对圣洁医生牌免洗手消毒凝胶毒性的试验观察

圣洁医生牌免洗手消毒凝胶是以三氯羟基二苯醚为主要杀菌成分,配以乙醇制备而成的消毒剂。该消毒剂为无色透明胶体,三氯羟基二苯醚含量为(0 2±0 0 1) % ,乙醇含量为(5 5±5 ) %。该消毒剂涂擦消毒可杀灭大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌,可用于医生、护士术前的外科手消毒。为了解该消毒剂的毒性,在实验室内进行了小鼠急性经口毒性试验和蓄积毒性试验研究,现将结果报告如下。1　毒性试验1 1　急性经口毒性试验1 1 1　受试物配制　准确称取样品5 0 0 0mg ,加蒸馏水至2 0ml ,配制成浓度为2 5 0mg/ml的试液。1 1 2　实验动物　昆明种…     

SJ消毒洗手液杀菌效果实验观察

[目的]了解以2,4,4-三氯-2-羟基二苯醚为主要成分的SJ消毒洗手液的杀菌效果.[方法]按<消毒技术规范>进行载体浸泡定量杀菌试验、有机物影响试验和稳定性试验,并进行现场应用效果观察.[结果]10%浓度对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌作用1min;对白色念珠菌作用3min,杀灭率均达99.90%以上,并发现杀菌效果随浓度增加和作用时间延长而增强,随有机物浓度增加而略有降低.[结论]该消毒液可迅速杀灭细菌繁殖体、真菌,杀菌性能稳定、无毒,适合皮肤消毒,特别是对长期需要使用者无剌激性.     

SJ消毒洗手液杀菌效果实验观察

目的：了解以2,4,4－三氯－2－羟基二苯醚主要成分的SJ消毒洗手液的杀菌效果。方法：按《消毒技术规范》进行载体浸泡定量杀菌试验,有机物影响试验和稳定性试验,并进行现场应用效果观察。结果 10％浓度对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌作用1min;对白色念珠菌作用3min,杀灭率均达99．90％以上,并发现杀菌效果随浓度增加和作用时间延长而增强,随着机物浓度增加而略有降低。结论 该消毒液可迅速杀灭细菌繁殖体、真菌、杀菌性能稳定、无毒,适合皮肤消毒,特别是对长期需要使用无刺激性。     

三氯二苯醚消毒剂消毒效果实验观察

本实验所用消毒剂是以三氯二苯醚为主要成分的一种消毒剂 ,其有效成份为 1 0 % ,我们在实验室对其杀灭微生物效果及稳定性、腐蚀性进行了实验观察。现将结果报告如下。试验方法　中和剂选择试验 ,定量杀菌试验 ,稳定性实验和金属腐蚀性试验均按“消毒技术规范”进行。试验结果　 ( 1)中和剂选择试验结果 (表 1) :试验表明 ,含0 5 %甘氨酸、3 0 %吐温 80、1 0 %卵磷脂的磷酸盐缓冲液可完全中和 2 0 0ｍｇ/Ｌ的消毒剂。 ( 2 )杀菌效果 (表 2 ) :以 2 0 0ｍｇ/Ｌ的消毒液作用 2ｍｉｎ可杀灭大肠杆菌 99 97% ,金黄色葡萄球菌 99 96%。表 1　中…     

芦荟凝胶护理液杀菌性能的试验观察

芦荟凝胶护理液主要含三氯羟基二苯醚 (简称DP30 0 ) 0 .2 9%、乙醇、芦荟等混合而成皮肤护理液。对其进行了杀灭细菌、真菌效果及毒性试验。试验浓度以原药为药物浓度 10 0 %计 ,原药对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌作用 1min ,平均杀灭率均达 99.90 % ,其杀菌效果不受有机物影响。原药对手表面涂擦消毒作用 1min ,自然菌的灭除率为 99.4 8%。小鼠急性经口毒性试验LD5 0 >5 0 0 0mg/kg,对新西兰种大白兔直接用原药进行皮肤剌激试验 ,未见红斑、水肿。因此 ,该芦荟凝胶护理液属实际无毒 ,无皮肤刺激性物质。     

康威龙海洋生物消毒液消毒效果与毒性的观察

目的 :检测康威龙海洋生物消毒液杀菌效果与毒性和稳定性及金属腐蚀性为其应用提供参考。方法 :取载体浸泡法测定其杀菌效果。结果 :有效成分为甲壳素 褐藻酸钠 玉洁醇 (三氯羟基二苯醚 )海洋生物复合物的含量为 0 .0 3%、0 .0 3%、 0 .0 2 5 %。 0 .0 3%复合物的稀释液对布片上大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌作用 5 min,对布片上白色念珠菌作用 10 m in,杀灭率均达 99.99%。染布片菌悬液中含体积分数 5 0 %小牛血清对该剂杀菌效果无明显影响。置 5 4℃下放置 14 d,37℃相对湿度 80 % ,放置 90 d有效成分下降率为 8.33% ,杀菌效果无明显影响。金属腐蚀性试验结果对不锈钢 ,铜无腐蚀 ,对碳钢、铝基本无腐蚀性。对小鼠经口 L D50 >5 0 0 0 mg/ kg属实际无毒级 ;蓄积毒性试验为弱蓄积毒性 ;蓄积系数 K>5 ;眼、皮肤刺激试验积分分别为 3.0分、 0分 ,属无刺激性 ;小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、精子畸形试验均为阴性。结论 :康威龙海洋生物消毒液为一种新型海洋生物消毒剂。具有杀菌效果好、稳定性强、无毒、无味、无刺激性、使用浓度低等优点。可广泛应用于不同领域的不同物体的消毒     

卫洁灵清洗消毒剂杀菌除污效果观察

目的：了解卫洁灵清洗消毒剂的杀菌除污效果。方法；对含有三氯羟基二苯醚的清洗消毒剂进行杀菌实验观察。结果；对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌作用10min,杀灭率为99.99%.结论：该洗消剂除油污效果好，无毒无腐蚀使用。     

复方强化戊二醛消毒液对细菌芽孢的杀菌效果观察

[目的]了解复方强化戊二醛消毒液对细菌芽孢杀灭效果。[方法]采用载体定量和定性杀菌试验进行了实验室观察和现场试验。[结果]以含23．0g／L戊二醛的复方强化戊二醛消毒液对载体上枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢作用Ih，杀灭率〉99．9％；作用3h达到完全杀灭。能量试验对大肠杆菌最低有效浓度为1000mg／L。经模拟现场试验用含23．0g／L戊二醛消毒液对污染在止血钳上的枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢作用3h达到完全杀灭。连续使用稳定性杀菌试验，14d后达到完全杀灭细菌芽孢的效果需要作用5h。[结论]复方强化戊二醛消毒液对细菌芽孢杀灭效果较好，性能稳定。     

强化戊二醛复方消毒液性能的试验观察

目的　为进一步了解强化戊二醛复方消毒液杀菌效果与腐蚀性、稳定性、毒性等性能。　方法　将强化戊二醛复方消毒液进行载体浸泡定量杀菌试验、稳定性试验、腐蚀性试验、连续使用稳定性试验、毒性试验。　结果　调节p H值到 8.5左右后 ,(2 0± 2 )℃条件下 ,消毒液含 5 0 0 mg/ L的戊二醛分别作用 5 min、10 min,对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌杀灭率分别为 99.93%、99.97%;含 30 0 0 mg/ L的戊二醛作用 3min,对白色念珠菌的杀灭率为 10 0 .0 0 %。消毒液 (2 00 0 0 mg/ L )作用 2 h对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞的杀灭率达 10 0 .0 0 %。在 2 5 %小牛血清条件 ,消毒液 (2 0 0 0 0 mg/ L )对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞杀灭效果无影响。消毒液 (2 0 0 0 0 mg/ L)对金属无腐蚀或有轻度腐蚀。浸泡器械 7d的消毒液作用 3h对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞杀灭率仍达 10 0 .0 0 %。消毒液对雌雄小鼠的 L D50 为 14 70 0 mg/ kg· bw,属实际无毒 ,蓄积毒性属弱蓄积毒性 ,小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验结果为阴性。　结论　强化戊二醛复方消毒液对微生物杀灭效果可靠 ,且安全稳定 ,对金属基本无腐蚀 ,连续使用时间较长。     

高氧化电位水杀灭细菌芽胞的效果观察

目的用悬液定量杀菌试验 ,观察氧化电位水杀灭细菌芽胞的效果。方法采用悬液定量杀菌试验,用枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种第5～7代培养物,配制菌悬液。用氧化电位水原液与之作用一定时间。计数活菌数。计算杀灭细菌芽胞的杀灭率。结果氧化还原电位为1183、PH2.37～2.57、的氧化电位水在18～22℃条件下,1.5min杀灭细菌芽胞枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种可达99.9 %。结论氧化电位水原液杀灭细菌芽胞效果迅速、杀菌力强。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.