩张者再次高压扩张.结果 首次高压扩张后全部病变均达到冠脉造影理想的支架植入标准,但仅28处（45.2%）符合IVUS理想支架植入标准;34处（54.8%）病变未达到IVUS标准者进一步高压扩张后,30处达到理想标准.高压球囊扩张后原病变处仍有较大的粥样斑块负荷.结论 采用高压球囊扩张支架植入术,并不能均达到理想的支架扩张,IVUS指导下的更高压力扩张可进一步改善支架植入效果.     

血管内超声指导急性冠状动脉综合征患者药物洗脱支架置入的研究

目的探讨血管内超声（IVUS）指导药物洗脱支架置入的价值。方法对38例急性冠状动脉综合征患者67处病变行IVUS检查，指导药物洗脱支架置入。置入后再行IVUS，对未达到理想释放者进行高压球囊后扩张。观察6个月主要不良心脏事件。结果首次常规高压扩张置入支架，67处病变均达到冠状动脉造影理想标准，但符合IVUS理想标准仅40处（59．7％），27处（40．3％）未达标；行高压球囊后扩张，又有21处达到IVUS理想标准。最终达到IVUS理想标准者与常规高压扩张后比较，差异有统计学意义（91．0％对59．7％，P〈0．0001）。随访期间无一例心源性死亡或再梗死，再发心绞痛2例（5．3%）。结论常规高压球囊扩张置入药物洗脱支架，并不能使所有支架达到IVUS理想标准。IVUS指导下高压球囊后扩张可进一步改善药物洗脱支架置入效果，具有重要临床价值。     

血管内超声对冠脉内支架植入术的指导和效果评价

目的：应用血管内超声（IVUS）检测技术,探讨其对患者冠状动脉内支架植入术（STENTING）适应症选择、手术过程指导以及手术效果评价中的作用。方法：对71例患者的89处冠状动脉血管段于术前、53处血管段于STENTING后处16处血管段于高压球囊再扩张后进行IVUS检测。将血管的总截面积、管腔面积、斑块面积、面积狭窄率四个指标的术前、STENTING后、高压球囊再扩张后三种状态分别进行配对t－检验。结果：IVUS检测显示需手术干预的病变血管69处。STENTING术后复查IVUS的血管53处,其中效果理想的33处,不理想而需高压球囊再扩张的20处。有16处血管经高压球囊再扩张后,再次复查IVUS显示支架打开理想。统计学分析显示：血管总截面积、斑块面积、管腔面积、面积狭窄率在STENTING前后之间的差异均有显著性。对高压球囊再扩张前后之间的差异,血管总截面积、斑块面积无显著性,管腔面积、面积狭窄率有显著性。结论：IVUS能准确选择STENTING适应症,指导选择支架的大小。STENTING及高压球囊再扩张后,血管总截面积及斑块面积的扩大或缩小,在一定程度之后受到限制。而STENTING后支架打开不理想的血管,经高压球囊再扩张仍可收到一定效果。     

血管内超声在冠状动脉支架置入术的应用与护理

目的探讨冠状动脉血管内超声（ivus）在冠状动脉支架置入术的应用与护理。方法选择50例拟在血管内超声下行冠状动脉支架置入术的患者,观察其置入效果。结果在血管内超声下行冠状动脉支架置入术的患者共置入支架63枚,术后1年再狭窄3例,占6％。结论IVUS可清晰显示冠脉内血管的斑块特点、偏心程度、血管腔径、血管腔面积及斑块面积,在支架置入前可指导选择支架的大小,支架置入后可观察支架的位置、贴壁睛况,支架扩张是否充分,是评价冠脉支架置入较理想的方法。     

血管内超声指导小血管病变支架置入的临床应用

目的　观察血管内超声指导小血管病变支架置入的临床疗效 ,评价其应用价值。方法　 10 2例冠脉造影确定的小血管病变患者 ,随机分为冠脉造影指导组 (冠脉造影组 )和血管内超声指导组 (超声组 ) ,血管内超声组在血管内超声指导下置入支架 ,冠脉造影组在单纯冠脉造影指导下置入支架 ,根据各自不同的判定标准 ,对支架置入达不到理想标准的再次行高压球囊扩张或加置支架。在支架置入前、置入后即刻和术后 6个月不同时间定量冠脉造影测定病变长度、直径或面积狭窄率、病变最小血管直径 (MLD)、参照血管直径 ,观察 6个月内的再狭窄率和不良心血管事件。结果　冠脉造影组 5 2例患者 4 9例成功置入支架 ,超声组 5 0例患者全部完成血管内超声检查 ,4 8例成功置入支架。超声组和冠脉造影组比较 :支架置入前 ,两组所选支架长度、内径大小有显著差异 ;支架置入后即刻 ,超声组和冠脉造影组病变MLD分别是 (2 .78± 0 .30 )mm、(2 .5 0± 0 .2 7)mm ,直径狭窄率分别是 (8± 3) %、(12± 5 ) % (P <0 .0 1) ;6个月随访时超声组和冠脉造影组再狭窄率分别是 2 5 %、4 6 % (P <0 .0 1) ,总不良心血管事件分别是 6例(12 % )和 17例 (32 .7% ) (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　血管内超声指导小血管病变支架置入能获得较好的临床效果 ,安     

IVUS与CAG在指导冠心病冠状动脉支架置入术中的应用效果比较

目的比较血管内超声(IVUS)与冠状动脉造影(CAG)在指导冠心病冠状动脉支架置入术中的应用效果。方法选取2016年5月至2018年5月我院收治的90例冠心病患者为研究对象,所有患者均行冠状动脉支架置入术治疗,根据随机数字表法将受试者分为对照组和研究组,每组45例。对照组与研究组患者分别在CAG与冠脉IVUS指导下行冠状动脉支架置入术,比较两组的治疗效果。结果手术前,两组患者的MID、PB及DS比较,差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05);手术后,两组患者的MID、PB及DS均明显改善,且研究组显著优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组患者支架置入率、达标率以及扩张率均显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组患者不良心血管事件总发生率及冠状动脉再狭窄发生率均低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论IVUS指导下冠状动脉支架置入术可有效改善冠脉血流,提高支架置入效果,且不良心血管事件发生率较低,效果安全可靠,在冠状动脉支架置入术中具有较高的应用价值。     

冠状动脉血管内超声在冠心病冠状动脉病变特点及冠状动脉支架置入术中的应用

目的研究冠状动脉血管内超声(IVUS)在冠心病冠状动脉病变特点及冠状动脉支架置入术中的应用价值。方法选取拟在IVUS下实施冠状动脉支架置入术患者78例作为观察组,选取同期拟在CT血管造影(CTA)下实施冠状动脉支架置入术患者85例作为对照组。比较两组冠脉病变检测特点、冠脉支架置入效果及治疗后再狭窄发生情况。结果两组患者斑块面积和斑块负荷比较差异无显著性,但管腔面积比较差异有显著性(P<0. 05)。观察组支架置入总有效率(87. 17%)显著高于对照组(71.76%)(P<0. 05)。术后1年,观察组出现冠状动脉再狭窄4例(5. 12%),对照组12例(14. 11%);术后3年,观察组出现冠状动脉再狭窄7例(8.97%),对照组18例(21. 17%),两组术后冠状动脉再狭窄发生率比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论 IVUS下实施冠状动脉支架置入能更准确检查和判定冠状动脉病变,提高支架置入质量和安全性。     

14例冠心病切割球囊腔内成形术的体会

目的:切割球囊冠状动脉腔内成形术的疗效评价.方法:对14例冠心痛患者17处病变行切割球囊扩张治疗,分析并短期随诊.结果:17处病变血管直接切割球囊治疗.由于全部病变为A型,成功率100%,7例支架内再狭窄全部扩张成功.17处病变血管切割球囊扩张后置入支架8例,无心包填塞,急性闭塞,急性心肌梗死及急诊冠脉旁路术发生,随访2～23个月,2例患者出现心绞痛,4例复查造影,1例发生再狭窄.结论:切割球囊冠脉腔内成行术安全、有效、短期疗效好.     

血管内超声在冠状动脉支架置入中的应用与评价

目的:冠状动脉内支架置入已经成为以导管为基础的冠状动脉(冠脉)狭窄性疾病治疗的主要方法,支架置入后血管内皮细胞增生已成为当前疾病治疗的主要局限.本文将对血管内超声在减少和判断冠脉支架置入后发生再狭窄的应用效果和价值进行探讨.方法:由本文第一作者榆索Pubmed数据库和中国期刊全文数据库有关冠脉支架置入的血管内超声评价方面的相关文献,共检索到44篇文献,对资料进行初审,纳入标准:①血管内超声在冠脉支架置入前的应用.②血管内超声对冠脉支架置入效果的评价.排除标准:较陈旧的文献和重复研究.最终纳入13篇文献进行分析讨论.结果:①血管内超声可在支架置入前确定靶血管的狭窄稃度、血管及血管腔的大小和面积,帮助选择大小长度适合的支架,指导支架正确而有效的放置.血管内超声要求在支架选择与血管内径匹配上尽可能使支架最小内径不小于3mm,尽力避免或减少支架两端的内膜撕裂和支架内斑块脱垂.②在支架置入后支架扩张不完全,与血管壁贴靠不良是置入后再狭窄发生的主要原因,血管内超声可以立即观察到支架是否完全扩张,扩张后的支架是否对称,精确测量扩张后支架的大小以及支架与血管壁的紧贴程度.明确冠脉支架内发生再狭窄特点,指导对支架内发生再狭窄的治疗,降低再次再狭窄发生率,进一步改善支架置入效果.结论:血管内超声弥补了冠脉造影的不足,在其指导下的支架置入可获得较大的支架面积和较小的再狭窄率,在冠脉支架置入后,血管内超声可准确检测支架的扩张及血管壁内贴壁情况,对冠脉内支架置入后再狭窄的评估具有极其重要的应用价值.     

Additional luminal area gain by intravascular ultrasound guidance after coronary stent implantation with high inflation pressure

Aims: Studies by intravascular ultrasound demonstrated inadequate expansion in a large number of stents, which lead to the increase of inflation pressures for stenting. The present study examined whether routine use of high-pressure inflation would be sufficient for an optimum stent expansion without sonographic guidance. Methods and results: Two types of single coronary stents (Palmaz-Schatz in 54, and Wiktor in 25) were implanted with inflation pressures of 16–20 atm in 79 nonocclusive coronary lesions. IVUS before stenting was used in 78% to select the adequate stent size. Intravascular ultrasound after stenting was used to assess the minimum stent area and diameter, the reference areas, and the strut apposition to the vessel wall. The difference between the area of the expanding balloon and the stent area was calculated as the luminal deficit of the stent. Completeness of stent expansion required full strut apposition and lesion coverage, and a minimum stent area that was larger than the distal reference, and larger than 60% of the proximal reference. Intravascular ultrasound before stenting lead to an increase of the stent size in 47%. After high-pressure expansion, even with the optimized balloon size, 8% of stents had struts protruding into the lumen. The stent area (6.87 ± 1.93 mm²) was significantly smaller than both the proximal (9.59 ± 2.91 mm²; p<0.001) and distal reference area (8.23 ± 3.03 mm²; p<0.001). The criteria for complete expansion were met in 48%. The expansion with a larger high-pressure balloon in 28 stents lead to an increase of the stent area by 19% (8.19 ± 2.24; p<0.001), and full stent apposition in all cases. The criteria of stent expansion were met in 82%. A wide range of the luminal deficit upto 48% was observed, which was not related to sonographic lesion characteristics, except in lesions with complete circumferential calcifications. The different stent designs were characterized by a slightly lower luminal deficit in slotted-tube stents (23 ± 13% vs. 28 ± 12%; p=0.11) and a better index of stent symmetry as compared with the coil stent (0.87 ± 0.08 vs. 0.82 ± 0.09; p<0.05). Conclusion: Routine use of high-pressure stent expansion did not lead to a sufficient stent expansion, even when the initial stent size had been guided by intravascular ultrasound. Further stent dilatation with larger balloons under ultrasound guidance would be required to optimize the luminal area gain.     

Intravascular ultrasound-guided drug-eluting stent implantation is associated with improved clinical outcomes in patients with unstable angina and complex coronary artery true bifurcation lesions

Stenting coronary artery bifurcation lesion is associated with suboptimal clinical results. Clinical improvement by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) guided bifurcation stenting is controversial because small-side-branch (SB), low-risk patients and false bifurcations were included in previous studies that had no exact IVUS criteria for optimal stent expansion. We sought determine whether IVUS guidance is superior to angiography guidance for patients with true and complex bifurcation lesions. Between July 2006 and July 2012, 1465 patients with unstable angina and Medina 1,1,1 or 0,1,1 coronary bifurcation lesions were prospectively studied. 310 patients in the IVUS guidance (defined as stent symmetry index?>?0.7, stent expansion index?>?0.9, well apposition, and no Type B/C dissection) group were paired with 620 patients in the angiography group by propensity score-matching. The primary endpoint was the rate of composite major adverse cardiac events (MACE) (cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI), or clinically-driven target vessel revascularization) at 1-year and at the end of study after indexed procedure. Use of IVUS guidance was mainly driven by stenting technique selection and identification of lesions’ specificities. IVUS criteria for optimal stent expansion were achieved in 82.9% of patients which contribute to IVUS group data assessment and the rest did not meet optimal criteria. MACE occurred in 10.0% of patients at 1-year follow-up and 15.2% at the 7-year follow-up in the IVUS group, significantly different from 15.0% (p?=?0.036) and 22.4% (p?=?0.01) in the angiography group, respectively. Compared to angiography guidance, IVUS guidance also resulted in a lower 7-year cardiac death rate (6.5 versus 1.3%, p?=?0.002) and MI (8.4 versus 2.3%, P?<?0.001). Any revascularization was also statistically lower in the IVUS group through whole study period, compared to the angiography group. Lower MACE rates were observed in IVUS guidance group in a 7-year follow-up compared with angiography guidance alone.     

血管内超声在自发性冠状动脉夹层诊断和治疗中的初步应用

目的初步探讨血管内超声（IVUS）在自发性冠状动脉夹层（spontaneous coronary artery dissection，SCAD）诊断和介入治疗中的应用价值。方法采用IVUS观察6例SCAD的显像特征，并指导3例SCAD的冠状动脉内支架植入治疗。结果6例患者IVUS均清晰显示内膜片结构，根据真假腔外侧壁的超声结构差异和假腔内血栓，6例患者均成功鉴别出真假腔。3例接受冠状动脉内支架植入治疗的患者，根据IVUS显像准确选择支架尺寸，指导支架在真腔内释放，并确定支架扩张充分和夹层完全闭合。结论应用IVUS有助于对SCAD进行精确的评估，准确地指导SCAD的冠状动脉内支架植入并评价其疗效。     

Current Clinical Applications of Intravascular Ultrasound in Coronary Artery Disease

Purpose of Review

During the 20 years since the introduction of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) to catheterization laboratory, there has been growing evidence supporting the role of IVUS. In this article, we review clinical application of routine use of IVUS with recent evidences, a dominant strategy even in the era of drug-eluting stents.

Recent Findings

IVUS provides pre-procedural information to evaluate stenosis severity and plaque characteristics. In addition, IVUS helps optimal stent deployment, minimizing underexpansion and geographic miss, which are major mechanisms of stent failure. Large-scale clinical trials and meta-analyses have shown that the clinical benefits of IVUS guidance are maximized in complex lesions (left main coronary artery, long lesions and chronic total occlusion). Some recent studies have also supported the cost effectiveness of IVUS-guided PCI especially when there is a high risk of stent failure.

Summary

IVUS provides valuable information about lesion severity, lumen and vessel size, lesion length, and plaque characteristics. By determining appropriate stent sizes and optimizing stenting procedures, IVUS-guided PCI improves clinical outcomes especially in patients with high-risk coronary lesions.

     

冠状动脉介入术中支架影像增强显影技术与血管内超声对照研究

目的探讨支架增强显影技术(stentboost,SB)在评价支架植入效果和指导支架内球囊后扩张与血管内超声(intravascular ultrasound,IVUS)的相关性。方法 26例患者在支架植入、支架内球囊后扩张时,完成了冠状动脉造影定量分析(quantative coronary angiography,QCA)、SB技术、IVUS检查,植入支架35枚。分别通过QCA、SB、IVUS获取支架植入、支架内球囊后扩张完成时支架直径,计算支架偏心指数;各项检查所测支架植入、支架内球囊后扩张完成时支架直径和支架偏心指数的自身对照,检查之间所测数据进行相关性分析。结果 QCA、SB、IVUS测量的支架内球囊后扩张完成时支架直径均较支架植入时明显增加,支架偏心指数[(最大支架直径-最小支架直径)/最大血管直径]降低。SB与IVUS测量的支架植入时、支架内球囊后扩张完成时的支架平均直径具有最好的相关性(r=0.982,P0.01;r=0.985,P0.01);而且QCA与IVUS也具有较好的相关性(r=0.975,P0.01;r=0.978,P0.01);QCA与SB也明显相关(r=0.972,P0.01;r=0.976,P0.01)。结论支架内球囊后扩张完成时支架偏心指数较支架植入时更低,与QCA相比,SB与IVUS测量的支架植入时、支架内球囊后扩张完成时的支架平均直径有更好的相关性。     

The acute effect of stenting with the nitinol self-expanding coil stent: preliminary experience

Background. The acute angiographic results with the self-expanding nitinol stent have not been reported. We aim to provide angiographic data of the effect of self expansion and balloon assistance on the results. This is analyzed with respect to stent gain, arterial- and stent-recoil. Methods and Results. The self-expanding nitinol coil stent is inherently different than balloon-expandable stents in its mechanism of deployment and the way that radial arterial expansion is achieved. Between January 1995 and June 1996, 86 stents were deployed in 64 patients undergoing elective angioplasty at the Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel. The stent deployment procedure involved stent release assisted by high pressure balloon dilatation. The baseline, post-balloon, post-stenting and post-stent-dilatation characteristics were recorded with similar views, digitized to a PC and analyzed by image processing software. Using computerized analysis, arterial- and stent-recoil and stent gain were calculated for the average stented segment lesion (0.48 ± 0.42, 0.22 ± 0.37, 0.28 ± 0.37, respectively). Balloon angioplasty increased the minimal luminal diameter from 1.07 ± 0.73 mm at baseline, to 2.24 ± 0.57 mm; stent deployment further increased the diameter to 2.63 ± 0.48 mm, and within-stent balloon dilatation to 2.96 ± 0.62 mm. Conclusions. The self-expanding nitinol stent exerts its effect on both the MLD and the average stented diameter through its intrinsic radial force aided by post-deployment within-stent balloon dilatation. A significant correlation was found between stent gain and arterial recoil (slope = 0.59, r = 0.68, p<0.001) but not with stent-artery recoil. Therefore, with the negligible effect of stent recoil, the acute benefit of the nitinol stent is directly proportional to arterial recoil, a feature which is also common to balloon-expandable stents.     

Rationale and design: Impact of intravascular ultrasound guidance on long-term clinical outcomes of everolimus-eluting stents in long coronary lesions

BackgroundAlthough the use of drug-eluting stents (DESs) in patients with coronary artery disease has contributed to a significant reduction in in-stent restenosis and repeat revascularization, treating diffuse long lesions using DESs remains challenging due to the high rates of in-stent restenosis and stent thrombosis. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) provides tomographic images of coronary vascular structure and is useful for evaluating lesion morphology and stent optimization during percutaneous coronary intervention. However, it remains controversial whether IVUS guidance in DES implantation for long coronary lesions could reduce adverse clinical outcomes.HypothesisWe hypothesize that the long-term clinical outcomes of IVUS-guided DES implantation would be superior to those of angiography-guided DES implantation in a subset of patients with long coronary lesions.Study designThis study is a randomized, prospective, multi-center trial comparing the long-term clinical outcomes of IVUS-guided and angiography-guided everolimus-eluting stent implantation in patients with long coronary lesions (implanted stent ≥ 28 mm in length). The primary end point is a composite of major adverse cardiac events, including cardiac death, target lesion-related myocardial infarction, or target lesion revascularization at 1 year following intervention. A total of 1,400 patients will be required to be enrolled according to sample size calculations.ConclusionThis study will test the hypothesis that IVUS guidance improves long-term clinical outcomes in patients treated with everolimus-eluting stents for long coronary lesions compared with angiographic guidance.