Anatomical and histological morphometry of the sural nerve in human fetuses

Introduction

In our study, the aim was to anatomically and histologically investigate the morphometric structures of the branches involved in the sural nerve and sural nerve formation.

Anatomical assessment of bile ducts of Luschka in human fetuses

Bile ducts of Luschka (also called subvesical or supravesicular ducts) can cause bile leakage during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, especially if surgery is carried out in ignorance of such variations. The aim of this study was to clarify the clinical anatomy of these ducts in human fetuses and frequency of the ducts locating near gallbladder fossa. Thirty-two fetal cadaver livers were dissected and the gallbladders were separated from the livers and ducts were investigated under a surgical microscope. All observed ducts were examined microscopically and connective tissue cords were excluded. Bile ducts of Luschka locating near cystic fossa were found in 7 of 32 fetuses (21.9%). Three of the seven ducts ran towards to liver segment 5 (S5); three ducts were found in the gallbladder fossa; and one duct ran towards to liver segment 4 (S4). Also it was found that three of the seven ducts drained into the subsegmental duct of S5, two ducts drained into the right hepatic duct, one duct drained into the right anterior branch bile duct, and one duct drained into the subsegmental duct of S4. Subvesical ducts running along the gallbladder fossa between the gallbladder and the liver parenchyma were found in a relatively high incidence in fetuses than adults. Awareness and knowledge about incidence of such ducts alerts the surgeon during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Therefore morbidity due to bile leaks can be reduced.     

The clinical anatomy of accessory mental nerves and foramina

Since three‐dimensional computed tomography was developed, many researchers have described accessory mental foramina. The anatomical and radiological findings have been discussed, but details of accessory mental nerves (AMNs) have only been researched in a small number of anatomical and clinical cases. For this article, we reviewed the literature relating to accessory mental foramina (AMFs) and nerves to clarify aspects important for clinical situations. The review showed that the distribution pattern of the AMN can differ according to the position of the accessory mental foramen, and the reported incidence of AMFs differs among observation methods. A review of clinical cases also revealed that injury to large AMF can result in paresthesia. This investigation did not reveal all aspects of AMNs and AMFs, but will be useful for diagnosis and treatment by many dentists and oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Clin. Anat. 28:848–856, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Morphology of the pterygomandibular raphe in human fetuses and adults

The pterygomandibular raphe as described in current anatomy textbooks is not supported by actual observations in cadavers. A study was made on 60 adult Caucasian and Negro cadavers (52 right and 58 left sides, giving a total of 110 sides) providing comparison with an earlier study on Japanese specimens. In addition, 50 fetuses (25 mm crown-rump length to term) were examined to determine the arrangement of the raphe prenatally. Variations in the morphology of the raphe region were classified into three types: Type A--only the upper portion of the raphe could be identified and had a broad, triangular shape. Type B--the buccinator and superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles were widely separated by a broad, fascial region. Type C--the raphe was absent with complete continuity of the buccinator and superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles. A prominent, narrow, tendinous band with attachments as described in current textbooks was never found in adults. There was a complete absence of the raphe in 36% of the specimens resulting in continuity of the buccinator and superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles (type C). However, the remaining adult specimens (64%) exhibited some form of a broad, fascial region that either completely (type B, 36%) or partially (type A, 28%) separated the two muscles. All of the fetuses exhibited the type B arrangement exclusively, indicating that changes in the shape of the raphe occur postnatally. The frequency of appearance of the raphe types in adults differs significantly according to race.     

Biochemical indices of reparative skin transplants in human fetuses and adults

Summary The data presented characterize nitrogen composition and biochemical changes in transplants from the human embryo and adult man skin. As compared to adult, the human embryo skin contains more water soluble nitrogen substances, viz., residual and polypeptide nitrogen, free amino acids, as well as cystine and lysine. Protein disintegration of the skin characterized by autolysis, proteolysis, and hydrolysis coefficients is much more rapid in the human embryo than in the adult. Redistribution of nitrogen substances during the embryonic skin disintegration is attended by a considerable rise in the free amino acid content. High lability of proteins in the embryonic skin, as well as a high content of proteolytic enzymes in the latter, provides for intensive protein disintegration and resynthesis which is conductive to a more rapid desquamation of necrotic tissues, and to a more rapid healing of the skin defect. This shows the expediency of using the embryonic skin in homoplasty.Presented by V. V. Parin, Active Member, Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 58, No. 10, pp. 74–77, October, 1964     

A study of variations of transverse foramens of cervical vertebras in human: accessory foramina in shape and number

Transverse foramens of 250 cervical vertebras were examined. There were accessory foramina and variations in shape and number in 10 out of 250 cervical vertebras. Since such a variation of foramens, through which the vertebral artery passes, has not been detected in the literature, these ten cases are to be considered.     

Relationship between accessory foramina and tumour spread in the lateral mandibular surface

The spread of tumour cells to the mandible has been well recognised and invasion of the edentulous alveolar ridge by tumour through accessory foramina has been documented. Tumour infiltration can also occur through the lateral cortical plate, but the number and distribution of accessory foramina on this surface has not been reported. Lateral surfaces of 89 mandibles were examined and accessory foramina which showed a direct communication with the underlying cancellous bone were charted. It was found that the number of accessory foramina varied greatly from specimen to specimen. Only 70.8% of mandibles showed foramina in the coronoid, sigmoid and condylar sections; of these 93.7% exhibited foramina in the condylar section, 23.8% in the coronoid and only 19% in the sigmoid section. This finding confirms that the current practice of conserving part of the ascending ramus posterior to the coronoid process following surgery is sound. Similarly in the rest of the lateral surface, foramina were present in the upper third section in 97.8% of mandibles, 61.8% in the lower third and 58.4% in the middle third sections. This result justifies the principle of rim resection in appropriate cases and the recognition that the alveolar section is commonly invaded before the rest of the body. The number and distribution of foramina may be of greater significance following radiotherapy when the foramina could provide multiple direct channels for invasion of tumour cells from the lateral surface to the medulla.     

骶后孔解剖学定位及其临床意义

目的:建立精确、简易的骶后孔定位方法,为临床八髎穴针灸、骶后孔阻滞麻醉形态学基础。方法:解剖剔除28例成人尸体的骶骨周围软组织,清楚显露骶、尾骨及其骶后孔,对各个解剖结构进行仔细观察并用游标卡尺测量记录。结果:①以两侧髂嵴最高点连线为X轴,以骶后正中嵴线为Y轴,各骶后孔的中点在X轴上的坐标分别为:(23.41±2.49)、(19.90±2.21)、(18.39±2.55)、(17.93±1.98)mm,在Y轴上的坐标分别为:男(49.71±6.15)、(68.45±5.78)、(86.91±6.14)、(104.91±7.00)mm,女(44.17±5.71)、(60.44±6.30)、(78.60±7.23)、(96.48±7.87)mm。②骶前、后孔深距:S(124.2±3.2)、S(218.6±2.8)、S3(12.7±2.6)、S4(6.8±1.9)mm。③骶后孔穿刺针尖水平偏离矢状轴角度:S1(6.3°±2.5°)、S2(4.8°±1.6°)、S3(4.0°±2.0°)、S4(3.6°±1.7°)。结论:提出可供临床应用骶后孔简易和精确的两种定位方法及针灸、穿刺适宜进针角度和深度。     

下颌骨外侧面副孔的观测及其临床意义

目的 :观测下颌骨外侧面副孔的数量与分布 ,探讨其与肿瘤浸润的关系。方法 :将 74块下颌骨内侧面分为 2区 6部 ,在 10～ 2 0倍显微镜下观察各区、部的副孔数及分布规律。结果 :副孔的数量在不同的标本上相差很大 ,平均为 (4 9.4± 2 0 .6)个。上区的副孔总数比下区的少 ,在上区 ,髁突部副孔数量最多 ,其次为冠突部和下颌切迹部 ,平均分别为 (2 .3± 1.8) ,(0 .7± 1.1)和 (0 .3± 0 .7)个 ;在下区 ,上部副孔数量最多 ,其次为中部和下部 ,平均分别为 (12 .5± 6.2 ) ,(5 .0± 3 .8)和 (3 .8± 2 .6)个。结论 :副孔为肿瘤由骨皮质表面进入网状骨质提供了直接通路 ,上部出现的副孔使这个区域最易受肿瘤播散的侵及。     

Microvascularization of the female urethra in fetuses,neonates and infants

The microvascularization of the female urethra was studied in fetuses, neonates and infants by injection of agarized China ink into the circulation. The purpose of this study was to specify the angioarchitecture of each tunic and their specific drainage. The disposition of the microvascularization of the urethra is superimposed on the orientation of the fibers of the muscular tunic. The orientation of the veins of the sub-mucous tunic is longitudinal and not plexiform.     

Skeletal variations of the seventh cervical vertebrae in the mouse with special reference to the foramina transversaria and the accessory foramina.

The formation of foramina transversaria in the seventh cervical vertebra of CBA and C57BL mice and their offspring is found to behave as if it is determined by a single semi-dominant gene. The accessory foramina of Weber (1950) are investigated in the same material. These foramina are classified into two types and their heredity is evaluated.     

成人胸椎间孔韧带的解剖学观测

目的 通过解剖观测成人胸椎间孔韧带.为国人提供胸椎间孔韧带的解剖学资料并探讨其临床意义.方法 选用成人尸体标本15具,解剖观察胸椎间孔韧带.用游标卡尺进行相关测量.结果 在30侧成人胸椎标本中未发现横孔上韧带和体横韧带.T1椎间孔内未发现横孔下韧带,T2～T12椎间孔内均发现横孔下韧带,其出现率从T2～T12呈逐渐增加...     

Emiocytotic granule release without intraluminal stimulus in human colonic endocrine cells of fetuses,children and adults

Summary In endocrine cells of the colon of adults, children and fetuses, exocytotic granule release without any specific stimulation is reported. Omega-invaginations are observed on both the lateral and basal surfaces of all types of colonic endocrine cells. Several explanations for the phenomenon are suggested: 1) emiocytosis is probably more frequent in the colon than in the proximal gut, this allows its observation without requiring an exogenous stimulus, 2) since most of the exocytotic figures are from anaesthetized subjects it is also assumed that contraction of the muscular layer induced by anaesthetics and the resulting increase in intraluminal pressure were the possible causes of granule release, 3) in non-anaesthetized subjects release may have taken place in response to a normal endogenous physiological stimulus, or to the dilation of colon during colonoscopy. Less likely is an effect associated with the preparation for colonoscopy. Certain figures on lateral surfaces between endocrine and adjacent cells i.e., bulges of parallel plasma membranes surrounding a secretory granule, were observed. Their significance is unknown.     

Anatomical study of the accessory axillary vein

Summary The Accessory Axillary Vein (AAV) was studied in 60 axillae of adult cadavers after fixation in 10% formaldehyde solution. The AAV had an incidence of 56.7% originating in 55.9% from the lateral brachial vein, in 32.4% from the common brachial and in 11.8% from the deep brachial vein. After running upward laterally to the axillary artery and the brachial plexus it ended usually (79.4%) in the suprapectoral portion of the AV. The tributaries of the AAV are the circumflex humeral and muscular veins and rarely the thoraco-acromial and the cephalic veins. The AAV can replace the AV in cases of obliteration of the latter.M.S. thesis in anatomy (LCB Gusmao), Department of Morphology, Escola Paulista de Medicina     

下颌骨内侧面副孔的观测及其临床意义

目的 :观测下颌骨内侧面副孔的数量与分布 ,探讨其与肿瘤浸润的关系。方法 :将 74块下颌骨内侧面分为 2区 6部 ,在 1 0～ 2 0倍显微镜下观察各区、部的副孔数量及分布规律。结果 :副孔数量在不同的标本上相差很大 ,平均为 (78.7± 34 .4)个。上区的副孔数比下区的少 ,在上区 ,下颌切迹部副孔数量最多 ,其次为髁突部和冠突部 ;在下区 ,中部副孔数量最多 ,其次为上部和下部。在下颌孔的内侧面副孔的出现率最高 (99.3 % ) ,其次为两侧的颏结节 (72 .8% )、颏结节上方的正中孔 (68.9% )及二腹肌窝(66 .2 % )。结论 :副孔为肿瘤由骨皮质表面进入网状骨质提供了直接通路 ,在下颌孔的内侧面及沿下颌管出现的副孔使这个区域最易受肿瘤播散的侵及     

The relationship between accessory foramina and tumour spread on the medial mandibular surface

The medial cortical surface of the mandible can be involved by tumour infiltration from the floor of the mouth. A detailed study of spread via accessory foramina through the edentulous alveolar crest has been previously undertaken, but no similar study has been carried out for the medial surface. In order to gain further appreciation of the mode of tumour spread, a study of the number and distribution of accessory foramina on the medial mandibular surface was performed on 89 mandibles. The number of foramina varied greatly from specimen to specimen. In the ascending ramus above the inferior dental foramen, 3 mandibles showed no foramina; the condylar section possessed the greatest proportion followed by the sigmoid and the coronoid. On the rest of the medial surface below the inferior dental foramen, all specimens showed at least 1 accessory foramen; the greatest concentration was in the middle third along the path of the inferior dental canal, followed by the upper third and the lower third section. Accessory foramina were repeatedly present at certain dedicated sites. The medial facing wall of the inferior dental foramen was found to be the commonest dedicated site (98.3%) followed by foramina on either side of the genial tubercles (71.9%), the digastric fossa (71.9%) and the median foramen above the genial tubercles (64%). The findings of this study are in keeping with the current observation that the lower border is least commonly involved in tumour spread. In view of the presence of accessory foramina along the inferior dental canal and especially on the medial facing wall of the inferior dental foramen, it is imperative to preclude tumour spread in this region prior to undertaking the conservative rim resection procedure. Medial to the symphysis the alveolar mucosa dips down almost to the level of the dedicated foramina in the vicinity of the genial tubercles. As a general rule the attached muscle forms a barrier to tumour spread except in the later stages, however, in irradiated mandibles resistance to spread has been previously reported to be diminished. Under these circumstances, it is possible that the numerous accessory foramina reported in this study could facilitate a direct pathway into the cancellous bone.