多次小睡潜伏期试验在发作性睡病诊断中的应用10例分析

目的探讨多次小睡潜伏期试验（MSLT）中,潜伏期缩短对发作性睡病的诊断价值。方法对10例发作性睡病患者进行多次小睡潜伏期试验,5次MSLT分析．保持闭眼时间,α波解体时间,睡眠潜伏期,直接进入REM期时间。结果10例均为过度睡眠,其中自天过度嗜睡6例,1例出现睡眠瘫痪。3例猝倒,10例均进行MSTL检查：睡眠潜伏期都小于5min,其中有3次直接进入快速眼动睡眠期（REM）。结论MSTL对发作性睡病有着重要的诊断价值。     

发作性睡病18例临床特征分析及文献复习

目的:探讨发作性睡病患者的临床表现、诊断方法及治疗药物。方法:回顾性分析2017年1月至2017年6月甘肃省人民医院睡眠医学中心收治的18例发作性睡病患者资料,同时对相关文献进行复习。结果:18例发作性睡病的患者均有日间过度思睡(100%),1例(0. 6%)存在猝倒发作,1例(0. 6%)存在睡眠幻觉,1例(0. 6%)存在睡眠呼吸暂停。所有患者动态脑电图及头颅MRI均未见异常。多导睡眠监测(Polysomnography,PSG)和多次小睡实验(Multiple Sleep Latency Test,MSLT)监测显示睡眠潜伏期均≦5 min,均出现2次或2次以上睡眠开始于REM睡眠。结论:不可抗拒的日间过度思睡是发作性睡病患者的典型临床表现,PSG和MSLT检查在明确诊断和鉴别诊断中具有重要的价值。     

多道睡眠图对睡眠功能障碍患者的评估作用

对80例慢性失眠、日间嗜睡和睡中行为异常患者的全夜多道睡眠图(polysomnography,PSG)监测和多次睡眠潜伏期检查(multiplesleeplatencytest,MSLT)结果及其临床意义进行分析。结果显示32例慢性失眠患者非快速眼球运动期(nonrapideyemovements,NREM)睡眠潜伏期延长,总睡眠时间减少,深睡和快速眼球运动期睡眠时间比例下降或缺失,证实为心理生理性失眠;另11例慢性失眠者的PSG显示睡眠时间和睡眠结构正常,证实为认知错误性睡眠。15例日间嗜睡患者MSLT显示,13例的NREM睡眠潜伏期小于5min,其中9例伴有2次以上的快速眼球运动期睡眠提前出现,证实为发作性睡病;另2例MSLT正常,除外发作性睡病。17例睡中憋醒疑为睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者的PSG显示憋醒前无呼吸暂停,结合临床诊断为神经症。5例睡中肢体抽动或突然坐起活动患者,发现3例为周期性肢体运动,2例为夜间癫痫发作。提示全夜PSG监测和MSLT对神经科临床常见的睡眠障碍疾患的评估有重要作用。     

发作性睡眠病病人行多次睡眠潜伏试验的护理

发作性睡眠病是一种以不可抗拒的短期睡眠发作为特点的一种疾病,临床主要表现为快速短暂的睡眠发作、猝倒症、睡眠麻痹、精神状态低下。多发生于儿童和青春期的青少年,成年人偶有发生,男女发病相似。多次睡眠潜伏试验（multiple sleep latency test,MSLT）在1977年Carskadon等首次建议用在人为控制的小睡情况下,反复5次（每次30min脑电图监测）来测定睡眠潜伏时间,即从检查开始到脑电图显示睡眠开始一段时间作为评价病理性嗜睡的一种诊断手段,目前已成为临床常用的评价白天过度嗜睡的一种检查方法。诊断本病多采用MSLT和多导睡眠监测（PSG）。     

发作性睡病的临床监测与特征分析

目的探讨多导睡眠图(ploysomnography;PSG)、多次睡眠潜伏期试验(multiplesleeplatencytest;MSLT)在发作性睡病(Narcolepsy;NC)和嗜睡症(lethargy;IH)患者诊断、鉴别诊断中的价值。方法对35例发作性睡病(NC)和30例嗜睡症(IH)进行整夜多导睡眠图(PSG)描记和多次睡眠潜伏期试验(MSLT),分析其睡眠参数异同。结果MSLT结果显示:NC组睡眠潜伏期和快动眼睡眠(REM)潜伏期显著缩短,入睡次数和REM睡眠出现次数明显多于IH组和对照组(P<0.01),睡眠潜伏期<5分钟和ROREMPs≥2次30例(85.7%),与IH组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);整夜PSG结果显示:NC组总睡眠时间和深睡眠(SWS)百分比及REM潜伏期显著低于IH组和对照组,而S1阶段睡眠显著高于IH组,两组比较,差异具有统计学决心义(P<0.01)。结论NC患者具有明显的睡眠潜伏期缩短和反常的REM睡眠特征,MSLT、PSG对NC和IH的诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要参考价值。     

儿童发作性睡病误诊原因分析

目的探讨儿童发作性睡病的误诊原因及防范措施。方法对我院2009年8月—2015年8月诊治并曾于外院误诊的20例发作性睡病患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组误诊率71.4%。发病年龄3.3~14.0岁;就诊时病程2周~4年。20例均有白天过度睡眠,其中仅11例以白天过度睡眠为主诉就诊。12例猝倒发作,其中10例表现为猝倒面容;5例出现睡眠瘫痪;4例有入睡幻觉;13例发病后出现脾气性格改变;9例学习成绩下降;15例发病后出现进食增多,体重增加。4 h视频脑电图(video electroencephalogram,VEEG)10例显示快速动眼(REM)睡眠期占全部睡眠时间比例升高,6例出现额、颞区偶发尖波,5例显示背景波偏慢,9例为正常VEEG;多次睡眠潜伏期试验(multiple sleep latency test,MSLT)显示18例平均睡眠潜伏期5 min,有2次或2次以上直接进入REM睡眠期。本组曾在外院误诊为癫痫7例,病毒性脑炎6例,重症肌无力及抽动障碍各2例,癔症、注意力缺陷多动障碍及甲状腺功能减退症各1例。误诊时间7 d~3.8年。20例入我院后均根据病史、临床特点及医技检查结果按照相关诊断标准确诊为发作性睡病,皆给予健康教育,15例应用盐酸哌甲酯治疗3个月~6年。随访6个月~6年,12例白天过度睡眠得到改善,8例猝倒有所改善。结论对本病认识不足及儿童期临床特征不典型等是导致儿童发作性睡病误诊的主要原因。临床遇及不明原因出现过度睡眠、猝倒、性格改变、肥胖的患儿时应详细询问病史及病情观察,VEEG和MSLT可协助诊断及鉴别诊断。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征并发作性睡病漏诊后者一例

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)并发作性睡病的临床特点,减少漏诊漏治。方法对OSAHS并发作性睡病1例的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并复习相关文献。结果本例因夜间打鼾伴间断呼吸暂停、日间困倦感10余年,加重伴白天过度嗜睡半年入院。多导睡眠监测符合OSAHS(中度)表现。后追问病史,患者诉曾有猝倒发作,遂行多次小睡潜伏期试验,结果显示出现2次睡眠始发快速眼球运动(REM)睡眠现象,平均睡眠潜伏期7.2 min。行头颅MRI示:慢性缺血性脑改变,脑萎缩;动态脑电图未见明显异常。排除其他可能发生猝倒的疾病,明确诊断为OSAHS并发作性睡病,予哌甲酯及无创呼吸机辅助呼吸治疗,后嗜睡症状好转出院。10个月后随访,病情稳定。结论 OSAHS可合并发作性睡病,临床应提高对发作性睡病的认识及两病共存的警惕性,避免漏诊。     

多次小睡试验和受试者的护理干预

多次小睡睡眠潜伏期试验（multiple sleep latency test,MSLT）是通过多导睡眠图仪对患者白天进行一系列的小睡来客观判断其白天嗜睡程度的一种方法。该实验得出的数据能客观地了解患者睡眠潜伏期的长短等多项指标,是定量评价白天嗜睡严重程度最准确的电生理方法,具有客观性和可重复性,可用于发作性睡病的诊断和其他原因导致的白天嗜睡。     

发作性睡病患者猝倒持续状态的临床特征与多导睡眠图表现

  目的  探讨发作性睡病患者猝倒持续状态的临床特征和多导睡眠图表现。  方法  2002年1月至2011年12月间在北京协和医院神经科就诊的115例发作性睡病患者中, 收集5例伴猝倒持续状态患者的病例资料。该5例患者年龄46~53岁, 平均49.1岁, 病程3~9个月, 均完成神经系统查体、头部磁共振检查、多次小睡潜伏期试验, 其中3例完成多导睡眠图检查。  结果  5例患者中, 首发症状为白天嗜睡4例, 猝倒1例。所有患者均因频繁猝倒就诊。其他症状包括:睡眠幻觉2例, 睡眠麻痹3例。多次小睡潜伏期试验平均睡眠潜伏期0.5~2.5 min。4例可见2次以上睡眠始发快速动眼睡眠, 1例可见1次。多导睡眠图可见猝倒发作时, 肌电活动明显抑制, 脑电图显示为清醒状态。5例患者均给予氯米帕明治疗, 猝倒症状消失。  结论  发作性睡病患者猝倒频繁发作, 可诊断猝倒持续状态, 其多导睡眠图表现支持猝倒发作是快速动眼睡眠的分离现象, 即肌电图显示肌张力明显降低, 而脑电图仍显示为清醒状态。     

多道睡眠图对睡眠功能障碍患者的评估作用

对80例慢性失眠、日间嗜睡和睡中行为异常患的全夜多道睡眠图(polysomnography，PsG)监测和多次睡眠潜伏期检查(multiple sleep latency test，MSLT)结果及其临床意义进行分析。结果显示32例慢性失眠患非快速眼球运动期(nonrapid eye movements，NREM)睡眠潜伏期延长，总睡眠时间减少，深睡和快速眼球运动期睡眠时间比例下降或缺失，证实为心理生理性失眠；另11例慢性失眠的PSC显示睡眠时间和睡眠结构正常，证实为认知错误性睡眠。15例日间嗜睡患MSLT显示，13例的NREM睡眠潜伏期小于5min，其中9例伴有2次以上的快速眼球运动期睡眠提前出现，证实为发作性睡病；另2例MSLT正常，除外发作性睡病。17例睡中憋醒疑为睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患的PSC显示憋醒前无呼吸暂停，结合临床诊断为神经症。5例睡中肢体抽动或突然坐起活动患，发现3例为周期性肢体运动，2例为夜间癫痫发作。提示全夜PSC监测和MSLT对神经科临床常见的睡眠障碍疾患的评估有重要作用。     

睡眠监测技术对日间过度思睡患者病因诊断的研究

目的:探讨睡眠监测技术对日间过度思睡(Excessive Daytime Sleepiness,EDS)的病因学诊断价值.方法:选取2017年6月至2019年6月安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院收治的EDS患者115例作为研究对象,行整夜多导睡眠监测及次日的多次睡眠潜伏期试验(Multiple Sleep Latency Te...     

Narcolepsy update

Narcolepsy, a disorder of excessive daytime sleepiness that affects more than 125,000 people in the United States, is technically defined as a daytime mean sleep latency (time elapsed before falling asleep) of less than 5 minutes in conjunction with verification of rapid eye movement sleep in at least two of five daytime nap periods. Cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, and sleep paralysis are frequently associated with narcolepsy. Currently, overnight polysomnography and multiple sleep latency testing in a sleep disorders laboratory are used to diagnose narcolepsy. Standard pharmacologic therapy consists of the judicious use of stimulants to improve alertness and the administration of tricyclic and other antidepressant drugs to suppress cataplexy. In addition, good sleep hygiene (a regular sleep-wake schedule, an adequate amount of sleep at night, and scheduled daytime naps) is essential for optimal management of this disorder. Patient and family education about narcolepsy and its treatment is also important. Even with use of the best available treatment regimens, many patients with narcolepsy have substantial vocational and social impairments.     

Narcolepsy and disorders of excessive somnolence

Recent studies provide valid criteria that help differentiate idiopathic narcolepsy from other disorders of excessive daytime somnolence [3]. Research to date suggests that idiopathic narcolepsy might properly be considered a disorder of excessive sleepiness with dysfunctional REM-sleep mechanisms, clinically evidenced as cataplexy and electrophysiologically recognized as SOREMPs. Given these criteria, a diagnosis can generally be made using a combination of history, PSG, and MSLT. Traditionally, the medical treatment of idiopathic narcolepsy has centered on a two-drug regimen (stimulants for sleepiness and TCAs for cataplexy and auxiliary symptoms). Some newer medications are proving efficacious for sleepiness with minimal adverse effects, whereas others may provide a single-drug regimen that simultaneously addresses sleepiness and cataplexy [18]. New research has allowed some experts to hypothesize that idiopathic narcolepsy may be the result of a genetic predisposition to autoimmune disease [176]. It is possible that aberrant genetic coding of elements in the hypocretin/orexin systems allows a sensitivity to inducible and possibly virally mediated changes, which leave cells in the lateral hypothalamus susceptible to autoimmune attack [96]. As such, genetic screening of high-risk individuals might eventually rationalize the prophylactic use of immunosuppressants in some instances. In the future, for atypical cases(poorly responsive to therapy), genetic, CSF, and brain imaging studies, and possibly even neuronal transplantation may prove beneficial in the assessment and treatment of idiopathic narcolepsy.     

不宁腿综合征多导睡眠图监测情况分析

目的探讨不宁腿综合征（restless legs syndrome,RLS）夜间视频多导睡眠图与患者睡眠质量主观感受的差异,分析RLS患者伴发焦虑-抑郁状态。方法 26例RLS患者为RLS组,24例体检健康者为对照组,分析2组视频多导睡眠图结果,应用汉密尔顿焦虑抑郁量表及匹兹堡睡眠质量问卷评价RLS患者的焦虑-抑郁状态及主观睡眠情况。结果与对照组比较,RLS组总睡眠时间、睡眠效率、睡眠维持率、快速眼动睡眠次数降低（P〈0.05）,睡眠潜伏期、快速眼动睡眠潜伏期、醒起时间、≥5min的醒觉次数、非快速眼动睡眠Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期所占睡眠比例延长或增高（P〈0.05）。结论多导睡眠监测可客观评定患者睡眠质量,对RLS诊断有一定价值。     

Parasomnias and other sleep-related movement disorders

Parasomnias are common clinical complaints. Formal sleep evaluation including PSG is indicated for parasomnias that are violent and potentially injurious; disruptive to the bed partner or other household members; accompanied by excessive daytime sleepiness; or associated with medical,psychiatric, or neurologic symptoms or findings [2]. Multiple sleep latency testing should be considered for patients who have complaints of excessive daytime sleepiness. An extensive history, including medical, neurologic,psychiatric, and sleep disorder, and a review of medication, alcohol, illicit drug use, and family history of parasomnias, may provide useful clues. Distinguishing between a parasomnia and a seizure may be difficult as both can present as recurrent, stereotypical behaviors. Evaluation may be aided by an expanded EEG montage during overnight PSG studies.     

中重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者生活质量评价及持续气道正压治疗作用

[目的]评价中重度睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者生活质量及持续气道正压（CPAP）治疗对患者生活质量的影响.[方法]选择多导睡眠图（PSG）确诊的中重度OSAHS患者101例,经患者知情同意分为CPAP治疗患者55例（治疗组）、未治疗患者46例（对照组）.采用Calgary生活质量指数（SAQLI）评价OSAHS患者生活质量,Epworth嗜睡评分（ESS）量表评价患者的白天过度嗜睡（EDS）程度,比较两组治疗前和治疗后2个月的SAQLI、EDS、PSG和体重指数（BMI）等指标,多因素Logistic回归分析SAQLI评分与PSG、ESS、BMI的相关性.[结果]治疗组SAQLI评分的日常生活、社会交往、情感功能、OSA症状及SAQLI总分、ESS评分分别为（3.90±1.03）、（4.43±1.31）、（4.98±1.37）、（2.87±1.22）、（3.85±1.18）和（14.85±4.8）,与治疗后（5.39±1.21）、（5.07±1.38）、（5.55±1.46）、（3.45±1.36）、（4.66±1.32）和（9.10±3.1）比较均有统计学差异（P〉0.05）;治疗组治疗前呼吸紊乱指数（RDI）、最长呼吸暂停时间（Tmax）、氧饱和度低于90%时间占总睡眠时间百分比（T90）、最低氧饱和度（LSpO2）为（52.1±21.0）、（71.2±22.8）、（40.5±18.1）、（77.3±14.5）与治疗后（11.8±10.4）、（28.5±10.5）、（21.2±6.8）、（88.7±10.4）比较均有显著性差异（P〈0.01）;Logistic回归分析显示RDI和ESS是影响SAQLI总分的独立危险因素.[结论]中重度OSAHS患者生活质量降低;生活质量降低与RDI和EDS程度有关;CPAP治疗可显著改善中重度OSAHS患者生活质量     

Epworth嗜睡量表在妊娠晚期孕妇睡眠呼吸障碍调查中的应用价值

【目的】探讨Epworth嗜睡量表（Epworth sleepiness scale,ESS）在妊娠晚期孕妇睡眠呼吸障碍中的应用价值。【方法】选择妊娠晚期妇女126例,按ESS≥9分为切点,大于9分孕妇70例（A组）和小于9分孕妇56例（B组）。比较两组夜间、日间睡眠时间及睡眠情况并分析这些指标与ESS评分的相关性。【结果】A组孕妇夜间睡眠时间显著短于B组孕妇,日间睡眠时间显著长于B组孕妇,其差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）;A组孕妇发生打鼾、张口呼吸及睡眠中多汗的比例高于B组（P〈0．05）。ESS评分与孕妇年龄（r=-0．059,P=0．511）和孕周（r=0．047,P=0．601）无相关性,与夜间睡眠时间（r=-0．384,P=0．000）呈负相关,与日间睡眠时间（r=0．213,P=0．016）呈正相关。【结论】Epworth嗜睡量表可作为妊娠晚期孕妇睡眠呼吸障碍的初筛诊断方法。     

Modafinil in the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness

Modafinil (Provigil) is approved for treating excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy, for shift-work sleep disorder, and as an adjunctive treatment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome who have residual daytime sleepiness despite optimal treatment with continuous positive airway pressure. Although modafinil improves measures of sleepiness, it does not generally normalize them, and it may be less effective than other stimulants for some narcoleptic patients. We need head-to-head comparisons of modafinil with traditional stimulants in humans to better define its role. We review the current approved and off-label uses of this drug and the evidence behind them.     

Narcolepsy: new understanding of irresistible sleep

Recently, low levels of a newly identified neuropeptide, hypocretin 1, were described in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with narcolepsy. This neurochemical finding furthers our understanding of this enigmatic sleep disorder typically characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations. Narcolepsy appears to be fundamentally related to abnormally regulated rapid eye movement sleep. The diagnosis of this disorder remains challenging because of multiple other conditions that can cause daytime sleepiness and the difficulties in recognizing cataplexy based on patient report. The role of hypocretins in narcolepsy is unclear but intriguing because the cell bodies are restricted to the lateral hypothalamus, a brain region long associated with sleep regulation, with neuronal widespread projections to areas including the locus ceruleus, ventral tegmental area, amygdala, and dorsal raphe. Hypocretins potentially modulate the activity of monoamines and acetylcholine, and therefore their absence leads to the multiple symptoms of narcolepsy. This article reviews the current understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of narcolepsy and discusses the possible implications of the hypocretin discovery.