经射频导管消融起源于心耳的局灶性房速

目的起源于左、右心耳处的局灶性房性心动过速(房速)比较少见,本研究报告14例起源于左、右心耳的局灶性房速的电生理特性和射频导管消融结果。方法 14例患者年龄为12～55岁,均有反复发作心悸和心动过速的病史,11例心动过速呈无休止发作,抗心律失常药物难以控制,其中3例伴明显左心室增大。电生理检查明确局灶性房速机制,其它机制的室上性心动过速经详细的的电生理检查和心内标测排除。对14例患者均在房速时进行体表心电图分析和激动标测,在心动过速时双极和单极标测所示的最早心房激动部位处行射频导管消融。14例患者中,5例应用CARTO三维标测系统引导标测和消融;除3例患者外,其他11例患者均应用盐水灌注导管消融。结果 10例起源于右心耳的局灶性房速患者,房速时的P’波形态Ⅰ导联和Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联均为正向波,aVL导联P’波负向、正向、双向者分别是3例、3例和4例;V1导联负向波为主(7/10),V3～V6导联正向波为主(9/10),1例V1～V6导联P波全部为正向波。4例左心耳局灶性房速的P’波形态,Ⅰ和aVL导联均为负向波,Ⅱ、Ⅲ和aVF导联均为正向波,V1～V6导联均为正向波。10例右心耳起源房速均消融成功;4例左心耳起源房速2例消融成功,2例消融失败。14例均无围术期相关并发症发生。在随访期间,右心耳起源房速复发1例,经再次消融成功;其他成功消融患者在未服用抗心律失常药物下无房速复发,3例左心室增大患者随访中左心室基本恢复正常。结论起源于左、右心耳局灶性房速多呈无休止特点,可导致心动过速性心肌病。经射频导管消融心耳部(尤其是右心耳)起源局灶性房速有较高的成功率、较低的复发率和较好的安全性。     

经射频导管消融起源于心耳的局灶性房速

目的起源于左、右心耳处的局灶性房性心动过速(房速)比较少见,本研究报告14例起源于左、右心耳的局灶性房速的电生理特性和射频导管消融结果。方法 14例患者年龄为12～55岁,均有反复发作心悸和心动过速的病史,11例心动过速呈无休止发作,抗心律失常药物难以控制,其中3例伴明显左心室增大。电生理检查明确局灶性房速机制,其它机制的室上性心动过速经详细的的电生理检查和心内标测排除。对14例患者均在房速时进行体表心电图分析和激动标测,在心动过速时双极和单极标测所示的最早心房激动部位处行射频导管消融。14例患者中,5例应用CARTO三维标测系统引导标测和消融;除3例患者外,其他11例患者均应用盐水灌注导管消融。结果 10例起源于右心耳的局灶性房速患者,房速时的P’波形态Ⅰ导联和Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联均为正向波,aVL导联P’波负向、正向、双向者分别是3例、3例和4例;V1导联负向波为主(7/10),V3～V6导联正向波为主(9/10),1例V1～V6导联P波全部为正向波。4例左心耳局灶性房速的P’波形态,Ⅰ和aVL导联均为负向波,Ⅱ、Ⅲ和aVF导联均为正向波,V1～V6导联均为正向波。10例右心耳起源房速均消融成功;4例左心耳起源房速2例消融成功,2例消融失败。14例均无围术期相关并发症发生。在随访期间,右心耳起源房速复发1例,经再次消融成功;其他成功消融患者在未服用抗心律失常药物下无房速复发,3例左心室增大患者随访中左心室基本恢复正常。结论起源于左、右心耳局灶性房速多呈无休止特点,可导致心动过速性心肌病。经射频导管消融心耳部(尤其是右心耳)起源局灶性房速有较高的成功率、较低的复发率和较好的安全性。     

Carto标测指导下射频导管消融左心耳房性心动过速

目的探讨三维电解剖Carto指导下标测消融源于左心耳部位房性心动过速(房速)的方法和可行性。方法结合电生理和空间信息,首先利用Carto系统建立左心房三维解剖结构。对3例起源于左心耳的房速进行Carto标测,根据Carto标测来确定最早激动点,并以此为靶点进行射频消融。同时分析心动过速时体表心电图的P波特点。结果电解剖标测证实3例房速均为局灶性房速,其最早激动点起源于左心耳,并向左心房前壁、房间隔和后下壁激动。左心耳放电成功消融3例房速。体表心电图分析显示房速时Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF和V1导联P波为正向,I、aVL导联为完全负向。结论三维电解剖标测可以清楚显示左心耳解剖结构以及源于其中的房速的激动顺序并有利于经导管进行射频消融。     

起源于三尖瓣环非间隔部位的房性心动过速体表心电图特点及射频消融治疗

目的报道起源于三尖瓣环非间隔部位的房性心动过速(简称房速)体表心电图特点及射频消融结果。方法13例房速均被证实起源于三尖瓣环非间隔部位并射频消融成功。影像学消融靶点位于三尖瓣环,局部电图可见A波和V波,且A∶V<2,V波的振幅>0.5 mV。结果9例消融成功部位位于三尖瓣环下侧壁,4例位于三尖瓣环上侧壁,靶点局部A波激动时间领先体表心电图P波起点41±15 ms,AV比值0.5±0.4。三尖瓣环下侧壁起源的房速P波特点:Ⅰ、aVL、aVR导联P波正向,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联P波负向,V1～V6导联P波负向。三尖瓣环上侧壁起源的房速P波特点:Ⅰ、aVL导联P波正向,aVR导联P波负向或呈等电位线,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联P波低幅正向波或呈等电位线,V1导联负向,胸前导联由右向左P波逐渐移行为正向。结论三尖瓣环非间隔部位是右房房速的一个重要起源点,其体表心电图有明确特征。     

起源于左心耳局灶性房性心动过速的电生理特征和射频消融治疗

目的 报道一组起源于左心耳局灶性房性心动过速(房速)的电生理特征和射频消融治疗.方法 9例患者中男性5例,平均年龄(21±9)岁,经心内电生理检查和射频消融证实为起源于左心耳的房速,对其电生理特点及射频消融进行分析.结果 左心耳房速表现为无休止性或静脉滴注异丙肾上腺素诱发,程序刺激不能诱发或终止房速.左心耳房速有独特的体表心电图特征,所有患者P波Ⅰ、aVL导为负向,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联P波高而直立.V_1导P波为直立或正负双向(以直立为主),V_2～V_6导P波为等电位线(5例)或<0.1 mV低幅直立(4例).常规心内标测,最早心房激动为CS远端.成功靶点处局部心房激动领先P波起始(36.7±7.9)ms.5例患者最终使用盐水灌注导管消融成功,随访(12 ±5)个月无房速复发.结论 左心耳房速有独特的心电图特征和房内激动顺序,对这类房速盐水灌注导管可能是更好的选择,左心耳内局灶消融长期随访安全有效.     

房性心动过速的射频导管消融术治疗

目的：为治疗房性心动过速（房速）,对8例患者进行了射频导管消融术（RFCA）治疗。方法：采用两根大头消融导管,在房速发作时标测心房最早激动点放电消融。结果：8例房速（包括房速伴心房扑动及房速伴房室结折返性心动过速各1例）RFCA治疗全部成功,无并发症;其中4例在冠状静脉窦口附近、2例在右心房侧壁、2例在右心耳处放电消融成功,成功靶点局部电位（A波）较体表心电图P波平均提前34.23±5.23（22～46）ms。结论：心房激动顺序标测是房速消融的基本方法,AP间期≥30ms的部位可作为试消融靶点;对房速伴其他类型心动过速者可一次消融成功。     

房性心动过速性心肌病射频消融1例

目的报道房性心动过速性心肌病1例。方法持续性房性心动过速性心肌病导致心衰。于2011年2月17日行射频消融术。常规置入冠状窦电极,希氏束电极和右心室电极。体表心电图示:V1导联P波向下,ⅠⅡⅢaVF导联P波向上。aVL导联P波双向。心内电图示A波2:1下传室波且冠状窦近端A波早于远端,希氏电极A波最早。考虑房速来自右房上部。从右股静脉进8.5SR0血管鞘用IBI 90 cm中弯温控大头在三尖瓣11点(左前斜45度)处标测到大A小V波且A波较冠状窦远端提前110sm。用功率30 W,温度55度消融。10秒内房速终止。但消融过程中温度很快达到,功率却不到5W。巩固消融160 ms。反复心房刺激未诱发房速。第二天复发,房波频率稍慢,位置不变。故改用IBI 110cm中弯冷盐水大头在同一靶点消融,功率30W温度43度,盐水流速为12ml/分。消融成功。一周后又发,改用三维(EnsiteNavx)系统标测,证实为右心耳中部房速。功率30W温度43度,盐水流速为20ml/分。反复消融成功。结果消融成功。结论持续性房性心动过速性心肌病射频消融成功后预后佳。     

起源于Koch 氏三角房性心动过速的电生理特征和射频导管消融

目的研究起源于Koch 氏三角房性心动过速(房速)的电生理特征和射频导管消融的可行性.方法对14例起源于Koch 氏三角的房速患者进行了电生理和射频消融研究,其中女8例,男6例,年龄13～71(47±20)岁,平均心动过速病史(13±12)年.结果 12例射频导管消融成功,其中房速起源点位于Koch 氏三角尖部即希氏束附近4例,位于底部冠状窦口附近8例;2例消融未成功者,房速起源点均位于希氏束附近.9例房速可被右房程序电刺激诱发和终止.5例需要异丙肾上腺素诱发.发作时的体表12导联的心电图P′波特征Ⅰ、aVL导联均为正向,下壁导联几乎都为负向.无1例发生房室传导阻滞或手术相关的并发症.结论射频消融治疗起源于Koch 氏三角的房速是可行的.     

经主动脉无冠状窦内射频消融房性心动过速四例

4例经主动脉无冠状窦内射频消融成功的房性心动过速(简称房速),其体表心电图P波特点:4例Ⅰ和aVL导联P′波正向;2例Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联P波呈负正双向,1例呈浅倒置,1例在基线水平;4例V1导联P′波呈负正双向。房速时无冠状窦标测到最早的A波,较His束电位提前15～20ms,较体表P波起始领先32～40ms。在无冠状窦内消融成功,随访3～21个月,房速无复发。     

三维标测指导下射频导管消融右心耳起源的局灶性房性心动过速

目的 报道应用三维标测指导射频导管消融起源于右心耳的局灶性房性心动过速(房速),并初步探讨其临床及心电学特征.方法 共6例患者(男性4例,女性2例,年龄(43±19)岁]临床诊断为窄QRS心动过速,其中3例曾行常规射频消融失败,4例左心房内径明显扩大.经电生理检查证实为房速.术中行EnSite-NavX激动标测或者Carto电解剖标测以明确局灶性房速并指出最早激动大致范围.在局部做精细标测找到心房最早激动处,于心动过速时应用盐水灌注导管放电消融,能量30～40 W,温度43℃.即刻成功指标为心动过速终止并不再被诱发.结果 6例心动过速平均心动周期为(343±53)ms.三维激动标测结果显示房速呈右心耳部位点状扩布,并且整个右心房激动时间占心动周期的27%±8%.成功消融靶点局部A波较体表心电图P波提前(52±13)ms.消融后行右心房心耳造影确认消融导管位置.6例右心耳房速均成功消融且未有并发症发生.随访3个月其中1例复发心动过速,经再次标测证实为三尖瓣前侧部局灶性房速并且成功消融.左心房扩大者心房内径较术前显著缩小[(41±6)mm对(36±6)mm,P＜0.05].结论 局灶性房速可起源于右心耳并可以成功消融.三维标测有助于靶点定位及消融成功.     

Characterization of focal right atrial appendage tachycardia.

AIMS: Though right atrial appendage tachycardia (RAAT) has been described, no studies to date have focused on its clinical characterization. The aim of the present study was to analyze its clinical, electrocardiographic (ECG), and electrophysiologic (EP) characteristics and the results of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in RAAT. METHODS AND RESULTS: Out of 186 consecutive patients undergoing RFA for AT, 15 (8%) had focal RAAT. Mapping was performed using conventional catheters or a 3D electroanatomic mapping system. Patients with RAAT were more likely to be male (66 vs. 38%; P= 0.013) and younger (32 +/- 12.6 vs. 55 +/- 13.2 years; P < 0.001) than patients with AT originating elsewhere. They were also more likely to have dyspnea (27 vs. 7.6%; P = 0.03), incessant tachycardia (53 vs. 16%; P < 0.001), and left ventricular systolic dysfunction (27 vs. 5%; P = 0.018). RFA was effective in all patients (100 vs. 75%; P = 0.022) and no recurrences (0 vs. 8%; P = 0.31) were observed during a mean follow-up of 37 +/- 36 months. A specific ECG pattern was identified, consisting of negative P-waves in leads V1-V2 and a transition to positivity in the rest of the precordial leads. This ECG pattern correctly identified RAAT with a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 98%, a positive predictive value of 88%, and a negative predictive value of 100%. CONCLUSION: Right atrial appendage tachycardia is more prevalent in young male patients and is commonly associated with tachycardiomyopathy. RFA is effective over long-term follow-up. A characteristic ECG pattern identifies RAAT with a very high sensitivity and specificity.     

Focal atrial tachycardias arising from the right atrial appendage: electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic characteristics and radiofrequency ablation

Objective: To characterize the electrocardiographic and electrophysiological features and frequency of focal atrial tachycardia (AT) originating from the right atrial appendage (RAA).
Background: The RAA has been described as a site of origin of AT, but detailed characterization of these tachycardias is limited.
Methods: Ten patients (3.8%) of 261 undergoing radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for focal AT are reported. Endocardial activation maps (EAM) were recorded from catheters at the CS (10 pole), tricuspid annulus (20 pole Halo catheter), and His positions. P waves were classified as negative, positive, isoelectric, or biphasic.
Results: The mean age was 39 ± 20 years, nine males, with symptoms for 4.1 ± 5.1 years. Tachycardia was incessant in seven patients, spontaneous in one patient, and induced by programmed extrastimuli in two patients. These foci had a characteristic P wave morphology. The P wave was negative in lead V₁ in all patients, becoming progressively positive across the precordial leads. The P waves in the inferior leads were low amplitude positive in the majority of patients. Earliest EAM activity occurred on the Halo catheter in all patients. Mean activation time at the successful RFA site =−38 ± 15 msec. Irrigated catheters were used in six patients, due to difficulty achieving adequate power. RFA was acutely successful in all patients. Long-term success was achieved in all patients over a mean follow up of 8 ± 7 months.
Conclusions: The RAA is an uncommon site of origin for focal AT (3.8%). It can be suspected as a potential anatomic site of AT origin from the characteristic P wave and activation timing. Irrigated ablation catheters are often required for successful ablation. Long-term success was achieved with focal ablation in all patients.     

Focal atrial tachycardia originating from the left atrial appendage: electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic characterization and long-term outcomes of radiofrequency ablation

Introduction: This study sought to investigate electrophysiologic characteristics and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in patients with focal atrial tachycardia (AT) arising from the left atrial appendage (LAA).
Methods: This study included seven patients undergoing RFA with focal AT. Activation mapping was performed during tachycardia to identify an earlier activation in the left atria and the LAA. The atrial appendage angiography was performed to identify the origin in the LAA before and after RFA.
Results: AT occurred spontaneously or was induced by isoproterenol infusion rather than programmed extrastimulation and burst atrial pacing in any patient. The tachycardia demonstrated a characteristic P-wave morphology and endocardial activation pattern. The P wave was highly positive in inferior leads in all patients. Lead V₁ showed upright or biphasic (±) component in all patients. Lead V₂–V₆ showed an isoelectric component in five patients or an upright component with low amplitude (<0.1 mV) in two patients. Earliest endocardial activity occurred at the distal coronary sinus (CS) ahead of P wave in all seven patients. Mean tachycardia cycle length was 381 ± 34 msec and the earliest endocardial activation at the successful RFA site occurred 42.3 ± 9.6 msec before the onset of P wave. RFA was acutely successful in all seven patients. Long-term success was achieved in seven of the seven over a mean follow-up of 24 ± 5 months.
Conclusions: The LAA is an uncommon site of origin for focal AT (3%). There were consistent P-wave morphology and endocardial activation associated with this type of AT. The LAA focal ablation is safe and effective. Long-term success was achieved with focal ablation in all patients.     

无冠窦起源房性心动过速的电生理特点及射频消融治疗五例分析

目的研究无冠窦起源房性心动过速(房速)的电生理特点。方法 5例无冠窦起源房速患者,其中男性2例,女性3例,年龄37～68岁。观察心动过速时P波形态,心内标测心房最早激动部位,并行射频消融治疗。结果 5例无冠窦起源房速的周长平均为(363±44)ms。P波形态主要表现为在Ⅱ、Ⅲ和aVF导联上直立和双向,aVR导联倒置,在aVL导联上全为正向。胸前导联中,V_1～V_2为负正双向,V_3～V_5为负正双向或正向,V_6为正向。5例患者均于无冠窦内成功消融,术后随访6个月均未见复发。结论无冠窦起源房速P波形态的特征可能为右胸导联先负后正,下壁导联直立或双向。此类房速的射频消融安全有效。     

Focal atrial tachycardia from the ostium of the coronary sinus: electrocardiographic and electrophysiological characterization and radiofrequency ablation

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to characterize the electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic features and frequency of focal atrial tachycardia (AT) originating from the coronary sinus ostium (CS). BACKGROUND: The ostium of the coronary sinus has been described as a site of origin of AT, but detailed characterization of these tachycardias is limited. METHODS: Thirteen patients (6.7%) of 193 undergoing radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for focal AT are reported. Endocardial activation maps (EAM) were recorded from catheters at the CS (10 pole), crista terminalis (20 pole), and His positions. The P waves were classified negative, positive, isoelectric, or biphasic. RESULTS: The mean age was 41 +/- 6 years, seven female patients, with symptoms for 8 +/- 3 years. Tachycardia was induced by programmed extra-stimuli in eight patients, was spontaneous in three patients, and in response to isoproterenol in two patients. These foci had a characteristic P-wave morphology. At the CS ostium, the P-wave was deeply negative in all inferior leads, negative or isoelectric becoming positive in lead V(1), then progressively negative across the precordium. Lead aVL was positive in all patients. Earliest EAM activity occurred at the proximal CS at 20 +/- 3 ms ahead of P-wave. Mean activation time at the successful RFA site = -36 +/- 8 ms; RFA was acutely successful in 11 of 13 patients. Long-term success was achieved in 11 of 11 over a median follow-up of 25 +/- 4 months. CONCLUSIONS: The CS ostium is an uncommon site of origin for focal AT (6.7%). It can be suspected as a potential anatomic site of AT origin from the characteristic P-wave and activation timing. Long-term success was achieved with focal ablation in the majority of patients.     

无冠窦起源房速的电生理特征与射频消融

目的进一步分析起源于主动脉无冠窦房性心律失常的心电生理特征及射频消融治疗。方法11例患者经心内电生理检查和射频消融证实的起源于主动脉无冠窦局灶性房速,对其临床特征,心电生理特点及射频消融进行分析。结果无冠窦房速大多为女性,表现为阵发性,为心房或心室程序刺激诱发和终止。所有患者房速心电图P波窄而低幅,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,aVF和v,导联P波负正双向,Ⅰ,aVL导联直立,V2～V6导联P波负向。心内最早激动位于希氏束远端,并领先于体表P波起始（15±3）ms。无冠窦内标测最早激动等于或早于希氏束远端,局部电位特征为大A小V（或大V）,无希氏束电位,11例患者无冠窦内放电均在8秒内终止心动过速,均无并发症,无抗心律失常药物随访12±5月所有患者均无心动过速复发。结论主动脉无冠窦房速有独特的临床特征,心电图特征及心房内激动顺序,长期随访这类房速射频消融有良好的治疗效果。     

起源于冠状静脉窦口的房性心动过速九例

目的报道9例起源于冠状静脉窦口附近的房性心动过速(简称房速)。方法回顾分析2005年11月至2009年1月行射频消融治疗的59例房速患者,发现9例起源于冠状静脉窦口。其定义为标测的最早激动点位于冠状静脉窦口周1 cm范围以内的区域并在此消融成功。结果9例靶点局部A波激动时间领先体表P波起点39±12(30~53)m s。房速体表P波具有以下特点:Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联P波呈负向波,I导联呈等电位线或低幅正向波,aVL导联呈正向波,多数病例V1导联P波前半部分为等电位线,后半部分为正向波,胸前导联P波由右向左在V3~V6导联逐渐移行为负向。结论冠状静脉窦口是右房房速的一个重要起源点,其体表心电图有明确特征。     

Electrophysiologic characteristics and radiofrequency ablation of focal atrial tachycardia arising from non-coronary sinuses of Valsalva in the aorta

Objectives

Focal atrial tachycardia (AT) arising from non-coronary cusp (NCC) is very rare, and the experience in catheter ablation of this kind of tachycardia remains limited. This study describes the electrophysiologic characteristics and radiofrequency ablation of AT arising from NCC.

Methods and results

The study population consisted of five consecutive patients (three females and two males; age 37–68 years) with AT arising from NCC. The morphology of P waves was described as positive, negative, isoelectric, or biphasic (positive–negative or negative–positive). The atrial mapping was performed during tachycardia to define the earliest atrial activation site. Mean tachycardia cycle length of AT in five patients was 363?±?44 ms. P-wave morphology was predominantly upright or biphasic in lead II, III, and aVF, inverted in aVR. Positive P-wave morphology was seen in lead aVL in all five patients. The precordial leads were negative–positive in V₁ and V₂, negative–positive or positive in lead V₃–V₅, and positive in lead V₆. All the five patients underwent successful radiofrequency ablation within NCC. During a follow up of > 3 months, no patient presented with a recurrence.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that mapping and ablation of focal AT arising from NCC is safe and effective. When earliest activation was recorded in the proximal electrode of the His-bundle catheter, but radiofrequency ablation in this region cannot successfully eliminated the tachycardia, the AT should be considered to arise from NCC especially when P-wave morphology was initially negative with a late positive component in right precordial leads, upright or biphasic in inferior leads.