顶体酶抑制剂（EGB）对小鼠致畸性的研究

观察了顶体酶抑制剂（ＥＧＢ）对小鼠致畸性影响。结果表明，ＥＧＢ在７．５￣３０ｍｇ／ｋｇ剂量范围内，在妊娠小鼠致畸敏感期（６￣１５天），由阴道连续给药对孕鼠体重、孕鼠的生殖机能、平均胎鼠体重、身长、尾长和胎盘重均无明显影响，也未见外观、骨骼和内脏畸形。     

地氯雷他定(TY-DSL )对小鼠致畸性的研究

目的：地氯雷他定（TY－DSL）的致畸性研究。方法：实验分别以56．9,28.4和14．2mg/kg剂量，给妊娠第6－15日的孕鼠连续定时灌胃，在妊娠第18日时解剖观察孕鼠着床数，活胎，死胎，吸收胎和外观畸形，同时测量胎仔体重，胎盘重，身长和尾长，以上数据用instat软件进行 统计学处理，结果：TY－DSL在以上3种剂量下对上述指标均有不同程度的影响，尤以中，高剂量为甚，但该药不影响孕鼠的体重和生育力，且未见一例外观，内脏和骨骼畸形，结论：地氯雷他定（TY－DSL）对小鼠无致畸性。     

大黄素配伍姜黄素、苦参碱对小鼠致畸敏感期的影响

目的:考查大黄素与姜黄素、苦参碱配伍后对小鼠致畸敏感期的影响。方法:性成熟KM种小鼠雌雄合笼交配,将孕鼠随机分成低、中、高三个剂量组和阴性对照组,观察母鼠和胎鼠的生长发育情况。结果:受试药物各剂量组的孕鼠增重、活胎体重、身长、尾长、死胎数、吸收胎数、畸形率(包括外观畸形、内脏畸形和骨骼畸形)和空白对照组间的所有指标差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:大黄素配伍这些中药成分后在治疗剂量下对小鼠无母体毒性、胚胎毒性和致畸作用。     

连翘酯苷冻干粉对SD大鼠的致畸作用

目的探讨连翘酯苷冻干粉的对SD大鼠的致畸作用.方法采用大鼠标准致畸试验,孕SD大鼠随机分为4组,每组20只.实验组剂量分别为0.075,0.150,0.3 g·kg-1,对照组给予生理氯化钠溶液.妊娠d 6～15尾静脉注射给药,qd.妊娠d 20处死孕鼠,检查母体妊娠与胎鼠畸形情况.结果各实验组对母鼠增重、胎鼠外观畸形率、内脏畸形率、活胎率、死胎率、吸收胎率、活胎身长、胎盘重和胎鼠体重无显著影响.同时,在各受试剂量作用下对骨骼的发育也无明显影响.结论连翘酯苷冻干粉冻干粉在受试剂量下无明显的母体毒性和致畸作用,也无明显的胚胎毒性和胎儿毒性.     

常青胶囊对大鼠致畸作用的影响

目的 观察常青胶囊对大鼠致畸敏感期的毒性。方法 采用灌胃给药，观察对孕鼠的体重、胎仔数、胎仔体重、活胎数、死胎数、吸收胎数以及对胎鼠骨骼发育和内脏畸形率的影响。结果 常青胶囊对大鼠胚胎毒性和致畸潜力与空白对照组比较无显著性差异。结论 常青胶囊对大鼠无致畸作用。     

葛花对大鼠胚胎致畸作用的观察

目的 观察葛花对SD大鼠胚胎的致畸作用.方法 受孕的雌性SD大鼠随机不分为低、中、高剂量组及对照组,称重并编号.大鼠受孕第7 ～16天,以葛花受试物灌胃,第20天处死,分析大鼠胚胎发育指标与胎仔发育指标,观察胎鼠外观和骨骼有无异常.结果 样品各剂量组孕鼠体重、体重增重、子宫连胎重与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;样品各剂量组活胎率、死胎率、吸收胎率与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;样品各剂量组胎仔胎盘重、体重、身长、尾长与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;样品各剂量组胎仔外观畸形率、内脏畸形率、骨骼畸形率与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 安全剂量的葛花对大鼠无母体毒性、胚胎毒性和致畸作用,人体每天葛花摄入量7.5g,属安全推荐量.     

厄多司坦对SD大鼠的致畸作用研究

目的:用SD大鼠研究厄多司坦的致畸作用。方法:SD大鼠于妊娠第6～15d灌胃给予厄多司坦,剂量为1g/kg和0.1g/kg,同时设立阴性对照组和阳性对照组,与孕第20d处死动物,进行各项检查。结果:各剂量组孕鼠增重、活胎率、胎鼠体重、身长及尾长与阴性对照组比较,差异皆无显著性(P>0.05);各剂量组胎鼠外观、内脏和骨骼均无畸形发现。结论:在本实验条件下,厄多司坦对SD大鼠无致畸作用。     

甲磺酸胺银杏内酯B的大鼠胚胎-胎仔发育毒性实验研究

目的：在器官发生期对怀孕大鼠连续给予甲磺酸胺银杏内酯B,观察是否有母体毒性和胚胎毒性。方法：甲磺酸胺银杏内酯B以250、125、62．5mg·k^-1于妊娠第6～15天连续口服灌胃给药,观察孕鼠饮水、摄食、生长等一般状况。每周称重2次,妊娠第20天处死孕鼠,记录黄体数、胎盘重、着床数、死胎数、活胎数、胎仔性别及体重等,观察活仔外观异常。各窝1／2胎仔作骨骼畸形检查,另1／2胎仔作内脏检查。结果：甲磺酸胺银杏内酯B原料高、中、低剂量用药组,母体未出现临床中毒症状,但高剂量甲磺酸胺银杏内酯B组后期体重增加幅度明显低于溶剂对照组。高、中剂量组的着床总数、活胎数、吸收胎数、子宫总重、胎盘总重、黄体数、胎鼠顶臀长、胎鼠体重等与对照组相比有明显差异,低剂量组的各项指标未见统计学差异。高、中剂量组的骨骼畸形也较对照组明显增多,而低剂量组与溶剂对照组相比无显著差异。结论：对母体一般状况和子代发育均安全的剂量为62．5mg·kg^-1。     

天景合剂对大鼠无胚胎毒性和无致畸性的研究

大鼠受孕后d6～15 PO天景合剂2.5、20.0、30.0 g/(kg·d),对孕鼠体重、脏器重量指数、受孕率、着床率无明显影响。实验组与对照组的窝平均活仔数、吸收率、胎鼠体重,身长,肝重、脾重、胎盘重等结果相似。胎鼠外观和内脏切片检查未见畸形,亦无骨骼畸形,其对第一、二代存鼠的生长发育无不良影响,故认为天景合剂无母体、胚胎毒性和无致畸性。     

莫索尼啶致畸敏感期毒性试验研究

观察了莫索尼啶对小鼠致畸性影响。结果表明，莫索尼啶在０．３－３．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ剂量范围内，在妊娠小鼠致畸敏感期，连续口服给药不影响孕鼠生育能力：１．０－３．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ剂量范围内有明显的胚胎毒性，但对胎鼠外观，骨骼，内脏等无致畸作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.