金属内支架和局部治疗相结合治疗肝门部胆管癌

目的：提高肝门部胆管癌疗效，延长生存时间、改善生存质量。材料与方法：２４例非手术肝门部胆管癌患者先行ＰＴＣＤ减黄术，其中１８例再行局部治疗（胆道内照射或局部化疗）并留置金属内支架１周后拔去引流管，另６例仅行ＰＴＣＤ治疗。结果：２４例行ＰＴＣＤ治疗后，２２例总胆红素下降，未见改变的２例在１个月内死亡。１８例行局部治疗并留置金属内支架的病例，平均生存１０个月，最长２４个月。平均无管（指拔去引流管）生存为５．５个月，最长为１７个月。另６例平均生存２个月，最长为６个月。结论：（１）行局部治疗并留置金属内支架病例的生存时间明显长于单纯ＰＴＣＤ治疗的病例。（２）ＰＴＣＤ后胆红素未见改变或上升者预后不佳。（３）ＰＴＣＤ后的胆道内留置金属内支架与局部治疗相结合是非手术治疗肝门部胆管癌的有效方法。     

肝门部胆管癌多枚金属内支架置入治疗的应用分析

目的探讨应用金属内支架治疗复杂型肝门部胆管癌，特别是侵犯肝内胆管的肝门部胆管癌的介入治疗方法。方法肝门部胆管癌45例，其中Bismuth Ⅱ型12例、Ⅲa型17例、Ⅲb型10例、Ⅳ型6例。45例均先行经皮经肝胆管引流术后实施胆管内支架置入术，分别以T、Y、X型或其组合方式留置2或3枚内支架。结果45例患者内支架96枚全部置人成功，治疗后胆红素[（312±249）μmol／L]与治疗前[（51±42）μmol／L]相比明显下降（t=4．21，P〈0．01），支架置人后30d内病死率为2．2％（1／45）。平均支架开通时间181．5d（26～473d），平均生存时间215．3d（26～516d）。结论对于复杂型肝门部胆管癌，胆管内支架治疗是一种有效改善患者生存质量的方法。特别对病变侵犯肝内胆管的病例，应选择不同的穿刺路径及支架留置方法，尽可能解决更多肝段的胆管引流。     

Biliary ascariasis associated with cholangiocarcinoma: ultrasonographic and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiographic findings

The combination of biliary ascariasis and cholangiocarcinoma is rare. A 56-year-old female presented with progressive jaundice. Ultrasonography revealed a curvilinear structure with anechoic center consistent with ascariasis within the dilated common bile duct. Ultrasonography also demonstrated that a slightly echogenic soft tissue mass projecting into the mid segment of the common bile duct proved to be coexistent cholangiocarcinoma. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography did not confirm the presence of worm. In this report ultrasonographic and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiographic findings of the case are described and the relative merits of these two techniques are discussed. Received 5 June 1997; Revision received 30 July 1997; Accepted 30 September 1997     

胆道双支架置入治疗肝门部胆管癌

目的　探讨肝门部胆管癌胆道双支架置入的方法、术式和临床疗效。方法　 6例肝门部BismuthⅣ型胆管癌患者 ,采取经皮肝穿刺胆道双支架置入治疗 ,根据左右肝管分叉角度的不同采取不同的双支架置入术式。当分叉呈钝角时 ,仅通过右肝管单一穿刺通道置入双支架 ;当分叉呈锐角时 ,2个穿刺通道都在右腋中线进行 ,方便了操作和术后护理。结果　术后患者黄疸明显减轻或消退 ,血清胆红素水平较术前平均下降了 (10 4± 2 9) μmol L(P <0 .0 1) ,收到了较好的近期治疗效果。 6例中有 2例分别于术后 4和 6个月支架再阻塞。结论　胆道双支架置入对于肝门部BismuthⅣ型胆管癌疗效可靠 ,根据左右肝管分叉角度采取不同的双支架置入术式 ,方法可行。     

Photodynamic therapy in cholangiocarcinoma: an overview

Cholangiocarcinoma is a challenge to manage; mortality rate is nearly as high as the incidence. Unless curative resection is performed, these tumours are rapidly fatal because they respond poorly to current therapies. Symptoms occur late in cholangiocarcinoma and curative resection can be performed in less than half of the patients. In non-resectable disease, endoprostheses insertion can relieve jaundice and improve quality of life, provided that tumour extension does not lead to diffuse intrahepatic stenoses of ductal system. However, tumour growth cannot be influenced and therefore, prognosis remains dismal. Despite the fact, that radiotherapy and chemotherapy could reduce tumour volume and growth, no survival advantage has yet been shown.Photodynamic therapy has been evaluated as an new additional, palliative option. A randomised trial comparing photodynamic therapy plus endoprostheses insertion versus endoprostheses insertion alone, indicates a considerably benefit on survival time, cholestasis and quality of life in large, advanced cholangiocarcinoma. Furthermore, few specific side effects occurred. Since photodynamic therapy is the first approach leading to an improvement of prognosis, it should be offered to patients with non-resectable cholangiocarcinoma.     

肝门部胆管癌高位多支复杂胆道梗阻的介入引流方法探讨

目的：探讨肝门部胆管癌引起的高位多支复杂类型梗阻性黄疸的介入引流方法和临床疗效。 方法：选取因肝门部胆管癌引起的多支复杂类型梗阻性黄疸患者38例,其中男28例,女10例。Bismuth-Corlett分型Ⅱ型6例,Ⅲ型18例,Ⅳ型14例。根据胆道梗阻的部位、范围、各分支梗阻情况及胆道扩张的程度,对不同类型患者的引流方案进行个体化设计。其中30例单纯采取了引流管引流,并根据需要对引流管临时剪孔,每例放置1~3条胆道外引流管。8例Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌根据左右肝管分支角度不同分别采取了不同的方法进行胆道双支架置入。 结果：全部病例介入引流手术过程顺利,除2例合并少量胆道出血外,无其他严重并发症发生。术后患者黄疸明显减轻或消退,皮肤瘙痒和胆管炎等症状逐渐消失。术后1~2周,血清胆红素水平由术前的（242.69±27）μmol/L降至（58.32±5.6）μmol/L,差异有统计学意义（t=9.73,P<0.05）,收到了较好的近期治疗效果。8例行胆道双支架置入患者中有3例分别于术后4~6个月发生支架再阻塞,黄疸复发,再次行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流治疗。 结论：肝门部胆管癌高位胆道梗阻病变复杂,通过引流管剪孔,可在保证引流效果的前提下尽量减少引流管的个数,减少了创伤,方便了术后生活和引流管护理,是对普通胆道外引流管的改良。双支架置入对肝门部Bismuth-Corlett Ⅳ型胆管癌近期疗效可靠,根据左右肝管分叉角度采取不同的双支架置入术式方法可行。     

经皮胆道内支架置入术姑息性治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸（附51例报告）

目的：研究经皮胆道内支架置入术姑息性治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床价值。材料与方法：５１例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者，在经皮胆道造影后进行了胆道内支架置入。其中置入塑料内支架者９例，自展式金属内支架者４２例，共使用胆道内支架５６枚。结果：全组治疗前、后血清总胆红素相差的均数±标准误为１６７±５２μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．００５。５１例中，总胆红素恢复正常或接近正常者３６例，总胆红素下降百分比＞５０％者８例，下降百分比为２５％～５０％者４例，下降百分比＜２５％者３例。全组３０天病死率５．９％（３／５１），早期并发症１９．６％（１０／５１）。２６例有完整随访的患者（平均５．６个月），死亡１１例（４２．３％），内支架阻塞４例（１５．４％），其中３例进行了再次介入治疗。结论：经皮胆道内支架置入术是姑息性治疗手术不能切除的恶性梗阻性黄疸的有效方法。     

经皮胆道内支架置放术治疗胆道狭窄

目的：采用经皮肝穿胆道支架置入术治疗阻塞性黄疸并探讨其疗效、技术要点及并发症。材料与方法：２５例胆道狭窄接受经皮经肝胆道内支架置入术，其中胆管癌１６例，胰头癌４例，肝门区转移癌３例和胆道术后狭窄２例。结果：技术成功率为９６．０％。２例患者分别行右、左肝管双支架置入。恶性梗阻者６个月生存率为７３．３％，１２个月为４６．６％。６个月胆道再狭窄率为４０．０％。主要并发症为轻度胆道出血（４４．０％）和逆行感染（８．０％），经保守治疗痊愈。结论：结果显示本术治疗胆管狭窄安全有效，技术成功率较经ＥＲＣＰ途径高。配合动脉内化疗灌注可提高恶性阻塞患者的生存率。     

Imaging and interventions in hilar cholangiocarcinoma: A review

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma is a common malignant tumor of the biliary tree. It has poor prognosis with very low 5-year survival rates. Various imaging modalities are available for detection and staging of the hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Although ultrasonography is the initial investigation of choice, imaging with contrast enhanced computed tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging is needed prior to management. Surgery is curative wherever possible. Radiological interventions play a role in operable patients in theform of biliary drainage and/or portal vein embolization. In inoperable cases, palliative interventions include biliary drainage, biliary stenting and intra-biliary palliative treatment techniques. Complete knowledge of application of various imaging modalities available and about the possible radiological interventions is important for a radiologist to play a critical role in appropriate management of such patients.We review the various imaging techniques and appearances of hilar cholangiocarcinoma and the possible radiological interventions.     

Characterization and staging of central bile duct stenosis—Evaluation of the hepatocyte specific contrast agent gadoxetate disodium

Objective

To assess the value of gadoxetate disodium for characterization and staging of central bile duct stenosis (CBDS).

Materials and methods

This prospective HIPAA-compliant study was IRB approved. 14 patients (8 male, 6 female; 36–80 years) with clinical suspicion of CBDS underwent preoperative MRI. To estimate the value of hepatocyte phase images (10, 20, 120 min p.i.), only T2w images (T2), only post-contrast images (CM), or both image datasets were assessed in three reading sessions by 3 readers. Agreement of each reading session with the intraoperative findings in terms of CBDS etiology and tumor extension (weighted kappa statistic) was calculated.

Results

CBDS was caused by hilar cholangiocarcinoma (n = 9), gallbladder carcinoma (n = 4) and pancreatic carcinoma (n = 1). Characterization of CBDS etiology was correct by use of: T2w images in 57%, 64%, 50%; CM images in 64%, 57%, 50%; both in 71%, 64%, 64%. Agreement comparing reading sessions and intraoperative findings regarding tumor extension was fair up to moderate (κ-range = 0.21–0.54) as a result of common underestimation. Interobserver agreement for tumor extension was fair (κ-range = 0.31–0.33).

Conclusions

By means of combined evaluation of T2 and CM images a more reliable characterization of CBDS was possible. Even though CBDS tended to be underestimated assessment of exact tumor extension was improved by contrast administration.     

单通道双支架植入技术治疗肝门部胆管癌

目的 探讨单通道双支架植入技术治疗肝门部胆管癌的可行性和临床应用价值。方法 18例肝门部胆管癌患者，左、右肝管起始部狭窄或闭塞。采用右腋中线入路穿刺右肝管，用导丝寻找右肝管与左肝管和胆总管之间的潜在腔隙，于左右肝管间以及右肝管-胆总管间分别植入支架。结果 18例患者均从右腋中线穿刺通道成功植入右肝管-左肝管间及右肝管-胆总管间的支架，实现了胆汁经左肝管-右肝管-胆总管的完全内引流，解除梗阻疗效显著。结论 单通道双支架植入技术简化了高位胆管梗阻介入件引流的操作，减少了操作创伤，缩短了操作时间，具有较高的临床实用价值。     

梗阻性黄疸介入治疗的临床价值（附30例分析）

目的探讨梗阻性黄疸介入治疗的临床价值.方法30例梗阻性黄疸患者在经皮穿刺胆道造影后进行介入治疗,其中PTCD19例,PTCD+胆道内支架11例,共使用金属支架16枚.结果全组技术成功率100%,其中28例(占93.3%)黄疸消退满意,治疗前后血清总胆红素相差的均数±标准误差为205.3±93.4μmol/L,P＜0.01,直接胆红素相差的均数±标准误差为133.8±57.1祄μmol/L,P＜0.01.2例因梗阻复杂及术后胆道感染,效果不满意.全组30天病死率3.3%(1/30).结论经皮胆道内支架置入术和PTCD是姑息性治疗梗阻性黄疸的安全有效方法.     

Accelerated partial breast irradiation: an updated report from the American Brachytherapy Society

Logistical barriers of time and travel created by the conventional six week course of radiotherapy prevent many women from pursuing breast conservation treatment. For the past 12 years, Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation (APBI) has been investigated as a potential alternative treatment approach in women with early stage breast cancer. The ability to complete treatment in five days has the potential to provide additional women with the option of breast conservation. The validity of this APBI is supported in the study of in-breast recurrence patterns, pathologic data and the clinical treatment experience. The review of the recent data on contemporary APBI reveals that patient selection criteria and brachytherapy quality assurance are clearly critical components and necessary to assure a successful treatment outcome. This updated report from the American Brachytherapy Society on Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation reviews the appropriate background data supporting this treatment approach with conclusions regarding patient selection criteria and treatment delivery.     

胆道支架与十二指肠支架联合应用治疗胆道消化道梗阻

目的评价联合应用双支架治疗胆道及十二指肠梗阻的疗效。方法20例患者实施治疗。16例患者先经过经皮肝穿刺置入胆道支架解决胆道梗阻,患者出现十二指肠梗阻的症状后,14例患者经口腔、2例患者经胃造瘘口置入十二指肠支架。有4例患者同时有胆道和十二指肠梗阻的症状,同时置入胆道和十二指肠支架。结果所有患者都成功置入了双支架,没有出现并发症和再梗阻的表现。生存期1~14个月,平均5个月。结论联合双支架置入是治疗胆道和十二指肠梗阻的有效的方法。     

经皮胆道引流术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸

目的　回顾性分析恶性梗阻性黄疸的介入性经皮胆道引流治疗方法及其疗效。方法　对4 7例患者采用经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸。先行PTC后探查通过阻塞段 ,如不能越过阻塞段 ,则直接进行外引流 ;如能越过阻塞段 ,则置入内外引流管作内外引流或置入金属支架或塑料内涵管作内引流。结果　内引流组 18例 ,15例置入金属支架 ,共 18枚 ,3例置入塑料内涵管 ,共 4根 ;内外引流组 15例 ,置入 18根内外引流管 ;外引流组 14例 ,置入 17根外引流管。术后 1周总胆红素从术前的 (5 14 .1± 2 0 4 .3) μmol/L降至 (2 38.4± 14 2 .8) μmol/L(P <0 .0 0 1) ,碱性磷酸酶与丙氨酸转氨酶均下降明显 (P均 <0 .0 0 1)。 4例于术后 1个月内死亡。跟踪随访 37例 ,平均随访 5 .3个月 ,8例仍存活。随访期内 18例 (48.6 % )总胆红素降至正常范围。结论　经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术是对恶性梗阻性黄疸的一种安全、有效的姑息性治疗方法 ,可明显缓解黄疸、减轻痛苦、提高生存质量 ,并可改善肝脏功能 ,有限地延长生存时间。     

Treatment of unresectable extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma using hematoporphyrin photodynamic therapy: A prospective study

BackgroundThe available evidence of Photodynamic therapy (PDT) combined with stent placement treatment for unresectable extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (EHCC) is still insufficient. It also remains unclear whether PDT influences systemic inflammatory response.AimTo explore the clinical efficacy and safety of the combination treatment and the systemic inflammatory response in patients with EHCC.MethodsPatients with unresectable EHCC underwent either the combined treatment using Hematoporphyrin PDT and stent placement (PDT + stent group, n = 12) or stent-only (stent group, n = 27). The primary end-point was overall survival. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 levels were measured. Quality of life was assessed using the Karnofsky performance scale (KPS) every 3 months.ResultsAverage survival time (13.8 vs. 9.6 months), and 6-month (91.7% vs. 74.1%), and 1-year (58.3% vs. 3.7%) survival rates of PDT + stent group were significantly increased compared with the stent group. KPS scores in the PDT + stent group were significantly improved. TNF-α and IL-6 levels were significantly increased in the PDT + stent group.ConclusionHematoporphyrin-PDT combined with stent placement is an effective and safe treatment for EHCC. The treatment might promote systemic inflammatory response.     

Preoperative assessment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma using multidetector-row CT: correlation with histopathological findings

PURPOSE: Our aim was to investigate the diagnostic reliability of multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) for preoperative assessment of local tumoral spread in hilar cholangiocarcinoma. MATEIRALS AND METHODS: Thirteen of 30 consecutive patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma who underwent surgery, excluding 17 patients who underwent biliary drainage or preoperative portal embolization, were retrospectively evaluated. Using MDCT systems of 4 detector rows or 16 detector rows, plain and dynamic contrast-enhanced images of three phases were obtained. Extent of tumor spread and lymph node metastasis were assessed with MDCT and compared with histopathological findings. RESULTS: The Bismuth-Corlette classification of hilar cholangiocarcinoma with MDCT were type I, 1 patient; type IIIa, 3 patients; type IIIb, 4 patients; and type IV, 5 patients; those with histopathological findings were type I, 1 patient; type IIIa, 2 patients; type IIIb, 4 patients; and type IV, 6 patients. One patient diagnosed as type IIIa with MDCT was pathologically diagnosed as type IV. Accuracy of MDCT in tumoral spread was 92.3%, although that of lymph node metastasis was 54%. CONCLUSION: MDCT is likely to play an important role in evaluation of focal lesion spread especially in intrapancreatic tumor invasion, although a greater number of cohort cases are necessary to clearly define its role.     

经皮腔内血管成形和支架植入术治疗椎基底动脉狭窄

目的　探讨经皮腔内血管成形和支架植入术治疗椎基底动脉狭窄的效果和安全性。方法　 2 0 0 3年 4月至 2 0 0 4年 6月间 ,2 8例椎基底动脉狭窄患者进行了经皮腔内血管成形和支架植入术治疗。结果　 2 8例患者 ,18例为优势侧椎动脉狭窄 ,4例为双侧椎动脉狭窄 ,3例为一侧椎动脉狭窄、对侧椎动脉闭塞 ,1例为串联狭窄 ,2例为基底动脉狭窄。狭窄段位于椎动脉开口 7例 ,位于颈部椎动脉 2例 ,位于颅内段 17例。MoriA型病变 2 4例 ,B型病变 3例 ,C型病变 1例。全组技术成功率 10 0 % ,术前2 8例平均狭窄率为 81.3% ,术后残余狭窄率均 <10 % ,(P <0 .0 1)。所有病例在围手术期内均未发生严重并发症。本组随访 17例患者 ,时间为 6个月 ,Malek评分为 1分者 15例 ,2分者 2例。DSA脑血管造影复查 3例均未见支架内再狭窄。结论　经皮腔内血管成形和支架植入术是治疗椎基底动脉供血不足 ,预防椎基底动脉系统卒中的安全、有效方法 ;近期预后良好     

血管内支架植入术治疗缺血性脑血管疾病的临床研究

目的评价经皮穿刺血管腔内血管成形术与支架植入术(PTAS)治疗缺血性脑血管疾病的临床效果与安全性。方法对53例动脉狭窄致脑血管疾病患者从2006年5月至2008年5月在我院接受PTAS的临床资料进行了回顾性分析。53例患者共植入61枚支架,其中8例患者植入两枚支架。对PTAS的临床效果与安全性逐例进行了观察与记录。结果本组53例患者PTAS的成功率为100%。动脉狭窄的程度由术前的75.4%(65%～97%)下降到术后的15.7%(0%～27%)。所有患者脑缺血的临床症状与体征得到了有效控制或明显改善,未发生与操作本身有关的严重并发症。结论 PTAS是治疗缺血性脑血管疾病的一种安全、有效的方法,然而,为了尽可能地减少其并发症和提高其疗效,精心实施规范操作与严格选择适应证是至关重要的。     

Effectiveness of percutaneous metal stent placement in cholangiocarcinoma patients with midterm follow-up: Single center experience

Purpose

Patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma present with high rate of local complications. The primary aim of this study is to report clinical course of advanced cholangiocarcinoma patients those who were presented with biliary obstruction and treated with percutaneous biliary stenting.

Material and methods

Patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma followed by our center for a period of 4 years were analyzed. For statistical analysis demographic and clinical characteristics of patients, primary biliary drainage method, metal stent occlusion rate, time to stent occlusion, and overall survival rates were recorded.

Results

A total of 34 eligible patients were analyzed. 27 patients had metal stent placement. These 27 patients formed the basis of this study. Median overall survival (OS) was 6.0 months. After metal stent deployment bilurubin levels were normalized within a mean of 10 days. During the follow-up period, 13 patients were experienced metal stent occlusion. Median TtSO was 10 weeks. Cytotoxic chemotherapy was administered to 14 (52%) patients. Patients without stent dysfunction had significantly higher rate of chemotherapy exposure rate (p = 0.021). Statistical analysis, however, failed to exhibit significant effect of stent dysfunction on OS.

Conclusion

In advanced cholangiocarcinoma, relief of bile duct obstruction is an important part of the initial patient management. This study therefore described the clinical value of percutaneous metal stent in cholangiocarcinoma patients and raises the question about patency of metal stent in cholangiocarcinoma whether we can expect success similar to the success achieved in pancreas carcinoma.