血吸虫虫卵抗原诱导的日本血吸虫感染小鼠IFN－γ及IL－4基因转录的研究

本研究调查了日本血吸虫感染的ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ小鼠脾细胞的ＩＦＮ－γ和ＩＬ－４ｍＲＮＡ转录。于感染后０，３，５，８，１０和１２周摘取小鼠脾脏，将脾细胞置于含ＳＥＡ或ＣｏｎＡ的培养基中培养，然后提取脾细胞总ＲＮＡ，通过逆转录后ｃＤＮＡ的扩增，分析ＩＦＮ－γ和ＩＬ－４的ｍＲＮＡ水平。ＲＮＡ模板同时进行β－ａｃｔｉｎ的逆转录和扩增，扩增产物被用作ＩＦＮ－γ和ＩＬ－４扩增的标准对照。在ＳＥＡ或ＣｏｎＡ诱导的未感染或感染３周小鼠脾细胞未检测到ＩＦＮ－γ和ＩＬ－４ｍＲＮＡ逆转录ＰＣＲ产物，感染５周和８周的小鼠脾细胞则可以观察到ＩＦＮ－γ和ＩＬ－４ｍＲＮＡ的表达。与感染５周时相比，ＳＥＡ刺激的感染８周小鼠脾细胞的ＩＬ－４ｍＲＮＡ转录显著增强。然而，在感染１０周和１２周小鼠，无论ＣｏｎＡ或ＳＥＡ都不能诱导ＩＦＮ－γ或ＩＬ－４ｍＲＮＡ转录，显示这两种淋巴因子表达受到抑制。结果表明，ＳＥＡ诱导的日本血吸虫感染小鼠脾细胞ＩＦＮ－γ和ＩＬ－４基因转录存在着调节，这种调节可能与感染从急性期到慢性期的对血吸虫虫卵抗原的全身性免疫反应包括对肉芽肿形成的调控有关。     

小鼠胸腺树突状细胞系MTSC4诱导早期T细胞株C320表达IL－2R

通过流式细胞仪（ＦＡＣＳ）分析了我室自建的小鼠胸腺树突状细胞系ＭＴＳＣ４与小鼠肿瘤性早期Ｔ细胞株Ｃ３２０细胞共育后，Ｃ３２０细胞表达ＩＬ－２Ｒ的状态，分析了ＣｏｎＡ和ＰＨＡ对Ｃ３２０及与ＭＴＳＣ４共育后的Ｃ３２０表达ＩＬ－２Ｒ的诱导促进作用以及ＩＬ－２Ｒ＋Ｃ３２０细胞在脱离外源性刺激后其比例的变化。ＭＴＳＣ４及ＣｏｎＡ和ＰＨＡ在不同程度上抑制Ｃ３２０细胞的无限制增殖，ＣｏｎＡ和ＰＨＡ对与ＭＴＳＣ４共育后的Ｃ３２０细胞的抑制增殖作用更强。     

内毒素性发热时大鼠脾细胞增殖反应及IL－1、IL－2活性测定

本实验用大鼠腹腔注射内毒素（ｅｎｄｏｔｏｘｉｎ，ＥＴ）复制发热模型。动物注射ＥＴ后８０ｍｉｎ体温上升达高峰（０．９７±０．２１℃），立即处死动物，检测大鼠脾细胞增殖反应ＩＬ－１、ＩＬ－２活性。实验结果如下：（１）ＥＴ性发热时大鼠脾细胞在无丝裂原的作用下￣３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入的ｃｐｍ值明显高于对照组。（２）ＥＴ组大鼠脾细胞对刀豆蛋白Ａ（ＣｏｎｃａｎａｖａｌｉｎＡ，ＣｏｎＡ）的反应性显著高于对照组。（３）ＥＴ组大鼠脾细胞产生ＩＬ－１，ＩＬ－２的能力显著高于对照组。     

呼吸道合胞病毒感染患儿免疫功能变化及PBL体外表达IL－2R的动态观察

探讨７２例确诊呼吸道合胞病毒（ＲＳＶ）特异性血清抗体及鼻咽分泌物脱落细胞中ＲＳＶ抗原阳性患儿急性期及恢复期Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群，血清ＩｇＧ、ＩｓＭ、ＩｇＡ及ＩＬ－２Ｒ的活性表达，动态观察了呼吸道合胞病毒感染患儿急性期、恢复期和正常对照组外周血淋巴细胞经ＰＨＡ刺激后，于不同时间（２４ｈ、４８ｈ、７２ｈ）细胞膜上ＩＬ－２Ｒ的活性表达。结果表明，抗体效价恢复期较急性期升高４～１２８倍，病例组急性期ＣＤ３、ＣＤ１６、Ｂ细胞升高，ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８的比值下降，ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＡ均降低，而ＩＬ－２Ｒ的活性表达呈下降趋势。此结果有助于探讨ＲＳＶ感染患儿的免疫紊乱发生机制。     

黄芪调节IgG亚类缺陷病人IL－2、BCGF、IL－6活性的体外观察

本文观察黄芪对ＩｇＧ亚类缺陷病儿体外Ｔ细胞增殖反应，ＩＬ－２、ＢＣＧＦ和ＩＬ－６活性的影响。结果发现ＩｇＧ亚类缺陷病儿Ｔ细胞增殖反应低下，ＩＬ－２、ＢＣＧＦ和ＩＬ－６活性降低。黄芪有明显提高病儿Ｔ细胞增殖反应，ＩＬ－２、ＢＣＧＦ和ＩＬ－６活性，其中ＢＣＧＦ和ＩＬ－６活性可达到正常水平；而对正常对照无上述免疫增强效应。黄芪对Ｔ细胞及其分泌的细胞因子（ＩＬ－２、ＢＣＧＦ、ＩＬ－６）的调节作用可能与其调节ＩｇＧ亚类的产生有关。     

血吸虫虫卵抗原诱导的日本血吸虫感染小鼠IFN—γ及IL…

本研究调查了日本血吸虫感染的ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ小鼠脾细胞的ＩＦＮ－γ和ＩＬ－４ｍＲＮＡ转录，于感染后０，３，５，８，１０和１２周摘取小鼠脾脏，将脾细胞置于含ＳＥＡ或ＣｏｎＡ的培养基中培养，然后提取脾细胞总ＲＮＡ，通过逆转录后ｃＤＮＡ的扩增，分析ＩＦＮ－γ和ＩＬ－４的ｍＲＮＡ水平，ＲＮＡ模板同时进行β－ａｃｔｉｎ的逆转录的扩增，扩增产物被用作ＩＦＮ－γ和ＩＬ－４扩增的标准对照，在ＳＥＡ或ＣｏｎＡ诱导的未感     

小鼠胸腺树突状细胞系MTSC4诱导早期T细胞株C320…

通过流式细胞仪分析了我室自建的小鼠胸腺树突状细胞系ＭＴＳＣ４与小鼠肿瘤性早期Ｔ细胞株Ｃ３２０细胞共育后，Ｃ３２０细胞表达ＩＬ－２Ｒ的状态，分析了ＣｏｎＡ和ＰＨＡ对Ｃ３２０及与ＭＴＳＣ４共育后的Ｃ３２０表达ＩＬ－２Ｒ的诱导促进作用以及ＩＬ－２Ｒ＾＋Ｃ３２０细胞在脱离外源性刺激后其比例的变化，ＭＴＳＣ４及ＣｏｎＡ和ＰＨＡ在不同程度上抑制Ｃ３２０细胞的无限制增殖，ＣｏｎＡ和ＰＨＡ对与ＭＴＳＣ４共育后的Ｃ     

抗人重组IL－1单克隆抗体的制备及初步鉴定

以重组人ＩＬ－１免疫ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠，取其脾细胞与小鼠骨髓瘤细胞６５３融合，得到一组分泌抗人重组ＩＬ－１单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞。对其中的３株ＹＡ１３３、ＹＡ１４０和ＹＡ１６３进行了初步鉴定；抗体类别为ＩｇＧ，亚类均为ｌｇＧｌ；免疫转印显示，３株抗体均能特异性地识别分子量为１７．５ｋＤ的ＩＬ－１蛋白条带；ＥＬＩＳＡ法证明与其它细胞因子如：ＩＬ－２、ＩＬ－６、ＴＮＤ－α、ＩＦＮ－γ和ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ均无交又反应；放射免疫测定结果证实，３株抗体分别识别ＩＬ－１分子上两个不同的抗原决定簇。     

抗Thy－1单克隆抗体的免疫抑制作用

从体内、体外研究了抗Ｔｈｙ－１单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）的免疫抑制作用。结果表明：（１）体外抗Ｔｈｙ－１ＭｃＡｂ在补体参与下能够杀伤小鼠胸腺细胞，无补体时能抑制ＣｏｎＡ诱导的Ｔ淋巴细胞增殖反应；（２）在体内，可以抑制小鼠脾细胞对ＣｏｎＡ和ＰＨＡ诱导的Ｔ淋巴细胞增殖、但不影响ＬＰＳ诱导的Ｂ淋巴细胞增殖反应。结果说明：抗Ｔｈｙ－１ＭｃＡｂ的免疫抑制作用可能包括补体依赖性细胞毒作用和通过Ｔｈｙ－１分子对Ｔ淋巴细胞功能的抑制。     

IL－10和IL－3能协同刺激T细胞增殖

ＩＬ－１０和ＩＬ－３能协同刺激Ｔ细胞增殖［英］／ＣｏｈｅｎＳＢＡ…／／Ｉｍｍｕｎｏｌｏｇｙ．一１９９５，８５．一３５１～３５６虽然ＩＬ－３是表达αβＴ细胞受体的双阴性（ＣＤ４－ＣＤ８－）Ｔ细胞的生长因子，但其对单阳性Ｔ细胞的作用了解甚少，ＩＬ－１０是...     

A suppressor B lymphocyte inhibiting IL-2 consumption in spleen cell cultures from Mycobacterium bovis BCG-infected mice.

In concanavalin A (Con A)-activated spleen cell (SC) cultures from normal C57BL/6 mice, the production of IL-2 peaked at 18-20 hr after initiation of cultures and declined rapidly during the next 24 hr, the decline of IL-2 activity being due, at least in part, to its utilization by the Con A-induced IL-2 receptor cells. In Con A-activated SC from BCG-infected mice, significant levels of IL-2 activity persisted in the 48-hr and 72-hr culture supernatants, a situation which seemed to be related to the depressed capacity of infected splenocytes to acquire IL-2 receptors. In cell mixing experiments, SC from infected mice actively depressed the utilization of IL-2 by Con A-activated normal SC, thus indicating that suppressor cells can down-regulate IL-2 responsiveness. These suppressor cells may belong to the B-cell lineage since they possessed the Thy-1-, sIg+ and FcR+ phenotype.     

Immunodepression in trypanosome-infected mice. VI. Comparison of immune responses of different lymphoid organs

Mitogen stimulation of cells from various lymphoid organs of C3H/He mice chronically infected with an isolate of Trypanosoma congolense was studied at different time intervals after infection, using concanavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). At the same time, changes in the percentages of T, B and null lymphocytes in these organs were determined by immunofluorescence staining. The responses of T and B lymphocytes in the spleen were totally depressed, and the cellular composition was drastically altered by day 14 after infection. Unlike the spleen, the lymph nodes showed minor changes in their T and B lymphocyte responses and cell composition during the course of the infection, except the B cell response and composition which were altered late in the infection. The thymus and bone marrow did not show any appreciable changes in their mitogen responses and cell composition throughout the infection. The peripheral blood lymphocytes showed reduced B cell responses. Spleen cells from chronically infected mice suppressed lymphocyte stimulation induced in normal spleen and lymph node cell populations by Con A, LPS and allogeneic stimulator cells. Lymph node cells from the same group of mice did not exhibit any such suppressor activity. In the experimental system used here, the spleen is the primary site of immune depression, and other lymphoid organs such as the lymph nodes and thymus are very little affected.     

Tumour-induced suppressor macrophages in rats: differences in their suppressive effects on the Con A and PHA responses

Spleen cells obtained from ACI rats bearing a syngeneic hepatoma (9098) (TBR spleen cells) showed a strongly depressed mitogen responses to concanavalin A (Con A) and to phytohaemagglutinin-P (PHA) at various concentrations of the tested mitogens. The activity of suppressor cells in TBR spleens was demonstrated in mixtures with normal spleen cells where a marked depression of the mitogen response was observed. The properties of tumour-induced suppressor cells were adherent to plastic or nylon wool, phagocytic, and radioresistant (maybe macrophages). The Con A response of TBR spleen cells was more completely restored than was the PHA response after the removal of adherent or phagocytic cells. The suppression when TBR spleen cells (2,000 rad) were added to normal spleen cells at 0, 24, and 45 h after culture initiation was greater in the PHA response than in the Con A response. The PHA assay appeared to be more sensitive method than the Con A assay for the detection of suppressor cell activity in tumour bearing rats.     

Suppressor cells and immunodeficiency in (NZB x NZW)F1 hybrid mice.

Old (15-20 month) male (NZB x NZW)F1 (B/W) mice have severely impaired spleen cell reactivity to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), a mitogen which stimulates mainly T lymphocytes. Spleen cells from old mice markedly suppressed the PHA response of splenocytes from young (3-4 month) B/W males. Similar suppressor activity was not present in the spleens of old mice of four nonautoimmune strains. The suppressor activity of old B/W spleen cells was mediated by a nonphagocytic, radioresistant, mononuclear leukocyte. Although this cell was eluted in the "T lymphocyte" fraction of nylon wool colums, it was not sensitive to treatment with anti-Thy-1 antiserum and complement. Suppressor activity was lost after 18 h incubation at 37 degrees C in tissue culture medium. Supernatants of these overnight cultures had no suppressive effect on fresh young B/W spleen cells. Old B/W spleen cells suppressed PHA reactivity more than concanavalin A or lipopolysaccharide reactivity. Kinetic studies demonstrated an increasing suppression with time over 72 h of culture. This study demonstrate that the severely impaired PHA reactivity of old B/W mice is mediated, at least in part, by active suppression.     

Drug-induced modulation of IL-2 production in experimental murine trypanosomiasis.

In this study we evaluated the effects of N-acetyl-cysteine and indomethacin in restoring IL-2 producing ability in vitro of splenocytes from mice infected with Trypanosoma equiperdum. Spleen cells from these mice were found to produce significantly lower levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in response to mitogen stimulation than spleen cells from uninfected control mice. This was accompanied by considerable suppression of IL-2-receptor expression, which was not attributable to the elimination of a particular T-cell subset. Impairment of IL-2 production was not due to a primary defect in L3T4+ T-cells, but rather to the presence of both adherent and non-adherent suppressor cells that apparently acted via prostaglandin-independent and dependent mechanisms. In fact, the IL-2-producing ability of lymphocytes from infected mice could be efficiently restored by in vitro exposure to N-acetyl-cysteine or indomethacin.     

T cell hyperreactivity in obese strain (OS) chickens. Different mechanisms operative in spleen and peripheral blood lymphocyte activation

The enhanced T cell reactivity (ConA hyperresponsiveness and IL 2 hypersecretion) of spleen lymphocytes of Obese strain (OS) chickens with spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis has recently been shown to be due to a defect in macrophage-derived non-specific suppressor factors that regulate IL 2 secretion and IL 2-promoted T lymphoblast proliferation in normal healthy animals. In the present study, we present several lines of evidence that the increased T cell response of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of OS chickens is due to mechanisms entirely different from the described dysregulation of splenic T cells: 1) In contrast to the splenic macrophages, peripheral blood monocytes of OS animals are not deficient in the production of IL 2 antagonistic activity (IAA); 2) therefore, cocultivation of PBL from OS and Normal White Leghorn (NWL) chickens in communicating culture chambers did not abrogate the difference in Con A response as previously observed with spleen lymphocytes. 3) Immunofluorescence with a monoclonal antibody (INN CH 16) against the chicken IL 2 receptor revealed enhanced numbers of mitogen activatable T cells in OS PBL but not OS spleen lymphocytes. 4) After prolonged Con A stimulation of PBL, OS and NWL lymphoblasts did not differ from each other in functional aspects. In contrast to this, Con A lymphoblasts from OS spleens exhibited enhanced staining with INN CH 16 in parallel with an increased proliferative response to IL 2. Thus, the primary T cell dysfunction involved in the development of autoimmune disease in OS chickens is the result of at least two separate regulatory defects.     

Immunopharmacological actions of an extract isolated from inflamed skin of rabbits inoculated with Vaccinia virus (Neurotropin)--II. Restorative effect on immune responses through the recovery of IL-2 production in aging mice

To examine the immunopharmacological actions of an extract isolated from inflamed skin of rabbits inoculated with Vaccinia virus (Neurotropin), its effect on the immune responses in aging BALB/c mice was examined. Neurotropin clearly restored the decreasing T-cell-dependent immune responses such as delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response and plaque-forming cells (PFC) response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) when administered i.p. from 13 months old (mo) to 16 mo. However, Neurotropin administration from 2 to 5 mo had no effect on the immune responses of young animals. Neurotropin administration from 13 to 16 mo restored not only the T-cell proliferation of spleen cells induced by concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA), but also the interleukin-2 (IL-2) production by spleen cells activated with Con A. However, Neurotropin did not affect the responsiveness of Con A-activated spleen cells to exogenous recombinant IL-2. An absence of suppressor cells capable of inhibiting the IL-2 production in the spleens was confirmed in the 16 mo mice. Neurotropin administration also restored IL-1 production by peritoneal macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These results suggest that long-term administration of Neurotropin restores the decreasing T-cell-dependent immune responses through the recovery of IL-2 and in part IL-1 production, but not the responsiveness to IL-2 in aging BALB/c mice.     

Suppressor and helper T-cell populations in Mycobacterium kansasii-infected spleens.

Specific pathogen-free B6D2 F1 hybrid mice were infected intravenously with increasing numbers of Mycobacterium kansasii TMC 1203 or 1214 and blastogenic responsiveness of the splenic T cells to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), Con A or to a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) were compared. Mice which had been infected 30 days earlier with M. kansasii strain 1203 exhibited substantial suppression whereas those infected with 1214 showed enhanced tritiated thymidine uptakes when exposed to mitogenic or allogeneic stimulation. Spleen cells harvested from mice infected 10 days earlier with either M. kansasii 1203 or 1214 exhibited substantially enhanced levels of helper T-cell activity in vitro compared with normal spleen cells. As the M. kansasii 1203 infections progressed, increasing suppressor T-cell activity was observed so that by day 30, the helper T-cell response had been largely ablated. On the other hand, the M. kansasii 1214-infected spleens exhibited little or no suppressor T-cell activity at any time during the infection. However, helper T-cell activity doubled over this same time period relative to that for the 1203-infected spleens when the responses were compared on a cell-to-cell basis.     

Effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin on the in vitro generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. II. Role of interleukin-1-like factors and of soluble suppressor factors.

The injection of BCG vaccine in C57BL/6J mice results in the suppression of the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) and of mitogenic reactions to concanavalin A (Con A). Suppression is mediated by macrophage-like suppressor cells. Since previous work had indicated that suppression involved the inhibition of the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2), the effects of BCG on interleukin-1 (IL-1), a monokine required for IL-2 production, were investigated. It was found that the release of IL-1-like activity in spleen cell cultures stimulated with LPS or Con A was increased by previous BCG treatment of the cell donors. In MLC, the release of IL-1-like activity was also increased by BCG. However, the detection of IL-1-like activity in MLC supernatants was prevented by the presence of a suppressor factor. In this case, the IL-1-like activity could be separated with gel filtration from the suppressor factor which had higher molecular weight. The production of IL-1-like activity by CBA/J spleen cells, which are not suppressed by BCG, was not significantly different from that of C57BL/6J cells, which are markedly suppressed. Moreover, the addition of IL-1 to the BCG-suppressed cultures not only did not restore normal reactivity, but actually further suppressed CTL formation. It was concluded that BCG-induced suppression cannot be attributed to decreased IL-1 activity. The suppressor factor discovered during these investigations may have a role in this type of suppression.     

Effects of IL-13 on murine listeriosis

Acquired resistance against Listeria monocytogenes is a typical T helper (Th) 1 dominated immune response, whereas Th2 cytokines are thought to worsen listeriosis. We investigated effects of recombinant IL-13 (rIL-13) on the host response to L. monocytogenes in mice. Although IL-13 has been described as a Th2 cytokine with deactivating anti-inflammatory activities, it was found to enhance antilisterial resistance. In vitro, rIL-13 increased IL-12 p40 and p70 production by bone marrow macrophages infected with L. monocytogenes. In vivo, numbers of viable bacteria in spleens and livers were decreased after treatment of mice with rIL-13. In addition, granuloma formation was impaired and NK cell activity of spleen cells was enhanced. At the onset of infection, frequencies of IL-12-producing cells were increased and numbers of IL-4- and IFN-gamma-secreting cells were diminished in rIL-13-treated mice as compared to controls. In contrast, on day 6 after infection, IL-12, IL-4 and IFN-gamma levels in rIL-13-treated animals were equal to or even higher than those in controls. Although direct activation of host macrophages by IL-13 is possible, we consider it more likely that IL-13 acted indirectly through stimulation of IL-12 production and inhibition of IL-4 release early after infection. In contrast, our data argue against an apparent role of IFN-gamma in IL-13- induced antilisterial resistance.