Effects of Rhus coriaria L (Anacardiaceae) on lipid peroxidation and free radical scavenging activity

In order to evaluate the antioxidant potential of Rhus coriaria L. (Anacardiaceae), a well-known spice, the methanolic extract (water-soluble part) was prepared and investigated using free radical-generating systems in vitro. The IC(50) value of the extract for lipid peroxidation was estimated as 1200 microg/mL in the Fe(+2)-ascorbate system while those for superoxide-scavenging activity in the xanthine-xanthine oxidase method and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity in the deoxyribose decomposition method were 282.92 microg/mL and 3850 microg/mL, respectively. These data suggest that the methanolic extracts of Rhus coriaria L. fruits have considerable antioxidant activity against free radicals and lipid peroxidation in vitro, a fact that may encourage in vivo studies.     

青藤碱清除氧自由基和抗脂质过氧化作用

目的研究青藤碱体外清除氧自由基与抗脂质过氧化的作用。方法超氧阴离子自由基(O2÷)由邻苯三酚自氧化法产生,采用F en ton体系产生羟自由基(.OH),研究青藤碱对O2÷和.OH的清除作用;用硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)法测定VC-F e2 系统诱导大鼠肝匀浆及肝线粒体产生的脂质过氧化物丙二醛(M DA),研究青藤碱抗脂质过氧化的作用。结果青藤碱能清除.OH和O2÷,其EC50分别为1.35和0.136 m g/mL,且呈浓度依赖关系,青藤碱能抑制大鼠肝匀浆自氧化及VC-F e2 系统诱导引起的脂质过氧化。结论青藤碱具有清除氧自由基和抗脂质过氧化的作用,对肝线粒体也有保护作用。     

Effects of glycowithanolides from Withania somnifera on morphine-induced inhibition of intestinal motility and tolerance to analgesia in mice

Effects of glycowithanolides (Ws, 10–150 mg/kg, i.p.), consisting of sitoindosides VII-X, in combination with withaferin-A, from Withania somnifera, in Swiss mice were evaluated on (i) morphine-induced inhibition of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) transit and (ii) development of tolerance to morphine-induced analgesia. Pretreatment with Ws significantly reversed the morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.)-induced inhibition of GIT transit at all doses. Ws (100 mg/kg, i.p., o.d., for 10 days) significantly inhibited the development of tolerance to morphine-induced analgesia. Ws per se did not influence the intestinal motility nor did it produce any perceptible analgesic effect. The present and earlier findings with Ws suggest its potential in alleviating the adverse effects of morphine and the attendant immunodepression.     

龙胆泻肝汤对氧自由基和由羟自由基诱导的脂质过氧化的影响

目的 探讨龙胆泻肝汤对氧自由基和由羟自由基诱导的批质过氧化的影响。方法 用邻苯三酚自氧化反应产生超氧阴离子自由基和Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ反应产生羟自由基,收羟自由基诱导大鼠虹膜睫状体组织匀浆的脂质过氧化反应。结果 龙胆泻肝汤对超氧阴离子自由基具有清除作用,并优于抗坏血酸;对羟自由基具有清除作用,对羟自由基诱导的批质过氧化具有抑制作用并强于甘露醇。结论 龙胆泻肝汤泻肝胆实火,清下焦湿热的机理可能与其清除氧自由     

Antioxidant activity of Bacopa monniera in rat frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus

The effect of a standardized extract of Bacopa monniera Linn. was assessed on rat brain frontal cortical, striatal and hippocampal superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities, following administration for 7, 14 or 21 days. The effects induced by this extract (bacoside A content 82% +/- 0.5%), administered in doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg, orally, were compared with the effects induced by (-) deprenyl (2 mg/kg, p. o.) administered for the same time periods. Bacopa monniera (BM) induced a dose-related increase in SOD, CAT and GPX activities, in all the brain regions investigated, after 14 and 21 days of drug administration. On the contrary, deprenyl induced an increase in SOD, CAT and GPX activities in the frontal cortex and striatum, but not in the hippocampus, after treatment for 14 or 21 days. The results suggest that BM, like deprenyl, exhibits a significant antioxidant effect after subchronic administration which, unlike the latter, extends to the hippocampus as well. The results suggest that the increase in oxidative free radical scavenging activity by BM may explain, at least in part, the cognition- facilitating action of BM, recorded in Ayurvedic texts, and demonstrated experimentally and clinically.     

Effects of glycowithanolides from Withania somnifera on an animal model of Alzheimer's disease and perturbed central cholinergic markers of cognition in rats

The active principles of Withania somnifera (WS, 20–50 mg/kg, p.o.), consisting of equimolar amounts of sitoindosides. VII–X and withaferin A, were investigated for putative nootropic activity in an experimentally validated Alzheimer's disease (AD) model. The syndrome was induced by ibotenic acid (IA) lesioning of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) in rats. Cognitive deficits induced in NMB-lesioned rats were assessed by attenuation of a learned active avoidance task and a decrease in frontal cortical and hippocampal acetylcholine (ACh) concentrations, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and muscarinic cholinergic receptor (MCR) binding. IA-induced NBM lesioning in rats caused a marked cognitive deficit, as evidenced by severe reduction of the learned task, and was accompanied by a significant decrease in frontal cortex and hippocampal ACh levels, ChAT activity and MCR binding. WS (50 mg/kg) significantly reversed both IA-induced cognitive deficit and the reduction in cholinergic markers after 2 weeks of treatment. The findings validate the medharasayan (promoter of learning and memory) effect of W. somnifera, as has been reported in Ayurveda.     

有机锗Ge-132对氧自由基和由羟自由基诱导的脂质过氧化的影响

 有机锗Ge-132对邻苯二酚自氧化过程中产生的超氧阴离子自由基具有清除作用,但比抗坏血酸弱;Ge-132对由Fenton反应产生的羟自由基具有清除作用,对羟自由基诱导的大鼠肝匀浆脂质过氧化具有抑制作用?在清除羟自由基抗脂质过氧化方面,Ge-132的作用强于甘露醇?     

姜黄素抗大鼠肝星状细胞氧应激脂质过氧化作用的研究

目的:探讨姜黄素(Curcumin,Cur)对大鼠肝星状细胞(hepatic stellate cells,HSC)氧应激所致脂质过氧化的作用.方法:HSC与FeNTA共同培养产生氧应激.以MTT法检测姜黄素对HSC增殖的效应,LDH法检测姜黄素对HSC的毒性作用,以ELISA法测定细胞培养液中Ⅰ型胶原的水平,以试剂盒分别测定细胞培养液中MDA、GSH、GSH-PX、SOD水平.结果:HSC与FeNTA共同培养,细胞内MDA、GSH水平明显升高,GSH-PX、SOD活力明显降低.FeNTA与HSC共同培养,能明显促进HSC增殖和提高细胞培养上清中Ⅰ型胶原的水平.姜黄素可以逆转上述所有FeNTA所致效应.结论:姜黄素抗肝纤维化作用可能与其抗脂质过氧化作用有关.     

Effects of fig latex on lipid peroxidation and CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver

The oral and intraperitoneal effects of fig milk latex on lipid peroxidation and CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation in liver homogenates of female rats were investigated. Oral treatment had no effect, while i.p. administration produced a significant increase in hepatic lipid peroxidation. When the latex was given before CCl4 treatment; it produced no protective effect against CCL4-induced hepatotoxicity. Addition of the latex to the incubation mixture produced a dose-dependent increase in lipid autoxidation, while the chloroform and ether extracts of the latex, as well as heated latex, had no effect on hepatic lipid autoxidation.     

The effect of aqueous extracts of Cynomorium coccineum and Withania somnifera on testicular development in immature Wistar rats

The effect of lyophilized aqueous extract of Cynomorium coccineum and Withania somnifera on testicular development and on serum levels of testosterone, ICSH and FSH was studied in immature male Wistar rats. There was a notable increase in testicular weight of animals treated with both extracts. Histological examination revealed an apparent increase in the diameter of seminiferous tubules and the number of seminiferous tubular cell layers in the testes of treated rats as compared with control ones. Extracts of both plants elicited notable spermatogenesis in immature rats but C. coccineum was more effective than W. somnifera in that respect. Serum testosterone and FSH levels were lower in animals treated with plants extracts than controls, whereas ICSH levels was higher in treated animals, specially in those treated with C. coccineum. It was concluded that extracts of both plants have a direct spermatogenic influence on the seminiferous tubules of immature rats presumably by exerting a testosterone-like effect.     

姜黄素对糖尿病大鼠血抗氧化酶和丙二醛含量的影响

目的:观察姜黄素对糖尿病大鼠血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.方法:链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导糖尿病大鼠模型,治疗组灌胃给予姜黄素200mg/kg,为期8周.采血检测血清SOD和CAT活性及MDA含量.结果:糖尿病组大鼠血清SOD和CAT活性显著降低,MDA含量明显增加(均 P<0.01).姜黄素治疗组血清SOD和CAT活性明显高于糖尿病组,MDA含量明显低于糖尿病组.结论:姜黄素能有效改善糖尿病大鼠血清抗氧化酶活性,降低MDA水平.     

吴茱萸炮制品中总黄酮的含量及其清除羟自由基的作用研究

目的:测定中药吴茱萸及其炮制品中黄酮类成分的含量;研究其黄酮类成分清除羟自由基的作用.方法:以硝酸铝-亚硝酸钠分光光度法测定总黄酮含量;利用fenton反应产生羟自由基,水杨酸钠捕捉羟自由基而显色,于510 nm测定吸光度,研究吴茱萸黄酮类成分消除羟自由基的作用.结果:吴茱萸不同炮制品中总黄酮的含量为29.39 mg/g～59.64mg/g;吴茱萸总黄酮有较强的清除羟自由基的作用.结论:吴茱萸不同炮制品中总黄酮的含量不同,清除羟自由基的作用也有差异.     

Anticonvulsive and free radical scavenging activities of Gastrodia elata Bl. in kainic acid-treated rats.

Gastrodia elata Bl. (GE) is a traditional Chinese herb that is commonly used in Chinese communities to treat convulsive disorders such as epilepsy. The purpose of the present study was to determine the anticonvulsive and free radical activities of GE in rats. In vitro studies were conducted by using brain tissue from 6 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats treated with 120 microg/ml of kainic acid (KA), with or without the addition of various concentrations of GE. In vivo studies were conducted in a total of 30 male SD rats divided into 5 groups of 6 rats which were treated as follows: 1) the normal group received an intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of PBS (Phosphate buffer saline, 1 ml/kg); 2) the control group received KA (12 mg/kg) i.p.; 3) the GE 1.0 group received oral administration of GE 1.0 g/kg 30 min prior to KA administration; 4) the GE 0.5 group received oral administration of GE 0.5 g/kg 30 min prior to KA administration; 5) the PH group received oral administration of phenytoin 20 mg/kg 30 min prior to KA administration. Seizures were verified by behavioral observations, electroencephalograph (EEG) and electromyography (EMG). Lipid peroxide levels in the rat brain, luminol chemiluminescence (CL) and lucigenin-CL in the peripheral blood were measured simultaneously after behavioral observations. The results indicate that GE administration significantly reduced KA-induced lipid peroxide levels in vitro. Oral administration of GE 1.0 g/kg and phenytoin 20 mg/kg significantly reduced counts of wet dog shakes (WDS), paw tremor (PT) and facial myoclonia (FM) in KA-treated rats. In addition, oral administration of GE 1.0 g/kg significantly delayed the onset of WDS, from 30 min in the control group to 46 min in the 0.5 g/kg group, and 63 min in the GE 1.0 g/kg group. A significantly reduced level of lipid peroxides in the rat brain was found in the GE 1.0 g/kg, 0.5 g/kg, and phenytoin 20 mg/kg groups. The GE 1.0 g/kg group showed significant reduction of luminol-CL and lucigenin-CL counts in the peripheral blood compared to the control group. The results of the present study demonstrate that GE has anticonvulsive and free radical scavenging activities. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical effectiveness of GE as an anticonvulsant in humans.     

蜂胶对氧自由基和四氧嘧啶致小鼠肝脏损伤的保护作用

目的研究蜂胶对氧自由基和四氧嘧啶致小鼠肝脏损伤的保护作用.方法应用体外和体内法研究了蜂胶对氧自由基和四氧嘧啶致小鼠肝脏损伤的保护作用.结果体外试验表明,蜂胶能显著地抑制氧自由基在体外引发的小鼠肝微粒体脂质过氧化反应,呈现量效关系.体内试验表明,ig 20 mg/kg蜂胶24 d,可以明显抑制四氧嘧啶致小鼠肝脏的损伤作用,肝匀浆丙二醛(MDA)含量显著下降(P＜O.01),SOD、GSH-Px活力显著低于模型对照组(P＜O.O1).结论蜂胶醇提液对氧自由基在体外引发的肝微粒体脂质过氧化和四氧嘧啶在体内致小鼠肝脏损伤均有保护作用.     

益肾汤对慢性肾功能衰竭大鼠血脂及氧自由基的影响

目的 观察中药益肾汤对慢性肾功能衰竭（CRF）大鼠血脂与氧自由基的影响。方法 采用腺嘌呤制作大鼠CRF模型,随机分为3组,病理组用2毫升自来水灌胃。对照组用温脾汤2毫升胃;治疗组用益肾汤2ml灌胃,观察各组CRF大鼠的肾功能,血脂及过氧化脂质（LPO）,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的变化。结果 治疗组尿素氮（BUN）,血甩酐（SCr)和β2-微球蛋白（β2-MG)明显降低,与病理组比较P＜0．01,与对照组比较P＜0．05,治疗 组和对照组均有降低总胆固醇（TC）,甘油三酯（TG）的作用,但治疗组优于对照组（P＜0．01）。同时治疗组还有降低低密度脂蛋白（LDL－C）,极低密度脂蛋白（VLDL－C）和LPO作用,提高高密度脂蛋白（HDL－C和SOD作用,而对照组该方面作用则不明显。结论 益肾汤能很好调节体脂质代谢紊乱,提高抗氧化能力,改善和延缓CRF的发生和发展,从而发挥其治疗CRF的作用,。     

Increase in the free radical scavenging activities of American ginseng by heat processing and its safety evaluation

We previously reported the increase in free radical scavenging activities of Korean ginseng (KG, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) by heat processing. In the United States, American ginseng (AG, Panax quinquefolium L.) is a more commonly used herbal medicine than KG, but heat processing-induced chemical and activity changes of AG are not well known. Therefore, we compared the changes in ginsenosides, total phenolic contents, Maillard reaction product (MRP) levels, and several free radical scavenging activities of AG by heat processing. In addition, a short-term toxicity assessment in rats was also conducted for the identification of certain toxic effects of AG after heat processing. As a result, the ginsenosides were deglycosylated at carbon-20 and their total contents were lowered, but the total phenolic contents and MRP levels of AG were about 2.5 and 9.3 times increased, respectively, by heat processing. In addition, all free radical scavenging activities of AG were significantly increased by heat processing. Moreover, there were no toxic signs or decreases in renal and hepatic function parameters of rats administered heat-processed AG. Therefore, heat processing, as in KG, is a useful method to enhance the free radical scavenging activities of AG by the increases in total phenolic contents and MRP levels.     

Long term effect of aflatoxin B(1) on lipid peroxidation in rat liver and kidney: effect of picroliv and silymarin.

Aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) is a potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin. The mechanism of cellular damage caused by AFB(1) has not been fully elucidated. Lipid peroxidation is one of the main manifestations of oxidative damage and has been found to play an important role in the toxicity and carcinogenesis of many carcinogens. The present investigation aims at assessing the comparative antioxidant effect of picroliv, a standardized iridoid glycoside fraction of Picrorhiza kurroa and silymarin, a well known standard hepatoprotective, on aflatoxin B(1) induced lipid-peroxidation in rat liver and kidney. Marked increases in lipid peroxide levels and a concomitant decrease in enzymic antioxidant levels were observed in aflatoxin B(1) (2 mg/kg, i.p) -toxicated rats, while drug (picroliv and silymarin both) treatment reversed the condition to near normal levels. The effects of picroliv and silymarin were comparable.     

Changes in hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes and lipid peroxidation by methanol extract and major compound of Orostachys japonicus

The effects of methanol extract and gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) of Orostachys japonicus A. Berger on hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes and lipid peroxidation were investigated in rats treated with bromobenzene. The methanol extract of Orostachys japonicus reduced the activities of phase I enzymes, aminopyrine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase, that had been increased by i.p. injection of bromobenzene. Gallic acid isolated from Orostachys japonicus also reduced the aniline hydroxylase activity, while it did not affect the aminopyrine N-demethylase activity. The methanol extract and gallic acid restored the activity of epoxide hydrolase which had been decreased by bromobenzene. Hepatic glutathione content was lowered, along with increase in hepatic lipid peroxide, by bromobenzene administration. The hepatic lipid peroxidation induced by bromobenzene was prevented with the methanol extract and gallic acid of Orostachys japonicus. However, the decrease in glutathione was not altered by gallic acid. The present results suggest that the methanol extract and gallic acid of Orostachys japonicus may protect liver from bromobenzene toxicity through, at least in part, inhibiting the cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase activities and enhancing the activity of epoxide hydrolase. Antioxidant effect also may contribute to the protection of Orostachys japonicus against the bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity.     

Protection of lipid peroxidation and carbonyl formation in proteins by capsaicin in human erythrocytes subjected to oxidative stress

Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonemide) is the major pungent principle found in hot peppers of the plant genus Capsicum. The present work was undertaken to investigate the antioxidative property of capsaicin on markers of oxidative stress; membrane lipid peroxidation (formation of malondialdehyde) and membrane carbonyl groups in human erythrocytes. The effect of capsaicin has been compared with l-ascorbic acid. Subjecting erythrocytes to oxidative stress by incubating them with t-BHP caused a significant increase in MDA level and protein carbonyl group content above the basal value. The presence of capsaicin (10 microm) in the incubation medium protected the erythrocytes from t-BHP-induced oxidative stress as evidenced by the decrease in MDA level and protein carbonyl group content, l-ascorbic acid also showed similar protective effect. The results conclusively prove the efficacy of the antioxidant property of capsaicin. This evidence suggests that dietary factors that act as antioxidants to decrease membrane lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl formation may contribute to a protective effect against cancer, atherosclerosis and age related diseases. This antioxidant effect may, in part, explain the high consumption of capsicum in certain regions of the world.     

The effect of Coptis chinensis on lipid peroxidation and antioxidases activity in rats]

In order to make a systematic study of the effect of Coptis chinensis on free radicals, the authors used the method that the drug and the brain homogenate of rat were mixed and incubated to investigate the effect of Coptis on lipid peroxidation. The result showed that the malondialdehyde (MDA) product of rat brain homogenate inhibited by 5% Coptis was significantly different from control (P < 0.001). On the basis of the above-mentioned results, the effect of Coptis on lipid peroxidation and diabetes of rats induced by alloxan was investigated. The result showed: (1) The MDA product of both pancreas and liver homogenate in Coptis group was significantly less than that in control and alloxan group (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). (2) Superoxide dismutases (SODs) in erythrocytes activity was the same for all groups (P > 0.50). (3) The blood catalase (CAT) activity in alloxan group markedly decreased compared with control group (P < 0.05), but no significant change between Coptis and alloxan group (P > 0.05). (4) The value of serum glucose in alloxan group was significantly increased in comparing with control group (P < 0.05). There was a trend to decrease the value of serum glucose in Coptis group compared with alloxan group, but no significant difference between two groups (P > 0.05). The experiment indicated that there was very strong inhibitory effect of Coptis to the lipid peroxidation in vitro and in vivo. Coptis could protect rat from diabetes inducing by alloxan and that probably was due to the fact that Coptis was able to inhibit alloxan inducing free radicals.