腹腔神经丛阻滞术的应用进展

腹腔神经丛阻滞术（neurolytic celiac plexus block，NCPB）是缓解胰腺癌或其他恶性肿瘤所致上腹部及背部疼痛的有效方法。腹腔神经丛松解术是治疗上腹部癌痛的常规和有效方法，在缓解疼痛的同时减少了镇痛药物导致的不良反应，提高了患者的生存质量。本文对临床常用的腹腔神经丛阻滞术的方法学研究和进展进行综述。      

顺铂并保尔佳治疗肺癌骨转移疼痛15例观察

疼痛是晚期癌症患者最痛苦的症状之一,有80%的晚期癌症患者遭受疼痛的折磨。癌痛是由于肿瘤在骨、神经、内脏、皮肤和软组织内转移扩散造成的压迫或浸润所致。凡恶性肿瘤均可通过血行转移到骨内,不论肉瘤或癌均可发生骨转移,但一般以癌     

门诊癌性疼痛患者强阿片类药物应用的疗效分析

目的探讨门诊癌性疼痛患者强阿片类药物使用情况,改善癌性疼痛药物治疗的规范性及效果。方法选择2017年6月至2017年9月在江苏省肿瘤医院镇痛门诊首次就诊并符合下述入组条件的患者为研究对象:门诊治疗患者;NRS评分≥4分;治疗周期≥1个月且耐受阿片类药物治疗;有病理结果确诊依据,肿瘤分期为Ⅲ期~Ⅳ期,不再进行根治性治疗。根据世界卫生组织三阶梯止痛治疗原则及《NCCN成人癌性疼痛临床实践指南》要求使用阿片类药物,并对药物剂量、使用效果、不良反应等情况进行分析。结果共入组40例患者,患者疼痛缓解后吗啡日剂量为40~600 mg。神经病理性疼痛和混合性疼痛患者吗啡日均用量较内脏痛和躯体痛患者大,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。阿片类药物对所有癌性疼痛均有效,但对躯体痛疗效最明显。药物主要不良反应有:便秘(57.5%)、恶心呕吐(15.0%)、排尿困难(7.5%)和头晕(5.0%)等。结论癌性疼痛是一种总疼痛,多模式干预为最佳治疗策略,强阿片药物治疗癌性内脏痛效果明显,药物滴定及动态评估是提高疗效的重要环节,另外,门诊癌痛患者定期随访不可或缺,要充分体现全程管理理念,不断提高患者生活质量。     

恶性肿瘤骨转移放疗止痛30例临床观察

疼痛是晚期癌症患者难以忍受的症状之一,有70％以上的晚期癌症患者遭受疼痛的折磨。癌痛是由于肿瘤在骨、神经、内脏、脑、皮肤和软组织内转移扩散造成的压迫或浸润所致。凡恶性肿瘤均可通过血行转移至骨内,不论肉瘤或癌均可发生骨的转移,但一般以癌为多见。Abrdms等报告1000例病例有27.2％发生骨转移。目前尚无根治方法。一般发病后短期     

神经妥乐平联合羟考酮控释片治疗癌性神经病理性疼痛的临床效果评价

目的 探讨癌性神经病理性疼痛患者使用神经妥乐平+羟考酮控释片治疗后的临床效果.方法 选取VAS评分＞4分的癌性神经病理性疼痛患者86例,并按数字表法随机分为对照组与试验组两组,每组均43例.对照组予以安慰剂+羟考酮控释片的治疗方案,试验组则实施神经妥平乐+羟考酮控释片的治疗措施.分析对比两组患者治疗前后VAS评分、SAS评分、治疗后疼痛缓解情况、治疗7d及14 d后爆发痛发作情况及羟考酮控释片服用情况.结果 经过治疗后,试验组患者VAS评分为(0.96±1.08)分、SAS评分为(36.69 ±8.45)分,均明显低于对照组的(3.01±1.29)分、(48.56±10.27)分,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);试验组患者整体疼痛缓解情况明显优于对照组,疼痛缓解率(95.35％)明显高于对照组的(53.49％),组间对比有统计学上有意义(P＜0.05);治疗14 d时,试验组爆发痛发作次数为(1.72±0.95)次/d、羟考酮控释片日均服用量为(80.76±20.79) mg/d,均明显优于对照组[(2.21±1.24)次/d、(101.99±23.56)mg/d],有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 神经妥乐平联合羟考酮控释片联合治疗,可缓解肿瘤患者的癌性神经病理性疼痛,临床治疗效果较优.     

转移性癌性骨痛的分子机制及临床治疗研究进展

晚期癌症患者肿瘤骨转移诱发的骨痛是癌痛的最常见症状。癌性骨痛可显著影响患者的生存质量并使预后恶化。癌性骨痛包括背景痛及爆发性疼痛等多种形式,其发病机制复杂,包括炎性疼痛及神经病理性疼痛等,并随肿瘤的进展而变化。目前临床治疗主要包括外周及中枢镇痛药物、破骨细胞抑制剂等药物治疗,及放疗、神经损毁及神经调节等非药物治疗。阐明癌性骨痛的分子机制对优化治疗具有指导意义,本文将对转移性癌性骨痛的发病机制及临床治疗的进展进行综述。      

经皮椎体成形术联合奥施康定治疗椎体转移性癌痛的临床研究

目的:观察经皮椎体成形术（PVP）联合奥施康定治疗椎体转移性癌痛的临床疗效及安全性。方法:共纳入我院收治的96例椎体转移性癌痛患者。根据患者疼痛评分行奥施康定滴定止痛治疗；严格掌握PVP手术适应证，符合患者行手术治疗；评价用药后患者止痛疗效、止痛药物使用情况、生活质量改善情况及不良反应情况。结果:经给予奥施康定止痛治疗后，患者疼痛得到缓解；联合PVP治疗后，所有患者奥施康定总量下降32.2%，其中减量75%以上有7人，减量＞50%~75%有13人，减量25%~50%有42人，减量<25%有31人，原剂量有3人，无人增量。治疗前KPS评分为（64.69±5.07）分，奥施康定治疗后KPS评分为（71.56±7.67）分，联合治疗后KPS评分为（77.19±8.10）分；治疗不良反应主要为骨水泥渗漏、治疗部位一过性胀痛、消化道症状及嗜睡等。结论:经皮椎体成形术联合奥施康定治疗椎体转移癌痛具有较好的临床疗效和安全性，值得临床推广使用。     

芬太尼透皮贴剂治疗恶性肿瘤骨转移疼痛的临床观察

目的研究芬太尼透皮贴剂(多瑞吉)治疗恶性肿瘤骨转移所致骨痛的疗效、不良反应和生活质量改善程度.方法对30例恶性肿瘤骨转移中、重度骨痛患者使用芬太尼透皮贴剂,观察治疗前、后的疼痛强度,生活质量评分及用药后不良反应,加以归纳总结.结果芬太尼透皮贴剂使用后,疗效肯定,疼痛缓解率96.7%,其中完全缓解36.7%,明显缓解53.3%,中度缓解6.7%,癌痛患者生活质量明显提高,常见不良反应多见于头晕、恶心、呕吐、嗜睡、便秘等,但发生率低,程度较轻.结论芬太尼治疗恶性肿瘤骨转移所致骨痛,疗效显著,具有使用方便,疗效确定和不良反应低的特点,能安全、有效、简便的控制癌痛,改善生活质量,可做为口服阿片类药物的替代治疗,易被患者接受,值得临床进一步推广.     

内脏与腹腔神经丛阻滞治疗胰腺癌晚期癌性疼痛的比较

[目的]观察CT引导经椎间盘穿刺法行内脏与腹腔神经丛阻滞对胰腺癌晚期癌性疼痛的疗效。[方法]48例晚期胰腺癌伴有上腹部癌性疼痛的患者，随机分为两组，在CT引导下分别行腹腔神经丛（N组）或经椎间盘穿刺行内脏神经（S组）无水乙醇毁损性阻滞。记录术前（Tn）、术后1d（T1）、15d（T15）、30d（T30）、60d（T60）、90d（T90）VAS评分，评估疗效；记录两组并发症和毒副作用。[结果]各组内术后T1-T90时的VAS评分均较R时降低（P〈0．01），S组在k、k时较N组同期降低（P〈0．05）。术后第1d，S组与N组显效率分别为87．5％和83.3％，随时间延长疗效均逐渐降低，至T90时分别为60．O％和42．9％。两组在治疗及随访期间均未发生严重并发症。[结论]内脏神经阻滞应用于晚期胰腺癌癌性疼痛的治疗，其远期疗效优于腹腔神经丛阻滞。CT引导下经椎间盘穿刺法行内脏神经阻滞，操作方便，安全有效。     

全国癌症止痛与姑息治疗培训班暨癌症急危重症治疗学术研讨会通知

为全面了解我国癌痛治疗现状,加强多学科学术交流,促进癌症疼痛治疗事业的发展,受《中国肿瘤》杂志社的委托,定于2004年8月13日~17日在济南举办“全国癌症止痛与姑息治疗培训班暨癌症急危重症治疗学术研讨会”。届时邀请全国著名癌痛专家介绍癌症疼痛发生机制、癌症疼痛的评估和诊断、癌症疼痛诊疗的新技术、WHO癌痛三阶梯方案的改进,癌痛的中医药治疗,癌痛的神经阻滞治疗,癌痛的心理治疗等国内外癌痛治疗的最新理念和方法。征文内容:1.癌痛发病率的调查与研究,癌痛发病原因的调查与研究,我国癌痛治疗存在的问题及对策,国家政策研究及其它…     

Pain mechanisms involved and outcome in advanced cancer patients with possible indications for celiac plexus block and superior hypogastric plexus block

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: There is controversy about the role of neurolytic sympathetic blocks in advanced cancer, when pain syndromes may assume other characteristics, with a possible involvement of structures other than visceral. The aim of the present study was to assess the pain characteristics and the analgesic response of a consecutive sample of home care patients with pancreatic and pelvic pain, which would have possible indications for a celiac plexus block and a superior hypogastric block, respectively. METHODS: From January 1999 to December 1999, 400 consecutive advanced cancer patients were surveyed for a prospective longitudinal survey. We considered only patients who had pancreatic cancer or pelvic cancer with pain. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients were surveyed: 22 patients had pelvic cancers and 14 had pancreatic cancer. Patients with pelvic cancers showed a longer survival than those with pancreatic cancer (P = 0.019). Patients with pelvic cancers more frequently showed a neuropathic component associated with a visceral or somatic mechanism than patients with pain due to pancreatic cancer (P = 0.019). When the pain mechanism was taken into consideration, patients with pelvic cancers with a neuropathic component showed worse pain relief than patients with pain due to pancreatic cancer (P = 0.040). CONCLUSIONS: Sympathetic procedures for pain conditions due to pancreatic and pelvic cancers should be intended as adjuvant techniques to reduce the analgesic consumption, and not as a panacea, given that multiple pain mechanisms are often involved because progression of disease is able to change the underlying pain mechanisms. Pancreatic pain seems to maintain visceral characteristics amenable to sympathetic block more than pain due to pelvic cancer.     

Pain management of the oncologic patient

After the first 5 years of life, cancer is one of the three most common causes of death. Most investigations of cancer pain have shown that 50-70% of patients suffer needlessly. Pain may be due to the tumor or a co-existant benign pain syndrome. Methods of pain management include: 1) neurolytic blockade: stellate ganglion block, celiac plexus block, lumbar sympathetic block, epidural phenol, subarachnoid neurolysis; and 2) non-pharmacologic methods: radiofrequency thermocoagulation lumbar sympathectomy, transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TENS), dorsal column stimulation (DCS). In summary, we utilize every possible combination of therapeutic modalities for cancer pain management. With so many safe procedures available, we encourage the primary physician to refer patients early in their disease process. Neurolytic procedures should be performed prior to initiation of high dose narcotic therapy, radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery when possible.     

Pelvic cancer pain

Pelvic cancer causes several types of pain, i.e., visceral, neuropathic, and somatic pain. Somatic pain is due to stimulation of nociceptors in the integument and supporting structures, namely, striated muscles, joints, periosteum, bones, and nerve trunks by direct extension through fascial planes and their lymphatic supply. In 60% of patients with malignant disease of soft tissues, nerve trunk, and sacral invasion from carcinoma of the cervix, uterus, vagina, colon, rectum, and other tissues in women, and from penile, prostate, and colorectal carcinoma and sarcoma in men, they have neuropathic pain. The infiltration of the perineal nerves results in lumbosacral plexopathies and complete destruction of the nerve, including perineural lymphatic invasions producing symptomatic sensory loss, causalgia, and deafferentation. Visceral pain is the result of spasms of smooth muscles of hallow viscus; distortion of capsule of solid organs; inflammation; chemical irritation; traction or twisting of mesentery; and ischemia, or necrosis, and encroachment of pelvis and presacral tumors. Pain of these types is managed by different modalities depending on the age of the patient, the expected life expectancy, availability of invasive and non-invasive pain control modalities, and the resources of the patient, community, and health care agencies. Patients with pelvic cancer can live with less pain due to better pain-control modalities that are available today with the help of dedicated and caring algologists.     

腹腔神经丛阻滞术治疗上腹部顽固性癌性疼痛的临床应用研究

目的评价腹腔神经丛阻滞术治疗上腹部顽固性癌性疼痛的止痛效果。方法105例晚期癌症患者,67例伴有后腹膜淋巴结广泛肿大并包绕神经、血管,均有顽固性上腹痛,经CT导引穿入膈脚前及后腹膜肿大淋巴结内行两侧腹腔神经丛乙醇阻滞术。结果经4个月随访观察,在2周,1,2,3,4个月,止痛总有效率分别为100.0%、98.1%、97.1%、93.8%和90.4%。止痛效果显著的患者,可观察到乙醇扩散较完全,能从两侧包绕腹主动脉,肿大的淋巴结有明显坏死。本组无一例严重并发症发生。结论CT导引下腹腔神经丛阻滞术治疗上腹部顽固性癌性疼痛是一种安全、有效的方法,值得推广应用。     

Percutaneous computed tomography guided cryoablation of the celiac plexus as an alternative treatment for intractable pain caused by pancreatic cancer

Computed Tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous cryoablation was performed in a 43-year-old patient with intractable epigastric abdominal pain caused by advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and extensive celiac trunk involvement. Initial treatment with celiac plexus nerve neurolysis using local ethanol injection was unsuccessful. A 17-gauge 17-cm cryoablation probe (Galil Medical Inc. Plymouth Meeting, PA) was placed into the expected location of the celiac plexus through a left paraspinal approach under CT guidance and two cycles of freeze-thaw were performed. Patient's pain decreased from 10 of 10 (subjective pain scoring using a visual analog scale; VAS; 0-10) to 3. No post-procedure complication was observed. His pain has remained stable after 6 months of follow up. Percutaneous cryoablation appears to be an effective alternative to neurolytic celiac plexus block for palliative treatment of celiac plexus involvement. Further study with larger number of patients is needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy.     

The evolving role of interventional pain management in oncology

Patients with cancer frequently experience chronic pain, especially in the terminal phases of illness. Fortunately, most patients (90%) can achieve good pain relief using standard and adjuvant analgesics. For those patients who experience severe pain resistant to traditional analgesic therapies, interventional pain management techniques often provide welcome pain relief. The use of neurolytic substances has been used for many decades but has found a niche in the treatment of pain related to abdominal and pelvic cancers. Simple, percutaneous injections of alcohol or phenol can provide much needed pain relief for patients with pancreatic, colon, or gynecologic cancers. The percutaneous placement of catheters for the chronic infusion of spinal analgesics can provide pain relief for virtually any part of the body. Internal or external infusion pumps can be well managed at home, improving quality of life. The physician treating the pain should be aware of these and other interventional pain management techniques to provide alternative therapies to patients with refractory cancer pain.     

Management of pain in the older person with cancer

Pain in older cancer patients is a common event, and many times it is undertreated. Barriers to cancer pain management in the elderly include concerns about the use of medications, the atypical manifestations of pain in the elderly, and side effects related to opioid and other analgesic drugs. The care of older cancer patients experiencing pain involves a comprehensive assessment, which includes evaluation for conditions that may exacerbate or be exacerbated by pain, affecting its expression, such as emotional and spiritual distress, disability, and comorbid conditions. It is important to use appropriate tools to evaluate pain and other symptoms that can be related to it. Pain in older cancer patients should be managed in an interdisciplinary environment using pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions whose main goals are decreasing suffering and improving quality of life. In this two-part article, the authors present a review of the management of pain in older cancer patients, emphasizing the roles of adequate assessment and a multidisciplinary team approach.     

An alternative algorithm for dosing transdermal fentanyl for cancer-related pain

Many cancer patients are undermedicated and inappropriately managed for pain, leading to a diminished quality of life. Patients with moderate to severe pain often require opioid analgesics. Recently published guidelines emphasize individualization of opioid treatment to provide the drug and route of administration that meet the needs of the particular patient. Intolerable side effects, ineffective pain relief, or a change in the patient's clinical status can dictate the need for a new pain management regimen. Physicians must be able to readily quantify relative analgesic potency when converting from one opioid to another or from one route of administration to another. Transdermal fentanyl (Duragesic) is an opioid agonist that has been shown to be safe and effective for the treatment of cancer pain. However, clinicians should realize that the manufacturer's recommendations for equianalgesic dosing of transdermal fentanyl may result in initial doses that are too low in some patients, and in a titration period that is too long. Under these circumstances, the patient is likely to experience unrelieved pain. An alternative dosing algorithm that considers both a review of the literature and our combined clinical experience with transdermal fentanyl should help clinicians individualize the treatment of pain.     

未能切除胰腺癌患者术中NCPB的临床意义

目的 研究术中腹腔神经丛阻滞对无法切除胰腺癌患者的镇痛疗效及并发症。方法 41例患者经腹行直视下的腹腔神经丛阻滞，每人次注射无水酒精20－50ml，同时行胆肠转流或／和胃肠转流，部分患者行区域动脉化疗。结果 腹腔神经丛阻滞后6个月内或已死亡者中有32例患者疼痛完全缓解，4例明显减轻，5例无明显效果。38例术中出现血压下降，15例术后腹泻，结论 术中直视下经腹行无水酒精腹腔神经丛阻滞对缓解未能切除胰腺癌患者的疼痛具有明显的镇痛效果。