白细胞介素6mRNA在移植肾中的表达及意义

目的 探讨肾移植急性排斥反应时白细胞介素6(IL-6)产生的主要来源,并为初步阐明肾移植急性排斥反应的分子学发病机制提供实验依据。方法 采用3＇IL-6寡核苷酸探针,运用原位杂交技术观察IL-6mRNA在移植肾中的表达。结果 (1)在急性排斥反应时,移植肾各部位表达IL-6mRNA明显增多,较环孢素A(CsA)中毒、稳定期移植肾及正常人均有显著升高。(2)在急性排斥反应时,肾小管上皮细胞表达IL-6mRNA强度较肾小球细胞、血管内皮细胞及间质细胞均有明显升高。(3)CsA中毒患者肾脏IL-6mRNA表达较稳定期移植肾及正常对照无明显增多。结论 肾移植急性排斥反应时,移植肾细胞可直接产生IL-6,移植肾中IL-6异常激活与表达同肾移植急性排斥反应的发生机制有密切的关系;肾小管表达IL-6的异常增多和活化揭示了肾小管上皮细胞在肾移植急性排斥反应的发病机理中具有重要意义。     

慢性排斥移植肾中细胞间粘附分子-1与HLA-DR表达的关系

目的：探讨慢性排斥移植肾中细胞间粘附分子－1（ICAM－1）和HLA－DR表达与间质淋巴细胞浸润的关系。方法：对20例慢性排斥肾移植受者进行肾活检，采用免疫组化技术（ABC法）检测移植肾内ICAM－1和HLA－DR的表达。结果：ICAM－1在慢性排斥移植肾肾小管上皮细胞和间质微小动脉内皮细胞表达增强，而HLA－DR表达则普遍上调，尤其在远曲小管。此外，在ICAM－1和HLA－DR表达增强的局部血管周围和小管间质伴有大量淋巴细胞浸润。结论：慢性排斥移植肾中ICAM－1和HLA－DR表达增强可能在排斥反应中起诱导作用，尤其是间质炎细胞的浸润及抗原递呈，同时它们又可能使表达上调的细胞成为免疫反应效应支的靶细胞，从而参与慢性排斥的细胞免疫损伤及移植肾间质损害过程。     

急性排斥反应时CD15和血小板/内皮细胞粘附分子在移植肾的表达

应用免疫组织化学ＳＰ法和计算机图象分析系统观察分析了１８例急性排斥反应时移植肾活检标本中ＣＤ１５和血小板／内皮细胞粘附分子的表达情况，以探讨其变化的意义。     

急性排斥反应时移植肾组织中程序性死亡配体-1及其受体的表达

目的探讨急性排斥反应时移植肾组织中程序性死亡配体-1(PD-L1)及程序性死亡-1(PD-1)的表达及其与肾小管间质病理损害程度的关系。方法当肾移植患者发生急性排斥反应并经病理检查确认时,采取移植肾组织,以免疫组化和原位杂交染色法,观察肾组织中PD-L1和PD-1的表达,分析PD-L1阳性强度与肾小管-间质PD-1阳性细胞数、肾小管间质病理损害程度的关系。以正常肾组织为对照。结果急性排斥反应时,移植肾组织中的PD-L1及PD-1的表达较正常组织增多、增强(P<0.01);肾小管PD-L1阳性强度与肾间质PD-1阳性细胞数呈正相关,与肾小管间质病理损害程度呈负相关。结论急性排斥反应时,PD-L1及PD-1的表达增强,它们可能在肾小管间质病理损害中起重要作用。     

细胞间粘附分子—1和血管细胞粘附分子—1在慢性排斥反应中的 …

为了探讨移植肾慢性排斥反应的发病机制，应用免疫组化技术对１６例肾移植术后发生慢性排斥反应患者的移植肾组织及５例正常肾组织行细胞间粘附分子－１，血管细胞粘附分子－１染色及ＨＥ染色。结果表明ＩＣＡＭ－１，ＶＣＡＭ－１在正常肾脏和慢性排斥反应移植肾脏上的表达分布不同。结果提示，它们在移植肾慢性排斥反应的发生，发展过程中起重要的作用。     

细胞间粘附分子-1和血管细胞粘附分子-1在慢性排斥反应中的表达

为了探讨移植肾慢性排斥反应的发病机制，应用免疫组化技术（ＡＢＣ法）对１６例肾移植术后发生慢性排斥反应患者的移植肾组织及５例正常肾组织行细胞间粘附分子－１（ＩＣＡＭ－１）、血管细胞粘附分子－１（ＶＣＡＭ－１）染色及ＨＥ染色。结果表明ＩＣＡＭ－１、ＶＣＡＭ－１在正常肾脏和慢性排斥反应移植肾脏上的表达分布不同；结果提示，它们在移植肾慢性排斥反应的发生、发展过程中起重要作用     

细胞粘附分子与异种移植排斥反应

排斥反应是导致异种移植失败的主要原因。在异种移植排斥中，移植物血管内皮细胞活化是关键，而细胞粘附分子的表达与内皮细胞的活化以及白细胞趋化均关系密切，更成为异种移植排斥反应中不可获缺的重要环节。本文综述了细胞粘附分子的生物学特点、在异种移植排斥反应中的诱导和表达及其在治疗中的研究进展。     

细胞粘附分子与异种移植排斥反应

排斥反应是导致异种移植失败的主要原因。在异种移植排斥中,移植物血管内皮细胞活化是关键,而细胞粘附分子的表达与内皮细胞的活化以及白细胞趋化均关系密切,更成为异种移植排斥反应中不可获缺的重要环节。本文综述了细胞粘附分子的生物学特点、在异种移植排斥反应中的诱导和表达及其在治疗中的研究进展。     

黄嘌呤氧化脱氢酶在大鼠肾移植急性排斥反应中的作用

目的 观察黄嘌呤氧化脱氢酶(XOD)在大鼠肾移植急性排斥反应中的作用.方法 实验分同系移植组和异系移植组两组.采用左肾原位移植术建立大鼠.肾移植模型.分别于术后1、4、7 d切取受体左肾,观察其形态学改变,应用比色法检测移植肾组织中XOD和活性氧(ROS)的活力,应用免疫组织化学技术检测XOD的表达.结果 异系移植组术后第4、7天呈现典型的急性排斥反应的病理改变.该组各时间点的XOD活力、ROS水平、Banff总分及免疫组织化学评分与同系移植组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).异系移植组移植肾XOD活力、ROS水平、Banff总分及免疫组织化学评分之间均呈正相关(r≥0.751,P＜0.01).XOD表达于肾小管上皮细胞、肾小球内皮细胞和浸润的单核巨噬细胞中.结论 XOD与肾移植急性排斥反应的发生发展密切相关.     

大鼠心脏移植排斥反应时细胞间粘附分了—1的表达及霉酚酯对其的抑制作用

目的 探讨大鼠同种异位心脏移植排斥反应期间移植心组织细胞间粘附分子－1（ICAM－1）的表达霉酚酯酯（MMF）对移植心ICAM－1表达和排斥反应的抑制作用。方法 建立大鼠心脏腹腔移植模型。设Wistar 到Wistar大鼠的同系心脏移植对照组、SD大鼠到Wistar大鼠的同种移植组和同种移植MMF治疗组。采集移植心组织标本行免疫组织化学和组织病理学检查,应用多媒体彩色图文分析系统对移植心组织ICAM－1的表达进行定量检测。结果 对照组移植心组织ICAM－1表达较弱;同种移植组在排斥反应期间移植心组织毛细血管内皮细胞ICAM－1的表达强度和数量明显增加,且伴有大量淋巴细胞浸润;MMF治疗组移植心仅微弱表达ICAM－1,同时少有淋巴细胞浸润;检测移植心组织ICAM－1的表达改变比普通组织病理学检查可以提早2－3d发现排斥反应。结论 ICAM－1的表达水平与排斥反应的发生和发展有关;MMF能显著抑制移植心ICAM－1的表达和淋巴细胞的浸润,明显延长移植物的存活。     

黏附分子在大鼠同种异体肝脏移植免疫反应中的作用

目的探讨黏附分子ICAM-1、P-selectin、E-selectin、L-selectin、PECAM-1和VCAM-1在肝脏移植中的表达及意义。方法用免疫组织化学方法和原位杂交法，检测大鼠肝脏移植后不同时间(1、3、5、7d)、不同模型中ICAM-1、P-selectin、L-selectin、E-selectin蛋白、VCAM-1 mRNA、PECAM-1 mRNA的表达情况。结果肝急性排斥组与自发耐受组相比，黏附分子ICAM-1、VCAM-1、PECAM-1、E-selectin表达高；子代组与肝急性排斥组各指标表达类似，而ICAM-1的表达高于肝急性排斥组；半肝组与自发耐受组各指标表达类似，但ICAM-1、VCAM-1表达水平较自发耐受组高。P-selectin、L-selectin表达变化不明显。而正常大鼠肝脏未见黏附分子的表达。结论肝排斥反应可能与黏附分子ICAM-1、VCAM-1、PECAM-1、E-selectin的高表达有关。     

凋亡相关蛋白及粘附分子在大鼠心脏急性排斥反应中的作用

目的 探讨凋亡及凋亡相关因子Fas／FasL、Bcl-2/Bax，粘附分子ICAM-1、P-selectin、E-selectin、L-Selectin、PECAM-1和VCAM-1在心脏移植中的表达及意义。方法 用免疫组织化学方法和原位杂交法，检测大鼠心脏移植后不同时间(1、3、5、7d)、Fas／FasL、ICAM-1、P-selectin、L-selectin、E-selectin蛋白、Bcl-2/Bax、VCAM-1、PECAM-1 mRNA的表达情况。结果 随着移植后天数的增加，细胞凋亡增多，Fas／FasL、Bax表达增加，粘附分子ICAM-1、VCAM-1、PECAM-1表达也增加，Selectin表达较少。正常大鼠肝脏未见细胞凋亡及粘附分子的表达。结论 细胞凋亡和粘附分子ICAM-1、VCAM-1、PECAM-1表达增加可能与心脏移植后急性排斥反应有关，而Fas／FasL、Bax可能促进了凋亡的发生。     

Role of PECAM-1 in acute rejection of fully major histocompatibility complex class II-mismatched cardiac allografts in mice

The aim of this study was to determine the role of platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM) in acute rejection of vascularized whole organ allografts in vivo. Hearts were transplanted between BALB/c, PECAM-1(-/-), or C57BL/6 wild-type mice. Grafts were harvested on the day of rejection or after 120 days and were analyzed histologically. BALB/c allografts survived significantly longer in PECAM-1(-/-) recipients compared to wild-type controls (8.3+/-0.4 vs. 6.4+/-0.8 days; P<0.05). Survival of PECAM-1(-/-) allografts in BALB/c recipients did not differ from that of wild-type-derived transplants (12.2+/-3.0 vs. 9.3+/-0.7; P>0.05). In all allografts, histology showed massive monomorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration, indicating parenchymal rejection. Immunohistochemistry confirmed in all transplants a preserved donor endothelial phenotype. Our data indicate a subtle role of nonendothelial PECAM-1 in acute allograft rejection. Although deletion of PECAM-1 could not prevent rejection, it should be further evaluated as a therapeutic target in more complex settings with concomitant immunosuppression or during chronic rejection.     

Acute allograft rejection occurs independently of inducible heat shock protein-70

Dendritic cells (DCs) are key mediators of the innate response to transplantation. Yet, the substances that activate these cells during acute allograft rejection remain elusive. Previous work has suggested that heat shock protein (HSP)-70 is associated with acute allograft rejection. Hence, the goal of this study was to determine whether HSP-70 activates DCs and plays a critical role in acute allograft rejection in an experimental model that is dependent on innate MyD88 signaling. Our in vitro data indicate that HSP-70 does not activate DCs. In vivo transplant studies demonstrate that HSP-70 levels are not increased during acute allograft rejection and that an absence of the inducible form of HSP-70 neither delays acute allograft rejection, impairs DCs maturation, nor alters Th1 immune responses during acute allograft rejection. In conclusion, our results indicate that HSP-70 in our experimental models does not play an essential role in acute allograft rejection.     

大鼠异体肢体移植术后急性排斥反应阶段血管内皮细胞ICAM-1表达的动态变化

目的 研究大鼠异体肢体移植术后急性排斥反应阶段,移植肢体血管内皮细胞细胞间黏附分子-1(intercellular adhesion molecule-1,ICAM-1)动态变化及环孢素A(cyclosporine A,CsA)抗免疫排斥的作用.方法 建立大鼠肢体移植动物模型,随机分为对照组(Wistar大鼠→Wistar大鼠)、排斥组(SD大鼠→ Wistar大鼠)和CsA治疗组(SD大鼠→Wistar大鼠),术后1、4、7 d获取移植肢体股动脉行病理学观察,采用免疫组化法检测移植肢体血管ICAM-1表达的变化.结果 对照组供体移植肢体股动脉血管内皮细胞仅出现轻微肿胀与ICAM-1表达微弱;排斥组血管内皮细胞肿胀明显,淋巴细胞大量浸润,ICAM-1的表达强度和数量明显增加;CsA治疗组移植肢体血管内皮细胞仅有少量淋巴细胞浸润,ICAM-1表达较弱.结论 大鼠异体肢体移植术后急性排斥反应阶段,血管内皮细胞ICAM-1表达水平与排斥反应的发生和发展有关,CsA可降低移植肢体血管内皮细胞ICAM-1表达,抑制复合组织移植术后急性排斥反应.     

Increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules by alveolar macrophages of human lung allograft recipients with acute rejection: decline with resolution of rejection.

BACKGROUND: Alveolar macrophages (AM) are the major population in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells; we assessed their role in human lung allograft recipients by correlating the expression of adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines with clinical outcome of allograft. METHODS: We obtained BAL samples from patients and enriched them for AM in plastic petri dish for 2 hours at 37 degrees C in 5% CO(2). Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, CD54), platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1, CD31), and CD11c was assessed by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies. We assessed cytokine profile using Multi-Probe RNase protection assay. RESULTS: Alveolar macrophages that express CD11c, CD31 and CD54 were increased in patients with either rejection or infection compared with those without rejection and infection. The difference in the percentage of AM expressing CD11c and CD31 between the rejection group and patients without rejection and infection group was statistically significant (CD11c, p < 0.01; CD31, p < 0.03). Interleukin (IL)-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and IL-6 expression was higher in the rejection group than in patients without rejection. Five out of 9 patients in the rejection group expressed high levels of IL-15 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha compared with patients without rejection and infection. The increased number of AM expressing adhesion molecules and elevated expression of cytokines observed during acute rejection declined to basal levels after successful treatment and resolution of rejection. This study demonstrates that lung allograft rejection is associated with increased expression of adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines by AM, which could facilitate mononuclear cell adhesion and extravasation contributing to the allograft injury in lung transplant recipients.     

Time course and cellular localization of inducible nitric oxide synthases expression during cardiac allograft rejection

BACKGROUND: We have demonstrated that inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS) ameliorated acute cardiac allograft rejection. This study determined the time course and cellular localization of inducible NOS expression during the histologic progression of unmodified acute rat cardiac allograft rejection. METHODS: Tissue from syngeneic (ACI to ACI) and allogeneic (Lewis to ACI) transplants were harvested on postoperative days 3 through 10 and analyzed for inducible NOS mRNA expression (ribonuclease protection assay), inducible NOS enzyme activity (conversion of L-[3H]arginine to nitric oxide and L-[3H]citrulline), and nitric oxide production (serum nitrite/nitrate levels). Inducible NOS mRNA and protein expression were localized using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Inducible NOS mRNA and enzyme activity were expressed in allografts during mild, moderate, and severe acute rejection (postoperative days 4 through 10), but were not detected in normals, isografts, or allografts before histologic changes of mild acute rejection (postoperative day 3). Inducible NOS expression resulted in increased serum nitrite/nitrate levels during mild and moderate rejection (postoperative days 4 through 6). Inducible NOS mRNA and protein expression localized to infiltrating mononuclear inflammatory cells in allograft tissue sections during all stages of rejection but were not detected in allograft parenchymal cells or in normals or isografts. CONCLUSIONS: Inducible NOS expression and increased nitric oxide production occurred during the early stages of acute rejection, persisted throughout the unmodified rejection process, and localized to infiltrating inflammatory cells but not allograft parenchymal cells during all stages of acute rejection.     

Increased influx of myeloid dendritic cells during acute rejection is associated with interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy and predicts poor outcome

Dendritic cells are key players in renal allograft rejection and have been identified as an intrinsic part of the kidney. Here we quantified and phenotyped the dendritic cell populations in well-defined biopsies of 102 patients with acute renal allograft rejection in comparison with 78 available pretransplant biopsies. There was a strong increase in BDCA-1(+) and DC-SIGN(+) myeloid, BDCA-2(+) plasmacytoid, and DC-LAMP(+) mature dendritic cells in rejection biopsies compared with the corresponding pretransplant tissue. Mature dendritic cells were mostly found in clusters of lymphoid infiltrate and showed a strong correlation with the Banff infiltrate score. The presence of both myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cell subsets in the kidney during acute rejection correlated with interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. Importantly, the myeloid dendritic cell density at the time of acute rejection was an independent risk factor for loss of renal function after the first year. Thus, acute renal allograft rejection is characterized by an influx of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, strongly associated with local damage in the graft. Hence, the density of myeloid dendritic cells during acute rejection could be an important risk factor for the long-term development of chronic changes and loss of graft function.     

Serine proteinase inhibitor-9, an endogenous blocker of granzyme B/perforin lytic pathway,is hyperexpressed during acute rejection of renal allografts

BACKGROUND: Serine proteinase inhibitor (PI)-9 with a reactive center P1 (Glu)-P1' is a natural antagonist of granzyme B and is expressed in high levels in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). In view of the role of CTL in acute rejection, we explored the hypothesis that PI-9 would be hyperexpressed during acute rejection. Because PI-9 can protect CTL from its own fatal arsenal and potentially enhance the vitality of CTL, we examined whether PI-9 levels correlate with the severity of rejection as well as predict subsequent graft function. METHODS: We obtained 95 urine specimens from 87 renal allograft recipients. RNA was isolated from the urinary cells and mRNA encoding PI-9, granzyme B, or perforin and a constitutively expressed 18S rRNA was measured with the use of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay, and the level of expression was correlated with allograft status. RESULTS: The levels of PI-9 (P=0.001), granzyme B (P<0.0001), and perforin mRNAs (P<0.0001), but not the levels of 18S rRNA (P=0.54), were higher in the urinary cells from the 29 patients with a biopsy-confirmed acute rejection than in the 58 recipients without acute rejection. PI-9 levels were significantly higher in patients with type II or higher acute rejection changes compared with those with less than type II changes (P=0.01). Furthermore, PI-9 levels predicted subsequent graft function (r=0.43, P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: PI-9 mRNA levels in urinary cells are diagnostic of acute rejection, predict renal allograft histology grade, and predict functional outcome following an acute rejection episode.