HIV和梅毒抗体初筛快速检测试剂在预备出国人员体检中的应用

目的通过对预备出国人员HIV和梅毒抗体两项结果的检测，了解目前此类人群的HIV和梅毒抗体的阳性检出率。方法使用HIV1／2快速测试条和甲苯胺红不加热血清实验(TRUST)。结果在2003年5月至9月期间预备出国人员体检的1152份标本中，HIV初筛检测阳性标本6份，经确认实验确证阳性标本0份；梅毒抗体初筛检测阳性标本4份，经确认实验确证阳性标本4份。结论1152份预备出国人员HIV抗体检测阳性率0％；梅毒抗体阳性率0．35％。     

安徽省六安市HIV抗体检测现状分析

2000-11在送检的HIV高危人群血清中,经我站HIV抗体初筛实验室检测发现其中1份标本为初筛阳性,可疑血清送安徽省艾滋病监测中心实验室进行确认,认定为HIV-1抗体阳性.这是我市HIV抗体初筛实验室经过3a多的努力,在全市范围内进行HIV抗体检测发现的首例HIV携带者.     

安徽省六安市HIV抗体检验现状分析

20 0 0 - 11在送检的 HIV高危人群血清中 ,经我站 HIV抗体初筛实验室检测发现其中 1份标本为初筛阳性 ,可疑血清送安徽省艾滋病监测中心实验室进行确认 ,认定为 HIV- 1抗体阳性。这是我市 HIV抗体初筛实验室经过 3a多的努力 ,在全市范围内进行 HIV抗体检测发现的首例 HIV携带者。1　材料和方法1.1　标本来源　 1997～ 2 0 0 0年安徽省六安市所辖区内 6个血站和 1个单采浆站送检的血浆 (清 ) ,各性病门诊、长途汽车司机、暗娼等高危人群 ;各地委托检测血清和普通人群对照血清。1.2　实验仪器　BIO- RAD5 5 0型酶标仪 (美国产 ) ;D…     

无偿献血人群抗-HIV检测结果分析

目的了解无偿献血人群中抗-HIV阳性率及相关性。方法对所有无偿献血标本采用二家抗-HIV诊断试剂（ETA法）同步进行检测，初筛阳性标本送孝感市疾病控制中心复检，仍为阳性者送湖北省疾病预防控制中心用蛋白印迹法进行确认试验。结果27622例无偿献血者标本有13例呈抗-HIV初筛试验阳性，其中4例确认为HIV抗体阳性，阳性率为0．014％，9例确认为阴性。结论HIV抗体初筛试验阳性标本血液不能用于临床，以确保输血安全。     

HIV抗体无创(口腔黏膜渗出液及尿液)检测试剂与有创(血液)检测试剂的性能比较

目的本研究以凉山州彝族人群作为研究对象,评价3种人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)抗体无创(口腔黏膜渗出液及尿液)检测试剂的检测性能。方法 2017年10月至2018年3月招募凉山州布拖县HIV感染者100例和未知感染状态的体检者200例,同时采集受试者口腔黏膜渗出液、尿液及血液标本。使用2种HIV-1/2抗体口腔黏膜渗出液检测试剂(评价试剂A、B)和1种酶联免疫吸附法尿液HIV-1/2抗体检测试剂(评价试剂C)对相应标本进行检测,同时使用丽珠HIV抗体酶联免疫法检测试剂(对比试剂)检测上述人群的血浆标本,再将评价试剂与对比试剂检测结果进行比较。结果评价试剂A、B、C阳性符合率分别为98.21%、90.82%、97.32%[95%可信区间(95%CI):93.06～99.69、82.84～95.45、91.79～99.31],阴性符合率分别为98.81%、96.24%、95.29%(95%CI:95.32～99.79、91.00～98.61、90.61～97.80),总符合率分别为98.57%、93.94%、96.10%(95%CI:96.13～99.54、89.82～96.52、92.93～97.94)。3种评价试剂与对比试剂一致性较好(κ=0.970、0.875、0.919)。3种评价试剂检测HIV抗体的受试者工作特征曲线下面积分别为0.991、0.935、0.975(95%CI:0.977～1.000、0.897～0.973、0.951～0.998)。结论 3种评价试剂与对比试剂的符合率较高,一致性较好,且无创检测样本采集方便,危险性小,在医疗条件有限、采血困难人群及具有特殊风俗习惯的少数民族地区可考虑推广应用口腔黏膜渗出液或者尿液无创检测试剂进行HIV抗体初筛检测。     

核酸检测技术(NAT)在献血者人类免疫缺陷病毒筛查中的应用

目的应用核酸扩增检测(Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing,NAT)技术对人类免疫缺陷病毒(human im-munodeficiency virus,HIV)酶联免疫吸附测定(Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay,ELISA)合格的献血者血液标本进行核酸检测,探讨NAT技术对缩短ELISA检测HIV感染"窗口期"的作用。方法对献血者血液标本进行HIV抗原抗体、乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原、丙型肝炎病毒抗体、梅毒螺旋体抗体2遍ELISA检测,将检测结果合格的血液标本进行核酸检测。结果在177229例ELISA检测合格的献血者标本中发现HBV DNA阳性献血者24例,HIV-1RNA阳性献血者1例,未发现HCV RNA阳性献血者。对HIV-1RNA阳性献血者追踪调查并在献血后的d4、d11、d16、d37采样检测,d4病毒载量由献血时的4.61×102copy/ml上升至5.10×104copy/ml,P24抗原和抗体仍为阴性;d11P24抗原检测阳性,HIV抗体检测仍为阴性。d16HIV抗体检测结果阳性,免疫印迹法(Western blot,WB)确证试验结果为HIV抗体不确定;d37WB确证试验结果为HIV-1抗体阳性。结论 HIV-1RNA阳性献血者,经追踪调查及对不同时间采集的标本采用各种方法学检测,证实该献血者为HIV感染早期ELISA法漏检的"窗口期"献血者。因此,NAT检测技术比ELISA检测能更进一步地缩短HIV检测的"窗口期"。     

无偿献血者中检测出抗-HIV阳性的报告

目前 ,我国已实行了无偿献血制度 ,关于无偿献血人群是否存在 HIV感染 ,国内报道不多 ,笔者在 1 999～ 2 0 0 1年期间从街头无偿献血者中初检出9例抗 - HIV抗体阳性 ,阳性标本经市卫生防疫站HIV初筛实验室及省 HIV确认实验室检测 ,结果5例为抗 - HIV- 1阳性 ,现报告如下。材料与方法1　一般资料　 9名献血者中女性 1名 ,男性 8名 ,献血前的健康检查按照《献血者健康检查标准》操作 (其本人均否认有吸毒史 ,肝炎史 ,性病史 ) ,金标法检测 HBs Ag阴性。2　实验室检查　抗 - HIV1 /2抗体检测均采用EL ISA间接法。试剂盒分别由上海实…     

泉州市318例HIV抗体筛查阳性的确认结果分析

目的通过对318例HIV抗体筛查阳性标本的WB确认结果,分析了解筛查阳性结果与确诊结果之间的关系。方法按《全国艾滋病检测技术规范》进行检测及判断,分析HIV抗体筛查试验为阳性而免疫印迹试验倒B）为不同结果的因素以及相关资料。结果318份筛查阳性标本经WB确认后,227份确认为HIV-1抗体阳性（71．4％）,48份确认为HIV—1抗体不确定（15．1％）,43份确认为HIV-1抗体阴性（13．5％）。阳性标本中ELISA的S／CO值均〉6,ELISA和快速试剂复检结果为双阳性的标本,确认试验阳性符合率97．8％（227／232）。在不确定标本中,p24出现的几率最高,为85．4％,其次是gp160,58.3％。结论高S/CO值预示HIV抗体阳性的可能性较大且ELISA结合快速试验有助于提高复检的准确率,不确定标本出现较多．确认方法有待改进．     

8785名新兵HIV抗体初筛检测的分析

我科从１９９７年开始对新入伍的战士进行HIV抗体初筛检测，到２０００年为止，共检测８７８５人份，现将结果报告如下。１材料与方法１．１试剂：北京金豪制药有限公司提供的人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）１＋２混合型试剂。１．２方法：采用酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA），按说明书严格操作。操作人员：均具有准予进行HIV初筛抗体检测工作的资格证书。２结果采用OD／CO值判断结果，其中阳性标本１例，阴性标本８７８４例。初筛抗体检测只是对标本进行过筛，对阳性标本不能下结论性报告。故根据对初筛检测工作中发现的阳性标本的处理要求；…     

不同人类免疫缺陷病毒2型检测方法的比较研究

目的通过随访调查16例人类免疫缺陷病毒2型（HIV-2）可疑感染者，初步评价HIV一2的几种检测方法。方法从贵州省采集既往经HIV-1／2免疫印迹（WB）试验检测出现HIV-2指示带的16份受检者的全血样品，进行HIV-2抗体和核酸检测。血浆中的抗体用HIV-1／2ELISA初筛一复检，其中阳性样品再分别用HIV-1／2线性免疫试验（LIA）和HIV-2WB检测。外周血单核细胞（PBMC）中的前病毒DNA用HIV-2巢式PCR检测。结果16份血浆样品经HIV-1／2ELISA筛查均为HIV抗体阳性；用HIV-1／2 LIA检测，全部为HIV-1抗体阳性，15份为HIV-2抗体阴性、1份不确定；用HIV-2WB检测，有3份为HIV-2抗体阳性、13份不确定。由于这批样品的采样时间距首次检测至少1年以上，可以排除窗口期感染，上述检测结果不确定的受检者均可判为HIV-2抗体阴性。此外，用巢式PCR检测所有PBMC样品均为HIV一2核酸阴性。结论16例受检者全部为HIV-1而非HIV-2感染，HIV-1／2uA的抗体检测结果与HIV-2核酸检测结果基本相符，而HIV-2WB则产生了大量的不确定甚至假阳性结果。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.