改良超滤术对婴幼儿体外循环围手术期肾小管功能的影响

将40例先天性心脏病患儿(体质量＜15 kg)随机分成观察组和对照组各20例,两组均于体外循环(ECC)下行房间隔或室间隔缺损修补术.观察组ECC后使用改良超滤技术,对照组予传统超滤术.测量两组围手术期不同时间点尿中视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)、α1-微球蛋白(α1-MG)水平.结果患儿均顺利完成手术,但对照组实入量明显多于观察组(P＜0.01);两组术后第1天尿中RBP、α1-MG水平均显著升高,达峰值后下降,但对照组较观察组升高明显,持续时间长(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).提示改良超滤技术对婴幼儿体外循环心脏手术后肾小管具有保护作用.     

平衡超滤对体外循环婴幼儿血清乳酸水平的影响

目的探讨平衡超滤对体外循环（ECC）婴幼儿血清乳酸的影响。方法选取36例室间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压的婴幼儿患者，随机分为观察组（应用平衡超滤）和对照组（仅给常规剂量的速尿），每组18例。分别抽取患儿术前、ECC前、ECC30min、ECC60min、ECC停止1h、术后24h及术后48h的动脉血测血清乳酸水平。结果对照组从麻醉开始到ECC结束，婴幼儿动脉血乳酸水平逐渐升高，ECC结束后达最高，之后逐渐下降；观察组患儿ECC中乳酸水平亦上升，但上升不明显。结论平衡超滤技术可显著降低体外循环手术婴幼儿围术期血清乳酸水平。     

改良超滤联合平衡超滤对婴幼儿体外循环术后IL-6,TNF-α及sICAM-1血浆含量和肺功能影响

目的:探讨婴幼儿体外循环(CPB)术后肺损害机理及平衡超滤联合改良超滤对其肺功能保护效果。方法:60例先天性心脏病患儿随机分为对照组(C)、改良超滤组(M)和平衡超滤联合改良超滤组(U)。M组在转流结束后应用改良超滤,U组在转流开始后进行平衡超滤,转流结束后进行改良超滤。分别在转流前(T1),转流结束后20 min(T2),术后2 h(T3),术后6 h(T4),术后12 h(T5)和术后24h(T6)测定记录气道峰压(Ppeak)、呼吸停顿压(Ppause)、潮气量(TV)、呼吸频率(F)、吸入氧浓度(FiO2)和吸气比例(insp)并测量动脉血中白介素6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)及黏附因子(sICAM-1)的浓度。结果:各组CPB术后较术前的肺静态顺应性(Cstat)、氧合指数(OI)明显降低,肺泡一动脉氧分压(AaD02)明显增加,在T4、T5时间U组的Cstat、OI明显高于M组和C组,M组高于C组;AaDO2明显低于M组和C组,M组低于C组。IL-6、TNF-α,及sICAM-1术后浓度均明显升高,sICAM-1浓度高峰较迟。在T2、T3、T4及T5时间,U组的IL-6、TNF-α及sICAM-1浓度明显低于M组和C组。结论:术后肺功能损害可能与CPB术后大量炎性细胞因子释放及黏附因子合成与分泌导致肺毛细血管内皮损伤有关。联合应用平衡超滤和改良超滤可降低血浆中的炎性因子的浓度,减轻炎性反应,改善患儿肺的通气功能和换气功能,具有良好肺保护作用。     

婴幼儿体外循环后V—AMUF与A—VMUF的应用比较

目的 比较婴幼儿体外循环后静脉-动脉方向改良超滤（V—AMUF）与动脉-静脉方向改良超滤（A．VMUF）的临床应用效果。方法将40例先天性心脏病（先心病）患儿随机分成对照组和实验组,各20例。对照组体外循环后应用A．VMUF;实验组体外循环后应用V—AMUF,观察患儿的鼻咽温（T）、动脉收缩压、红细胞压积（HCT）、血浆白蛋白、炎症介质浓度、超滤时间、肺功能以及术后恢复情况。结果与对照组比较,实验组超滤期间T、动脉收缩压稳定,超滤结束后血浆肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）水平下降,肺功能损害减轻,患儿术后恢复时间缩短（P均〈0．05）;超滤结束时两组血浆IL-5水平均下降,两组比较,P〉0．05;两组超滤结束后较转流结束时HCT和白蛋白浓度均明显升高,两组比较,P〉0．05;实验组超滤速度快于对照组,超滤时间和手术时间较对照组缩短（P均〈0．05）。结论相对A．VMUF而言,体外循环后采用V—AMUF,可快速地浓缩血液,排除部分炎症介质,缩短手术时间,有利于患儿T、动脉收缩压的稳定,减轻重要脏器组织水肿和损伤,促进术后恢复,提高手术治疗效果。     

零平衡超滤对老年冠状动脉搭桥围术期心肺功能的影响

目的评估体外循环（ECC）中采用零平衡超滤对老年冠状动脉搭桥围术期心肺功能的影响。方法选取拟行冠状动脉搭桥术患者20例，随机分为两组，超滤组和对照组。分别在术前0．5h（T1）、主动脉阻断后30min（T2）、ECC结束后1h（T3）、8h（T4）、24h（T5）、48h（T6）抽取静脉血，测定血浆肌酸肌酶同工酶（CK-MB）、心肌肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）的水平．监测并记录T1～T6各时间的肺泡-动脉血氧分压差P（A-a）O2，并记录患者心脏自动复跳率及术后恢复情况。结果超滤组患者心脏自动复跳率明显高于对照组；超滤组术后机械通气时间及ICU停留时间显著短于对照组（P〈0．05）；两组患者ECC后CK-MB、cTnI、TNF-α、IL-6血浆浓度均有不同程度升高，但超滤组患者血浆CK—MB、IL-6浓度在T2～T6均低于对照组（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）．超滤组cTnI浓度在T2～T5、TNF-α浓度在T3～T5低于对照组（P〈0.05）；超滤组肺泡-动脉血氧分压差在T3低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论ECC中采用零平衡超滤对老年冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者的心肺功能有一定程度的保护作用。     

耳穴压豆对系统性红斑狼疮患者血清IL-2、TNF-α和IL-6的影响

将同期收治的66例系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）患者随机分为观察组和对照组各33例，均口服泼尼松治疗，观察组在此基础上予王不留行籽耳穴贴压（耳穴压豆）。观察两组治疗前后血清白介素-2（IL-2）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF—α）和白介素-6（IL-6）水平及SLE活动指数（SLEDAI）变化。结果两组治疗后血清IL-2、TNF—α、IL-6水平及SLEDAI积分均有显著变化（P〈0．05），其中观察组血清TNF．仅水平及SLEDAI积分均显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）。认为耳穴压豆可明显提高SLE疗效，可能机理为调节血清IL-2、TNF-α、IL-6水平。     

婴幼儿体外循环术中静脉——动脉方向持续超滤与平衡联合改良超滤对比研究

目的探讨婴幼儿体外循环（CPB）手术的最佳超滤方法。方法将30例先天性心脏病患儿随机分为两组。CPB术中对照组应用平衡联合改良超滤,观察组应用静脉—动脉方向持续超滤。观察两组超滤及手术时间、炎症介质排除、血液浓缩、脏器保护及术后恢复情况。结果与对照组比较,观察组超滤时间、手术时间缩短（P均〈0．05）,超滤后炎症介质排除、血液浓缩指标无统计学意义;停CPB后超滤期间体温、动脉血压稳定,术后肺功能损害减轻,术后24h出血量、术后输血量、呼吸机辅助时间、血管活性药辅助时间均降低（P均〈0．05）。结论婴幼儿心内手术CPB中采用持续超滤的效果优于联合超滤法;且较为安全。     

胃癌患者血清TNF—α、IL-6、IL-8水平变化及意义

目的观察胃癌患者血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、IL-6、IL-8的水平变化,并探讨其临床意义。方法采用ELISA法测定60例胃癌（胃癌组）、25例胃良性病变患者（良性组）血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8,并与25例健康者（正常组）作对照。结果胃癌组血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8水平明显高于良性组和正常组（P〈0．05）,且TNF—α、IL-6、IL-8水平随着胃癌临床病理分期的增加而升高（P〈0．05）。肿瘤根治手术后患者血清TNF—α、IL-6、IL-8水平较术前明显降低（P〈0．05）;良性组血清TNF—α、IL-6、IL-8水平与正常组近似（P〉0．05）。结论胃癌患者血清TNF—α、IL-6、IL-8水平增高;检测胃癌患者血清TNF—α、IL-6、IL-8有助于病情判断和估计预后。     

阿魏酸钠对小儿先天性心脏病体外循环炎症反应的影响

将60例小儿先天性心脏病患者随机分为阿魏酸钠组（S组）和对照组（C组）各30例。两组均于体外循环（CPB）下手术,S组在CPB预充液中加入阿魏酸钠注射液8mg／kg,C组加入等剂量醋酸林格液。分别于体外循环前（T0）、结束（T1）、术后6h（T2）、术后24h（T3）抽取血标本,测定血清中肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、白细胞介素6（IL-6）、白细胞介素10（IL—10）的浓度。结果CPB后两组TNF—α、IL-6、IL-10均明显增高,至T2达最高峰;与C组相比,S组T1、T2、T3时TNF—α和IL-6均降低,而IL—10增高。认为阿魏酸钠可通过减少CPB中促炎因子TNF-α和IL-6释放、增加抑炎因子IL-10分泌而减轻体外循环炎症反应。     

乌司他丁联合改良超滤对体外循环术后婴幼儿肺功能的影响及机制

目的观察乌司他丁联合改良超滤对婴幼儿体外循环术后肺功能的影响,并探讨其机制。方法 60例先天性心脏病患儿,随机分为对照组(C)、乌司他丁组(U)、改良超滤组(M)和乌司他丁联合改良超滤组(D)。C组为空白对照,M、D组在转流结束后应用改良超滤,U组和D组于麻醉诱导后体外循环(CPB)前给予乌司他丁1万U/kg泵入。分别在转流前5 min(T1)、转流结束后20 min(T2)、术后2 h(T3)、术后6 h(T4)、术后12 h(T5)记录气道峰压(Ppeak)、呼吸停顿压(Ppause)、潮气量(TV)、呼吸频率(F)、吸入氧浓度(FiO2),计算肺静态顺应性(Cstat)、气道阻力(Raw)、氧合指数(OI);同时采集动脉血行血气分析,记录肺泡—动脉血氧分压差(A-aDO2),同时检测血清IL-6和IL-8。结果 T3、T4、T5时点U、M、D组Cstate均高于C组,Raw明显低于C组(P均<0.05);而T4、T5时点U、M组的Cstate低于D组、Raw高于D组(P均<0.05)。T3、T4、T5时点U、M、D组的A-aDO2均明显低于C组,OI明显高于C组(P均<0.05);T4、T5时点M、U组的A-aDO2明显高于D组,OI明显低于D组(P均<0.05)。T2、T3、T4、T5时点D、U组IL-6和IL-8明显低于M、C组(P均<0.05)。结论联合应用乌司他丁和改良超滤可明显改善婴幼儿CPB心脏直视手术后肺功能,且效果优于单用其中一种者。其机制可能与联合应用乌司他丁和改良超滤降低肺组织IL-6和IL-8释放有关。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.