预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的气管导管内清洁装置的研制

目的研究气管导管内清洁装置预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床疗效。方法选择我院接诊的60例行机械通气的ICU病房患者,分为干预组和对照组两组。每组各30例患者。干预组采用气管导管内壁清洁装置,对照组患者使用普通气管导管。对两组患者术后呼吸机相关性肺炎的发病情况进行比较分析。结果术后,干预组患者的住院时间、ICU住院时间、机械通气时间均明显短于对照组,两组比较有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预组患者呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率(20%)明显低于对照组(46.7%);干预组患者呼吸机相关性肺炎病死率(6.7%)也明显低于对照组(26.7%),两组比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论采用我院研制的气管导管内清洁装置可有效预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生。     

气管导管细菌生物膜与呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床研究进展

呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)病情严重,治疗花费高。气管插管术后留置的气管导管表面细菌黏附增殖常常引起肺实质感染。气管导管细菌生物膜的形成是导致VAP的主要原因。因此,本研究主要介绍影响气管导管细菌生物膜形成和进展的各种因素及在治疗VAP的作用。     

气管导管生物被膜与复发性铜绿假单胞菌呼吸机相关肺炎的相关性

目的：确定机械通气患者气管内导管（ETT）细菌生物被膜（BF）与长期机械通气反复发作铜绿假单胞菌呼吸机相关肺炎（PA－VAP）病原的相关性。方法：应用染色体DNA SpeI限制酶切脉冲场电脉（PFGE）技术和染色体DNA印迹平均链锁聚类分析及相似系数计算方法,前瞻性研究了15例机械通气且反复发作VAP患者的同期ETT－BF,咽拭子和下呼吸道分泌物分离出的铜绿假单胞菌DNA基因型同源性。结果：在15例长期机械通气反复发作VAP患者中,有7例（15次）同时从ETTBF和下呼吸道分泌物中分离出相同DNA基因型的铜绿假单胞菌。有6例是由同一菌株或亚型所致,9例患者间的细菌DNA基因型各不相同,相似水平很低（＜31．2％）。结论：ETT的细菌寄殖和BF形成与VAP病原菌有密切的相关性,是VAP发病机制中的一个重要因素及持续存在的病原来源;反复发作PA－VAP是以原有致病原的持续寄殖及复发为主,而不是发生外源性再感染。     

Early antibiotic treatment for BAL-confirmed ventilator-associated pneumonia: a role for routine endotracheal aspirate cultures

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To test whether routine quantitative cultures of endotracheal aspirates obtained before the onset of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) could help to predict the causative microorganisms and to select early appropriate antimicrobial therapy before obtaining BAL culture results. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: French medical ICU. PATIENTS: A total of 299 patients received mechanical ventilation for at least 48 h. INTERVENTIONS: Endotracheal aspiration (EA) was performed twice weekly in all mechanically ventilated patients. A diagnosis of VAP was made by BAL culture. Only the EA performed just before the suspicion of VAP (EA-pre) were evaluated. This strategy (ie, the EA-pre-based strategy) was compared with an antibiotic therapy that would have been prescribed if the recommendations of both the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and Trouillet et al (Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157:531-539) had been applied. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: VAP was diagnosed (by BAL culture) in 41 of the 75 patients in whom BAL was performed. Among the 41 BAL specimens that were positive for VAP, EA-pre had identified the same microorganisms (with the same antibiotic resistance patterns) in 34 cases (83%). In one case, EA-pre was not available at the time BAL was performed (a case of early-onset VAP), but the empiric antibiotic therapy was adequate. While EA-pre did not give the same results as the BAL culture, the antibiotic therapy based on the results of the EA-pre was adequate in four other cases. Finally, antibiotic therapy was delayed in only two cases. Antibiotic treatment was therefore adequate in 38 of the 40 assessable cases (95%). If the Trouillet-based strategy had been used, the antibiotic treatment would have been adequate in 34 of the 41 cases (83%; p = 0.15 [vs EA-pre strategy]). Based on the ATS classification, the antibiotic treatment would have been adequately prescribed in only 28 of the 41 cases (68%; p = 0.005 [vs EA-pre strategy]). CONCLUSIONS: Routine EA performed twice a week makes it possible to prescribe adequate antibiotic therapy (while waiting for BAL culture results) in 95% of the patients in whom a VAP is ultimately diagnosed by BAL culture.     

Evidence on measures for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in ventilated patients. Evidence-based guidelines have been issued since 2001 by the European Task Force on ventilator-associated pneumonia, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Canadian Critical Care Society, and also by the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America, which have produced a joint set of recommendations. The present review article is based on a comparison of these guidelines, together with an update of further publications in the literature. The 100,000 Lives campaign, endorsed by leading US agencies and societies, states that all ventilated patients should receive a ventilator bundle to reduce the incidence of VAP. The present review article is useful for identifying evidence-based processes that can be modified to improve patients' safety.     

Technologic advances in endotracheal tubes for prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is associated with high morbidity, mortality, and costs. Interventions to prevent VAP are a high priority in the care of critically ill patients requiring mechanical ventilation (MV). Multiple interventions are recommended by evidence-based practice guidelines to prevent VAP, but there is a growing interest in those related to the endotracheal tube (ETT) as the main target linked to VAP. Microaspiration and biofilm formation are the two most important mechanisms implicated in the colonization of the tracheal bronchial tree and the development of VAP. Microaspiration occurs when there is distal migration of microorganisms present in the secretions accumulated above the ETT cuff. Biofilm formation has been described as the development of a network of secretions and attached microorganisms that migrate along the ETT cuff polymer and inside the lumen, facilitating the transfer to the sterile bronchial tree. Therefore, our objective was to review the literature related to recent advances in ETT technologies regarding their impact on the control of microaspiration and biofilm formation in patients on MV, and the subsequent impact on VAP.     

气管导管生物膜与呼吸机相关性肺炎

呼吸机相关性肺炎在机械通气患者中非常常见,因其高发病率、病死率及高医疗费用,使其成为ICU工作者不得不面临的难题之一.本文就呼吸机相关性肺炎的发病机制及其预防措施作一概述.     

Efficacy of Venner-PneuX endotracheal tube system for prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care units: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:The pathogenic mechanism and prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are substantially improved over the past several decades, but VAP remains frequently seen among the critical cases. The Venner-PneuX endotracheal tube system (VPXETS) has been proved to perform better than standard endotracheal tubes (SET) in the prevention of VAP in some studies. Therefore, this systematic review is aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of VPXETS in order to prevent VAP.Methods:Electronic databases, including PubMed, WANFANG, CENTRAL, CNKI, EMBASE, and CINAHL, are used to search relevant randomized controlled trials for evaluating the therapeutic effect of VPXETS on preventing VAP from January 2011 to December 2020. To be specific, related studies are selected, data are extracted, risk of bias is assessed, and meta-analysis is conducted in succession.Results:The present review aims to assess the therapeutic effect of VPXETS on preventing VAP in intensive care units (ICUs). Our outcome measures include the incidence and side reaction of VAP.Conclusions:The present review assesses related studies regarding the therapeutic effect of VPXETS on preventing VAP at ICUs.Dissemination and ethics:Our findings in this work are to be disseminated by means of peer-reviewed publication. No ethical approval is required in our review since it uses the published data. Moreover, anonymity is guaranteed during the data analysis process.OSF Registration number:DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/6BERJ     

Surfactant replacement for ventilator-associated pneumonia: a preliminary report

BACKGROUND: Surfactant abnormalities have been described in bacterial pneumonia. OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety and effect of exogenous surfactant replacement in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). METHODS: Patients with VAP were randomized in a double-blind study to receive either an artificial surfactant (Exosurf) consisting mostly of disaturated phospholipids (DSPL) or saline via a continuous nebulizer system for 5 days. Patients underwent bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) prior to and after 4 days of therapy. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients were randomized, with 8 receiving Exosurf. There was no detected difference in outcome between the saline- and Exosurf-treated patients in terms of days on ventilator, 30-day or hospital mortality. At the follow-up lavage, the patients treated with Exosurf had a significant rise in the level of DSPL (p < 0.05), while the saline group did not, suggesting delivery of drug. Also at the follow-up lavage, the percentage of neutrophils in the BAL fell in the Exosurf patients (p < 0.01), but not in the saline group. CONCLUSION: Exogenous surfactant replacement given to patients with VAP increased the amount of DSPL retrieved by BAL. This treatment was associated with a fall in the neutrophil response to pneumonia.     

Prevention and diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a survey on current practices in Southern Spanish ICUs

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To assess the implementation of selected ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) prevention strategies, and to learn how VAP is diagnosed in the ICUs of Southern Spain. DESIGN: Multicentric survey. SETTING: The ICUs of 32 hospitals of the public health-care system of Southern Spain. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS: Directors of ICUs. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Twenty-eight ICUs (87.5%) returned completed questionnaires. Ventilator circuits were changed every 72 h or longer in 75% of ICUs. Use of heat and moisture exchangers and open endotracheal suction systems were reported in 96% of ICUs. Subglottic secretion drainage was never used, and 57% of ICUs checked endotracheal tube cuff pressure at least daily. Semi-recumbent position was common (93%), and 67.5% of ICUs used frequently noninvasive ventilation. Continuous enteral feeding was reported in all ICUs. Sedative infusions were usually interrupted every day in 11% of ICUs. Seventy-five percent of ICUs had specific guidelines for antibiotic therapy of VAP, but rotation of antibiotics was uncommon (11%). Twenty-nine percent of ICUs diagnosed VAP without microbiological confirmation. The most used technique for microbiologic diagnosis was qualitative culture of endotracheal aspirates (42.8%). The centers with a larger structural complexity reported using VAP therapy guidelines more frequently than the smaller centers, but they did not utilized bronchoscopic techniques for diagnosing VAP. CONCLUSIONS: Common prevention and diagnostic procedures in clinical practice, including large teaching institutions, significantly differed from evidence-based recommendations and reports by research groups of excellence. In addition, our study suggests that clinical practice for preventing and diagnosing VAP is variable and many opportunities exist to improve the care of patients receiving mechanical ventilation.