生物可降解聚酯类材料为载体的微球制备与结构形态

目的 探讨药物控制释放载体与组织工程载体的制备方法与结构形态。方法 用新型生物可降解材料聚羟基丁酸酯-羟基戊酸酯共聚物[poly(hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate) PHBV]、聚己内酯[poly(ε-caprolatone), PCL]及其共混物为基材,用乳化-溶剂蒸发法制备不同结构形态微球。结果 平均粒径为30.5μm,粒径分布较窄（跨距SPAN=1.18）,呈正态曲线分布。扫描电镜观察, PHBV微球表面呈不规则多孔皱缩结构形态; PCL微球表面光滑,无孔洞;PCL/PHBV共混微球呈有规则多孔洞形态结构,随着基材中PCL成分增加,微球孔洞大小与数目也随之增加。结论 通过选择不同生物材料及共混方法,改变微球的结构形态,以满足不同药物释放系统与组织工程对载体性能与形态的不同要求。     

中性条件下魔芋胶微球的制备及其药物释放

以span-80为表面活性剂,石蜡为油相(O),魔芋胶溶液为水相(W),采用W/O乳化法,在中性条件下添加硫酸钠制备魔芋胶微球。研究表明：在85 ℃反应5 h,当油水体积比（O/W）处于6~10时,微球粒径为0.120~0.330 mm;增加O/W比,可减小微球粒径;增加反应物浓度,可减少微球的溶胀度。对包裹牛血清蛋白(BSA)的微球进行体外释放表明,增加微球粒径、反应物浓度可以减缓药物释放速率。     

微米级PS-PEDOT核壳型导电微球的合成与拉曼表征

以分散聚合法制备的微米级聚苯乙烯(PS)微球为模板、3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩(EDOT)为单体、过硫酸铵(APS)为引发剂,通过氧化聚合制备了PS-PEDOT核壳型复合导电微球。采用扫描电镜、透射电镜等对导电微球的形貌和结构进行了表征,重点采用拉曼光谱研究了其核壳结构特征。并研究了超声分散、溶液pH以及单体配比对导电微球形貌的影响。实验结果表明：超声的引入可提高导电微球的单分散性,改善微球的形貌。随着pH的降低或单体配比的增加,导电聚合物在PS微球表面的负载量随之增加, 当m(EDOT)/m(PS)由0.60增加到1.25时,导电微球的平均粒径由1.76 μm增加到1.91 μm。     

SiO2@Fe3O4复合纳米微球的合成及其对盐酸表柔比星的载药性能

目的: 制备新型磁性纳米微球SiO₂@Fe₃O₄,并考察其对盐酸表柔比星的载药性能。方法: 以水热法制备的Fe3O4作为核,无水乙醇和水为共溶剂,一定浓度的氨水为催化剂,通过正硅酸四乙酯（tetraethyl orthosilicate,TEOS）的水解与缩合制备SiO₂@Fe₃O₄复合纳米微球,通过X射线衍射（XRD）法、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、红外吸收光谱（FT-IR）等测试样品的物相与结构,通过外加磁场测试其磁响应性,并通过药物吸附和缓释实验检测该纳米微球对表柔比星的载药性能。结果： 当V（TEOS）=0.8 mL,V（氨水）=1.25 mL,V(水) ∶V（无水乙醇）=1 ∶5时,SiO2在Fe3O4微球表面包覆均匀完整,厚度约为60 nm。药物吸附实验显示,制备的SiO₂@Fe₃O₄复合纳米微球对表柔比星的吸附率为51.9%,磁响应性、体外稳定性和缓释效果均较好。 结论： 新型磁性纳米微球SiO2@Fe3O4能有效吸附和缓释表柔比星,具有良好的磁响应性,可作为靶向纳米药物载体。     

布洛芬明胶微球的制备工艺

【目的】研究布洛芬明胶微球(IBU-GMs)的制备工艺,并考察微球的质量。【方法】以天然的生物可降解明胶为载体,采用乳化交联法用不同凝聚剂制备布洛芬明胶微球。用光学显微镜观察微球表面形态,并对IBU-GMs的粒径大小、分布、载药量及包封率进行考察。【结果】采用复合凝聚剂所制布洛芬明胶微球形态圆整,大小均匀,表面光滑,载药量为23.44%,包封率为84.62%。【结论】制备工艺稳定可行,微球质量较高。     

聚羟基丁酯酯缓释微球的制备及性能

用溶剂蒸发法制备了以新型生物可降解材料聚羟基丁酸酯为载体、以安定为模药的缓释微球,讨论了药物与载体之比对药物含量与包封率的影响,以及制备微球条件对药物释放性能的影响;微球平均粒径为３０～４０μｍ,粒径分布在１～１．５之间,最大载药量为１９．５１％;最高包封率为６７．１１％;体外累积释放曲线呈“两相”释放特征并拌随初始的“突释效应”。扫描电镜观察微球表面呈皱缩表观形态结构,微球内部横断面具有孔道与孔     

月桂醇微小球制作及缓释机理的研究

本文用溶剂蒸发法制备了月桂醇缓释微小球。阐述了微球粒径与搅拌速度、温度、核心材料与基质材料比例以及乳化剂浓度、油水相体积比等制备条件的关系。测定了它在乙醇介质与空气中的释放速率;证明了它的释放机制属于整体型扩散渗透体系并用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了微球表现形态。     

磷酸川芎嗪脂质微球在大鼠鼻黏膜吸收的特性

目的研究磷酸川芎嗪（tetramethylpyrazine phosphate,TMPP）脂质微球在大鼠鼻黏膜吸收的特性。方法采用大鼠鼻腔循环灌流法,考察循环液流速、TMPP溶液浓度、TMPP脂质微球浓度对鼻黏膜吸收的影响,并对TMPP脂质微球和TMPP溶液的鼻吸收水平进行比较。结果在流速为2.0ml/min时,TMPP脂质微球鼻黏膜吸收速率常数有最大值;在浓度为0.25～1.0mg/ml范围内,TMPP溶剂的鼻黏膜吸收速率常数随浓度变化趋势不明显;而TMPP脂质微球的鼻黏膜吸收速率常数随浓度的增大而减小,与同浓度TMPP溶液比较,TMPP脂质微球吸收更快,鼻黏膜随时间延长吸收量更高。结论将TMPP制备成脂质微球能促进药物在鼻黏膜的吸收。     

十六烷基磷脂酰胆碱复合聚ε-己内酯电纺微球的制备及表征

目的用静电纺技术制备载表面活性剂型药物十六烷基磷脂酰胆碱的聚ε-己内酯微球并对其进行初步表征。方法将十六烷基磷脂酰胆碱、聚ε-己内酯和胆固醇共同溶解在二氯甲烷-乙酸-四氢呋喃混合溶剂中形成均相溶液后静电纺。将纺得物冻干后扫描电子显微镜进行形态观察,图形软件评价其粒度及分布。广角X-射线、差示热分析及热重分析考察十六烷基磷脂酰胆碱在微球中的存在状态。结果可由十六烷基磷脂酰胆碱、胆固醇与聚ε-己内酯所组成的溶液体系电纺得到微球,药物本身载量的增高和胆固醇的添加使得微球球形度变差。扫描电子显微镜下观察到小球周长<10μm和纤维直径<500 nm的珠串状微球-纤维复合体系。广角X-射线衍射和热分析可知十六烷基磷脂酰胆碱与聚ε-己内酯结合良好。结论静电纺有可能作为一种新的制备微球的理想方法进行开发。     

壳聚糖微球/小牛松质骨支架复合缓释体系的制备及体外生物活性评价

目的：通过乳液交联法合成壳聚糖微球并负载骨形态发生蛋白（bone morphogenetic protein-2,BMP-2）,再将其复合于脱细胞基质的小牛松质骨支架,制备壳聚糖微球/小牛松质骨支架复合缓释体系。方法： 使用红外光谱仪、扫描电镜对合成的复合缓释系统进行结构表征和形貌观察,并对微球的包封率和载药量进行检测。用动态浸泡的方法来检测BMP-2的体外释放特征,通过体外检测复合体系的细胞毒性和对细胞增殖的影响。结果： 壳聚糖发生了交联并成功包载了BMP-2,微球平均直径为5.982 μm,表面光滑,且成功负载于小牛松质骨支架,形成了新型的微球/支架药物缓释体系。缓释数据表明,5 mg微球在体外释放21 d,BMP-2逐渐释放,第21天时浓度仍达到（239.1±20.0） mg/L。体外测试表明,该缓释体系有利于小鼠前成骨细胞MC3T3-E1的生长,促进向成骨方向分化。结论： 壳聚糖微球/小牛松质骨支架复合缓释体系实现了BMP 2的生物学功能及其在骨修复部位的持续、缓慢释放,为骨组织缺损的修复治疗及骨组织工程支架材料的选择提供了依据。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.