巨大甲状腺肿172例手术治疗分析

目的提高巨大甲状腺肿手术治疗水平。方法对172例巨大甲状腺肿行双侧甲状腺大部分切除或甲状腺全切除术。结果所有病例术后病理诊断均为结节性甲状腺肿(100%),合并癌变7例(4%),继发性甲亢9例(5.2%),无死亡病例。结论合适的麻醉方法,充分的术野显露,准确识别病理状态下的甲状腺血管和毗邻神经的走行变异,有效地控制和预防出血等均是影响巨大甲状腺肿手术切除疗效的重要因素。     

胸内甲状腺肿的外科治疗（附78例分析）

目的 回顾总结胸内甲状腺肿临床特征及外科治疗，提供临床经验。方法 本组78例患者中，男30例，女48例，平均年龄59岁病灶颈胸相连者68例，完全位于胸内10例。主要症状：气管、食管压迫症状占大多数；4例有甲亢症状，无症状10例，16例既往有甲状腺手术史，全组均行手术治疗。切口选择颈低位领式切口50例，低位领式切口加正中劈开胸骨12例，正中劈开胸骨8例，右后外侧切口6例，左后外切口加领式切口2例。结果 全组无手术死亡，喉返神经损伤3例，术后出现气管软化2例。病理：腺瘤48例，异位甲状腺10例，结节状甲状腺肿5例，甲状腺钙化结节2例，甲状腺局部癌变6例，甲状腺髓样癌4例，转移性甲状腺癌3例。结论 及时的手术是治疗胸内甲状腺肿唯一安全有效的方法。     

胸骨后甲状腺肿切除术的临床体会（附8例报告）

目的探讨胸骨后甲状腺肿的诊断和手术方式：方法收集1993-2004年间手术及病理证实为胸骨后甲状腺肿8例的临床资料。结果均以颈部低领状切口人路顺利完成手术，术后发生甲状腺危象2例，甲状腺功能减退1例，无喉返神经损伤及其他产重并发症，均临床治愈出院。结论(1)认识腺肿压迫气管引起气管痉挛等继发临床表现，并在围手术期加以控制，包括服碘、抗炎、解痉等药物治疗；(2)颈部低领状切口完全可满足本组胸骨后甲状腺肿切除术的需要。     

巨大毒性结节性甲状腺肿的手术体会

目的总结巨大毒性结节性甲状腺肿的手术治疗经验。方法回顾性分析笔者所在医院2005年1月至2014年6月期间收治的25例巨大毒性结节性甲状腺肿患者的临床资料。结果 25例患者均顺利完成手术,手术时间90~180 min,平均120 min;术后住院时间4~10 d,平均6 d。20例行双侧甲状腺近全切除术,5例行双侧甲状腺全切除术;3例劈开胸骨,3例行气管切开;术中2例发生大出血。术后病理学检查示2例合并微小乳头状癌。术后均无甲状腺危象发生。术后1例复发病例出现单侧喉返神经损伤,1例出现短期饮水呛咳,4例出现手足麻木。术后25例患者均获访,随访时间为1~10年,平均5.5年。1例发生单侧喉返神经损伤者于术后1.5年声音基本代偿,随访期间所有患者均无甲状腺功能亢进及甲状腺结节复发。结论采用手术治疗巨大毒性结节性甲状腺肿时需要充分的术前准备,充分的手术暴露,并灵活应用各种手术技巧,以保证手术安全。     

巨大甲状腺肿外科手术治疗体会

目的 总结巨大甲状腺肿外科手术治疗的体会.方法 回顾性分析115例巨大甲状腺肿患者的临床资料.115例患者胸片显示气管均有不同程度的受压、偏曲,明显呼吸困难者10例(8.69%).良性为102例(88.7%),恶性 13例(11.3%),115例行甲状腺次全切除或甲状腺全切,姑息切除术.结果 术中大出血2例(1.73%),术后声音嘶哑3例(2.6%).术后手足麻木3例(2.6%),表现为双手麻木,严重抽搐.5例术后作气管切开,2例术中作气管悬吊,无手术死亡.结论 充分的围手术期准备、甲状腺血管的处理技巧、加强术中对神经和甲状旁腺的保护、呼吸困难的及时处理是手术治疗的关键.     

巨大甲状腺肿合并气管软化的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨巨大甲状腺肿合并气管软化的诊断及手术治疗.方法 回顾性分析1992-2004年本院收治的36例巨大甲状腺肿合并气管软化的临床资料.所有病例均在术前行瓦-米试验摄片.甲状腺切除术后行气管悬吊,其中2例加行气管切开.结果 患者的瓦-米试验均阳性.术中探查：局部受压处气管软骨环消失2例,气管软骨环变细、变薄、变软34例.34例甲状腺切除术后行单一气管悬吊患者获得临床治愈.2例气管悬吊加气管切开患者抢救成功.无手术死亡.32例获随访,随访时间6个月至13年,30例均无呼吸道梗阻症状,2例死于与手术无关的疾病.结论 巨大甲状腺肿合并气管软化的诊断有赖于瓦-米试验和术中探查.甲状腺切除术后气管悬吊是治疗巨大甲状腺肿合并气管软化的有效方法.     

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目的 探讨胸内甲状腺肿的诊断方法及手术方式。方法 收集1958－2000年间经病理证实为胸内甲状腺肿65例。结果 主要依靠临床症状、X线、同位素扫描、CT检查诊断。肿物下极在主动脉弓上缘水平以上者41例（63．1％），在此水平以下者24例（36．9％）。均行手术治疗，手术径路分为颈部领式切口41例（63．1％），低位领式切口加胸骨正中切开11例（17．0％），开胸18例（12．3％），颈胸联合切口3例（4．6％），胸骨正中切开2例（3．0％）。术后并发症发生率15．4％，其中喉返神经损伤发生率7．7％；死亡率为1．5％。结论 手术切除是胸内甲状腺肿的首选治疗方法，喉返神经务是术后主要并发症，应注意预防其发生。并依据肿物不同情况采取不同的手术径路，宜先行衣领式切口，估计操作困难，病变达主动脉弓下者，应行胸骨切开或开胸处理。     

120例巨大甲状腺肿的外科治疗

目的：探讨巨大甲状腺肿外科治疗的特点与治疗要点。方法：收集我院17年间收治的甲状腺肿物患者3200例,并将重量在500g以上、肿块直径8cm以上的巨大甲状腺肿患者120例进行回顾研究。结果：巨大甲状腺肿占同期病例的3.8%。其中102例行一侧甲状腺叶切除加对侧次全切除,18例行甲状腺全切术,其中12例行甲状腺全切加颈部淋巴结清扫术。病理诊断105例为结节性甲状腺肿,甲状腺癌15例（12.5%）,继发甲亢者20例（16.2%）。术后出现并发症者44例,其中包括术后甲状腺功能低下30例,甲状旁腺功能低下5例,单侧喉返神经损伤7例,双侧喉返神经损伤1例,气管软化塌陷1例,无死亡病例。结论：巨大甲状腺肿可合并胸骨后甲状腺肿,可压迫气管,使气管移位变窄,手术操作难度大,风险较高,并发症多。应选择合适的麻醉方法,根据不同情况作不同处理,避免大血管和喉返神经的损伤。     

颈胸联合操作治疗胸骨后巨大甲状腺肿的体会

目的：探讨胸骨后巨大甲状腺肿围手术期处理,手术方式选择及诊治要点。方法回顾分析2008年至2013年全部采用颈部低领式切口加胸骨劈开术式的11例患者资料,总结围手术期诊治要点。结果所有病例通过增强 CT、多面重建及三维重建等得到了完备的术前评估。所有病例肿瘤直径大于10 cm,胸骨后下坠位置超过主动脉弓平面,均出现气管压迫或移位;9例瓦米（Valsalva-Mueller,V-M）试验阳性;5例合并甲亢,术前准备超过1个月。术前评估均为高危。术中因肿瘤巨大及粘连而导致不同程度的操作困难。术后均送往外科 ICU 拔管并留观至少24 h。1例行气管切开;1例因创面渗血二次手术;气胸1例;所有病例出现不同程度暂时性喉返神经损伤;4例暂时性甲旁腺功能低下,永久性功能低下1例;未出现气管塌陷及呼吸困难。结论完善的术前影像检查尤其是 CT 扫描及三维重建对于巨大胸骨后甲状腺肿的诊治至关重要,对于肿瘤过大下坠位置超过主动脉弓平面者应果断选取颈部低领式切口加胸骨劈开术。开阔的术野更有利于操作,避免并发症。     

胸骨后甲状腺肿外科手术治疗体会

目的 总结胸骨后甲状腺外科手术治疗体会。方法 回顾分析50例胸骨后甲状腺肿患者的手术治疗资料,其中48例患者采用胸骨上1cm低位领形切口,2例行颈部低位领形切口+胸骨切开切除胸骨后甲状腺肿。术中常规显露喉返神经。结果 50例患者手术均获成功,结节性甲状腺肿41例,滤泡性甲状腺腺瘤7例,桥本病2例。术后并发症包括4例短暂的低钙血症、甲状腺功能减退症。结论 胸骨后甲状腺肿患者采用颈部低位领形切口是可行的,术中常规显露喉返神经全程对于减少喉返神经损伤具有重要意义。     

巨大甲状腺肿致气管软化的外科治疗

目的:探讨巨大甲状腺肿致气管软化的诊断及外科治疗方法。方法:12例巨大甲状腺肿致气管软化的患者均行X线气管摄片及颈部CT增强扫描检查,行双侧甲状腺次全切除和气管悬吊术11例,双侧甲状腺次全切除和气管切开术1例。结果:12例均获得临床治愈。未出现声嘶、呼吸困难等并发症。结论:巨大甲状腺肿致气管软化行甲状腺次全切除、气管悬吊术或气管切开术是积极有效的方法。     

Surgical indications for toxic multinodular goitre

The aim of this study was to clarify the surgical indications and the effectiveness of total thyroidectomy in the treatment of toxic multinodular goitre. From January 1998 to May 2004, 70 patients underwent total thyroidectomy in our department because of toxic multinodular goitre. In 46 patients (65.7%) the indications for total thyroidectomy were: 25 compressive goitres, 12 cervico-mediastinal goitres, 2 cases of Pemberton's sign, 5 follicular nodules with cytological atypia, and 2 cases of suspected papillary carcinoma. In 24 patients (34.3%) with failure or intolerance of previous treatment, surgical indications were: 9 persistent and 5 recurrent hyperthyroidism after medical treatment; 6 patients with cardiotoxicity; 3 patients with recurrent disease after percutaneous ethanol injection; 1 patient with antithyroid drug intolerance. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 3.2 days (range: 2-9). Transient hypocalcaemia occurred in 6 patients (8.6%) and transient unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in another 3 patients (4.2%). None of the patients had permanent hypocalcaemia or permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. All 70 treated patients relieved their symptoms and became biochemically hypothyroid after the operation. Total thyroidectomy results in a rapid, reliable resolution of hyperthyroidism and removal of multinodular goitre, requires no re-treatment, removes any coexisting malignancy, and post-surgical hypothyroidism is simple to treat.     

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma and hyperthyroidism: a frequent association?

The relationship between hyperthyroidism and thyroid carcinoma remains controversial. In hyperthyroid patients the incidence of thyroid cancer varies considerably from 0.1% to 21%. We analyzed the frequency of coexisting hyperthyroidism and thyroid malignancy in our experience. From September 2002 to June 2004, 450 patients were submitted to total thyroidectomy in our surgical department. Hyperthyroidism was observed in 71 cases and thyroid carcinoma in 110 (107 differentiated). The association of hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer was observed in 15 patients (14% of differentiated carcinomas and 21.1% of hyperthyroid patients). All patients were submitted to total thyroidectomy and are alive and disease-free. Seven cases of transitory hypoparathyroidism were observed (46.6%). There was no other morbidity. The association of thyroid cancer and hyperthyroidism is by no means rare. Careful exami- nation of hyperthyroid patients is always necessary to exclude the presence of carcinoma. These results confirm that the operation should be total thyroidectomy when surgery is performed in patients with hyperthyroidism.     

原发性甲状腺功能亢进症合并甲状腺癌的诊断与治疗：附31例报告

目的：探讨甲状腺功能亢进症（甲亢）合并甲状腺癌（甲癌）的临床病理特点。 方法：回顾性分析吉林大学第一医院甲状腺外科2010年1月—2013年8月收治的甲亢合并甲癌患者临床资料,并结合文献比较。 结果：手术治疗甲亢患者85例,其中31例（36.5%）合并甲癌。术前结合临床表现和颈部超声结果甲亢合并甲癌确诊率80.6%（25/31）。31例患者待甲亢症状得到控制、甲状腺功能经检查恢复正常后行手术治疗,并根据具体情况选择术式,术后均顺利出院,未发生永久性医源性喉返神经损伤及甲状旁腺功能减退。经术后病理证实,1例为髓样癌,30例为甲状腺乳头状癌;17例（54.8%）侵及被膜者,9例（29.1%）中央区淋巴结转移,各项病理特点与文献报道的单纯甲癌比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。 结论：甲亢伴甲癌发病率有增高趋势,应强调颈部超声在该病早期诊断中的重要性,确诊后尽早行手术治疗并合理选择手术方式,预后较好。

     

Surgical management of substernal goitre

This paper presents the clinical features and problems in the management of 34 patients with substernal goitre. Complete evaluation of the mediastinum relied on computed tomography. Thyroid function tests were performed routinely and showed a clinically underestimated incidence of hyperthyroidism (44 per cent). The incidence of occult malignancy in substernal goitres was high (12 per cent). In the majority of patients (88 per cent) the substernal goitres were removed by a collar incision. Four cases of goitres located in a retrotracheal position required a combined cervical and sternotomy approach. None of the 34 patients died. Transient postoperative hypocalcaemia was found in 41 per cent of our patients. The presence of a substernal goitre is an indication for resection based on the risk of malignancy, the risk of acute respiratory distress, the high incidence of thyrotoxicity and a low surgical morbidity.     

Resectional management of airway invasion by thyroid carcinoma

Invasion of the trachea by thyroid carcinoma is best managed by resection with airway reconstruction. Localized extension of tumor may also require esophageal resection or radical resection including laryngectomy with mediastinal tracheostomy. Twenty-two patients (12 with papillary, 3 with follicular, 4 with mixed papillary and follicular, and 3 with undifferentiated carcinoma) underwent resection--16 with airway reconstruction and 6 with cervicomediastinal en bloc resection with mediastinal tracheostomy. Eleven had prior thyroidectomy. Ten of those having airway restitution required cylindrical tracheal resection, 5 had resection of trachea with a portion of the larynx, and 1 had wedge resection. Three undergoing laryngotracheal resection also needed esophagectomy. Colon reconstruction was used. Fifteen of the 16 having airway reconstruction had good surgical results with speech preservation. One died of complications due to prior irradiation. One of 6 undergoing radical resection died postoperatively. Six of the 20 survivors died of recurrence in 1 2/3 to 9 years, and 2 others died of other diseases. Three who had known pulmonary metastases at the time of palliative operation are alive between 2 and 3 2/3 years postoperatively, and a fourth who has pulmonary metastases is alive 6 1/6 years later. Eight patients are alive without disease from 1/12 to 8 3/4 years. Only two patients had airway recurrence. Resection and primary reconstruction of the trachea invaded by carcinoma of the thyroid should be done in the absence of extensive metastases when technically feasible. It offers prolonged palliation, avoidance of suffocation due to bleeding or obstruction, and an opportunity for cure. In carefully selected patients with massive regional involvement, radical excision with laryngectomy and esophagectomy is also appropriate.     

Hyperthyroidism and concurrent thyroid malignancies

In a 17-year period 1848 patients with hyperthyroidism were operated on. Fourteen (0.76%) had a coexisting thyroid malignancy. Preoperative scintiscan and pathologic diagnoses were compared: 10 malignancies were in cold nodules, two were unidentifiable preoperatively due to small size, and two were in hot areas. Five patients had papillary cancer, four follicular, three anaplastic, and two medullary. Patients with uninodular toxic goiter had a low rate of associated malignancy (0.27%, 3/1108). In contrast, patients with multinodular toxic goiter had an incidence of 1.63% (11/676). No patient with Graves' disease (n = 64) had a carcinoma. Extensive use of fine-needle aspiration biopsy enabled preoperative diagnosis in a majority of the cases (9/14, 64%). We conclude that the incidence of coexisting thyroid malignancy and hyperthyroidism is rare in our endemic iodine-deficiency goiter area.     

原发性甲状腺功能亢进症合并甲状腺癌临床分析

目的 探讨原发性甲状腺功能亢进症(甲亢)合并甲状腺癌(甲癌)的诊治方法。方法 对1993年7月至2002年3月11例原发性甲亢合并甲癌临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 发病率1．6％。术前术中甲癌漏诊率81．8％。2例首次手术为甲状腺—侧腺叶全切加峡部切除加对侧腺叶次全切除，9例首次手术为甲状腺次全切除术。术后病理均为原发性甲亢合并甲癌，滤泡状腺癌5例，乳头状腺癌4例，混合癌2例，无颈淋巴结转移。7例行二次手术，3例有甲状腺残癌，残癌率42．9％。所有病例术后均长期给予甲状腺素片治疗。10例生存良好，1例死亡。结论 原发性甲亢合并甲癌易漏诊，发现甲状腺结节应警惕合并甲癌可能性。合理的手术治疗，术后服用甲状腺素片，疗效较好。