先天性心脏病心内直视术后－过性Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞

目的：了解先天性心脏病（先心病）心内直视术后出现一过性Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞（ＡＶＢ）的转归及其处理，为该并发症的防治提供帮助。方法：对４２例先心病心内直视术后出现－过性Ⅲ度ＡＶＢ的患者进行分析，了解自主心律的转归情况和时间。结果：３６例先心病患者在术毕心脏复跳后即为Ⅲ度ＡＶＢ；６例在平均术后４．８天（０．５～１３．０天）出现Ⅲ度ＡＶＢ。４２例中１４例（３３．３％）在自主性窦性心律恢复当天即变为稳定的窦性心律；２８例（６６．７％）需要平均８．８天（１～８１天）的窦性心律与传导阻滞心律的交替过程。变为稳定的窦性心律时间为术后平均１１．７天（０．５～８１．０天）。３例术后死于与Ⅲ度ＡＶＢ无关的并发症。结论：心内直视术后－过性Ⅲ度ＡＶＢ的产生原因主要为术中损伤传导系统造成局部出血、水肿所致。出现Ⅲ度ＡＶＢ，应先安置临时起搏器，帮助自主心律的转复。     

体位变动致Ⅰ度房室传导阻滞

我院近２０年来共发现２例因体位改变而导致Ⅰ度房室传导阻滞（Ⅰ度ＡＶＢ）患者．现报道如下：１　临床资料　例１：男,４４岁,反复胸闷３年,入院诊断为心律失常,Ⅰ度ＡＶＢ。心电图（ＥＣＧ）卧位：窦性心律、Ⅰ度ＡＶＢ、ＰＲ间期０．２８ｓ,与左、右侧卧位无关（图１ａ）。ＥＣＧ直立位：窦性心律,ＰＲ间期０１８ｓ,Ⅰ度ＡＶＢ消失（图１ｂ）。阿托品试验：静推阿托品２ｍｇ,出现窦性心动过速,卧位ＰＲ间期０．２４ｓ,坐立位Ⅰ度ＡＶＢ立即消失。且ＱＲＳ波形有所改变。腔内电生理希氏束电图：ＡＨ１８０ｍｓ,ＨＨ′…     

重型病毒性肝炎患者病原学及预后的研究

对９４例重型病毒性肝炎进行了病毒标志的研究，并分析了几种影响重型肝炎预后的因素。结果发现：单纯ＨＢｖ感染４２例（４４．７％）；混合感染共５０例（５３．２％），其中ＨＢＶ与ＨＣＶｌ９例（２０．２％）．ＨＢＶ与ＮＤＶ１３例（１３．８％），ＨＢＶ与ＨＣＶ、ＨＤＶＩ０例（１０．６％）ＨＡＶ与ＫＢＶ３例（３．２％），ＨＡＶ与ＨＢＵ、ＨＣＶ３例（３．２％）ＨＡＶ与ＨＢｖ、ＨＤＶＩ例（１．１％）．ＮＡＶ与ＨＢＶ、ＨＣＶ、ＨＤＶ１例（１．１％）；病毒标志均阴性者２例（２．１％）。ＨＢＶ、ＨＣＶ和ＨＤＶ混合感染者病情重，病死率高。血清总胆红素越高，凝血酶原活性越低，其病死率越高；有并发症者的预后差，而ＡＭＰ升高者的预后较好；重肝的预后可能与年龄、性别无关。     

硝苯地平治疗房室阻滞的观察

继在硝苯地平治疗病态窦房结综合征研究之后，又进行硝苯地平用于治疗房室传导阻滞（ＡＶＢ）的观察。观察对象共１４例（Ⅲ度及高度ＡＶＢ共１２例，Ⅱ度Ⅱ型ＡＶＢ２例）。其中１０例ＡＶＢ恢复窦性心律，症状消失，并维持稳定，判断为有效。另４例无效，但其中３例症状未再出现。本结果提示硝苯地平对ＡＶＢ似具一定治疗作用。     

AAI与VVI起搏对血液动力学及心钠素、肾素─血管紧张素系统影响的研究

观察１２例心律失常病人不同频率（７０，９０及１１０ｐｐｍ）ＡＡＩ和ＶＶＩ起搏时的心排出量（ＣＯ）、心脏指数（ＣＩ）、肺毛细血管楔嵌压（ＰＣＷＰ）、肺动脉压（ＰＡＰ）、右房压（ＲＡＰ）和血浆心钠素（ＡＮＰ）、肾素活性（ＰＲＡ）及血管紧张素ＩＩ（Ａ－ＩＩ）的变化。结果显示：ＡＡＩ起搏时，ＣＯ、ＣＩ显著高于ＶＶＩ起博和较慢的自身窦性心律时（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１），而无ＶＶＩ起搏所引起的ＰＣＷＰ、ＰＡＰ、ＲＡＰ、ＡＮＰ、ＰＲＡ及Ａ－ＩＩ等显著增高缺点。提示ＡＡＩ起博具有良好的血液动力学效应且不导致心脏内分泌激素异常而优于ＶＶＩ。     

风湿性二尖瓣狭窄伴心房纤颤球囊二尖瓣成形术后心房纤颤的复律治疗

报道９０例风湿性二尖瓣狭窄伴心房纤颤（简称二狭房颤）球囊二尖瓣成形术（ＰＢＭＶ）后复律治疗的结果。８９例患者在ＰＢＭＶ后２周内接受复律治疗，１５例服用奎尼丁后恢复窦性心律，７４例经体表电复律转为窦性心律。随访２３．５±１１．７个月，２４例（２７％）患者心房纤颤复发。我们认为心房纤颤病程长，ＰＢＭＶ后瓣口面积小和左房回缩差是心房纤颤复发的可能原因。     

心内手术中出现完全性房室传导阻滞的原因及防治（附22例分析）

心内手术过程中出现完全性房室传导阻滞（ＣＡＶＢ）２２例，其主要原因为手术缝扎时损伤了心脏传导系统，经相应处理后１７例恢复窦性心律，近、远期死亡各１例。熟悉心脏传导系统的解剖部位，提高手术技巧，可预防ＣＡＶＢ的发生。     

66例慢性非甲非乙型肝炎患者的丙型肝炎病毒感染研究

以ＨＣＶ－Ｔ３序列为引物，结合ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ和寡聚核甘酸探针Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交，检测６６例慢性非甲非乙型肝炎（ＮＡＮＢＨ）患者的血浆ＨＣＶ－ＲＮＡ，阳性４２例（６３．６％）。同样病例以相当于ＨＣＶＣ区基因编码和ＮＳ３区编码的人工合成肽抗原检测抗ＨＣＶ，阳性４９例（７４．２％）。这６６例慢性ＮＡＮＢＨ病例，抗ＨＣＶ和ＨＣＶ－ＲＮＡ双阳性者３８例（５７．６％）；抗ＨＣＶ阴性而ＨＣＶ－ＲＮＡ阳性者４例（６．１％）；抗ＨＣＶ阳性而ＨＣＶ－ＲＮＡ阴性者１１例（１６．７％）。其中诊断为散发型ＮＡＮＢＨ者３５例，检出ＨＣＶ－ＲＮＡ者１７例（４８．６％），为输血后ＮＡＮＢＨ者３１例，检出ＨＣＶ－ＲＮＡ者２５例（８０．７％）。     

室房传导对血液动力学及体液因子的影响

为探讨室房传导（ＶＡＣ）所致的起搏器综合征（ＰＭＳ），于植入起搏器术中观察室房顺序起搏（ＶＡＰ）引起的血液动力学及神经体液因子的变化。１９例患者中，ＶＡＰ使２６．３％的患者出现典型的ＰＭＳ。ＶＶＩ起搏仅使１５．８％的患者出现轻度症状。ＶＡＰ及ＶＶＩ起搏均引起血浆心钠素及去甲肾上腺素增高（Ｐ均＜０．０１），后者增高的程度ＶＡＰ（７３．１±５３．２ｐｇ／ｍｌ）大于ＶＶＩ起搏（３５．６±４６．３ｐｇ／ｍｌ），Ｐ＜０．０５。研究结果表明ＶＡＣ是ＰＭＳ最重要的致病因素。     

冠状动脉重建术后氧输送和氧耗关系的探讨

观察３０例冠状动脉旁路移植术（ＣＡＢＧ）后氧输送指数（ＤＯ２Ｉ）、氧耗指数（ＶＯ２Ｉ）及其关系。其中单纯ＣＡＢＧ１５例，伴左室室壁瘤切除１２例，心脏瓣膜替换３例。全组架１～４支桥者分别是１０、８、８、４例。结果２９例成活，１例死亡。成活组术后即刻至３小时ＤＯ２Ｉ提高１０．６％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＶＯ２Ｉ增高１５．８％（Ｐ＜０．０１）．术后１４小时较６小时ＤＯ２Ｉ增加１５．８％（Ｐ＜０．０１），而ＶＯ２Ｉ降低４．４％。死亡例即刻至３小时ＤＯ２Ｉ增加６．０％，ＶＯ２Ｉ却降低２９．１％，死于多器官功能衰竭。资料表明，作为ＣＡＢＧ术后正常恢复经过，早期ＤＯ２Ｉ升高的同时ＶＯ２Ｉ也升高，此时，细胞内氧化磷酸化得到改善，氧债得到清偿。氧输送和氧耗达到平衡后ＶＯ２Ｉ不再增加。可见ＣＡＢＧ术后维持满意ＤＯ２Ｉ非常重要。     

The prognosis and prevention of syncopal states and sudden death in patients with a complete atrioventricular block in disorders of permanent cardiac electrostimulation]

A total of 105 patients with implantable pacemakers were examined. Whether the pacemaker disconnection test can be used to predict syncopes in failure of permanent cardiac pacing was studied. The spontaneous ventricular activity was evaluated in 62 patients with acquired complete atrioventricular block (CAVB) and in 43 patients with artificial CAVB. The patients with varying pacemaker dependence were grouped. It was ascertained that 7% of patients with artificial CAVB and 19% of those with acquired CAVB were dependent on pacemakers. In possible failure of stimulation or in reimplantation of a pacemaker on its disconnection, 93% of patients with artificial CAVB and 81% with acquired CAVB could develop their own cardiac rhythm. Lowering the frequency of pacing enabled the duration of asystole to be decreased. The usage of isadrin was demonstrated to enhance spontaneous ventricular activity.     

Etiology and device therapy in complete atrioventricular block in pediatric and young adult population: Contemporary review and new perspectives

Complete atrioventricular block (CAVB) is a total dissociation between the atrial and ventricular activity, in the absence of atrioventricular conduction. Several diseases may result in CAVB in the pediatric and young-adult population. Permanent right ventricular (RV) pacing is required in permanent CAVB, when the cause is neither transient nor reversible. Continuous RV apical pacing has been associated with unfavorable outcomes in several studies due to the associated ventricular dyssynchrony. This study aims to summarize the current literature regarding CAVB in the pediatric and young adult population and to explore future treatment perspectives.     

Permanent and temporary pacemaker implantation after orthotopic heart transplantation

PURPOSE:To determine the indication for and incidence and evolution of temporary and permanent pacemaker implantation in cardiac transplant recipients. METHODS: A retrospective review of 114 patients who underwent orthotopic heart transplantation InCor (Heart Institute USP BR) between March 1985 and May 1993. We studied the incidence of and indication for temporary pacing, the relationship between pacing and rejection, the need for pemanent pacing and the clinical follow-up. RESULTS: Fourteen of 114 (12%)heart transplant recipients required temporary pacing and 4 of 114 (3.5%) patients required permanent pacing. The indication for temporary pacing was sinus node dysfunction in 11 patients (78.5%) and atrioventricular (AV) block in 3 patients (21.4%). The indication for permanent pacemaker implantation was sinus node dysfunction in 3 patients (75%) and atrioventricular (AV) block in 1 patient (25%). We observed rejection in 3 patients (21.4%) who required temporary pacing and in 2 patients (50%) who required permanent pacing. The previous use of amiodarone was observed in 10 patients (71.4%) with temporary pacing. Seven of the 14 patients (50%) died during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Sinus node dysfunction was the principal indication for temporary and permanent pacemaker implantation in cardiac transplant recipients. The need for pacing was related to worse prognosis after cardiac transplantation.     

Permanent pacing in patients with congenital atrio-ventricular block--experience of 33 cases.

OBJECTIVES: The authors review permanent pacing in patients with congenital atrioventricular block (CAVB) and present their experience in permanent pacing in this pathology. STUDY POPULATION AND METHODS: In a population of 4,355 patients submitted to implantation of permanent pacing between January 1980 and January 1998, 33 (0.75%) had CAVB. The mean age of the patient population with CAVB was 16.7 years (aged from eleven days to 35 years); 33% were below 10 years of age; 16 patients were male. The majority of the patients had symptoms of brain hypoperfusion; two patients had concomitant malignant ventricular tachyarrythmias (one of these with Torsade de Pointes due to congenital long QT syndrome). Transvenous (endocardial) pacing was used in 32 patients (two with previous epicardial pacing and exit block) and epicardial pacing in one. The mode of stimulation used was VVI in three patients, DDD in eight patients, VVIR in 14 patients, DDDR in four patients and VDD in four. Smaller pulse generators were used in children of lower weight. In recent years single lead VDD systems have been preferred whenever technically possible. Vascular access was the left cephalic vein in 17 patients; the left subclavian vein in 14 patients and the right jugular vein in one patient. During a mean follow-up of 6.9 years, two patients with ventricular stimulation systems developed "Pacemaker Syndrome" and required a change of mode of stimulation. Lead fracture and posterior cutaneous necroses were observed in two other patients, who were accordingly submitted to surgical revision. It was deemed necessary, one year later, to increase the lead loop in a child with a permanent pacemaker implanted at eleven days of age. No other complications occurred with the other patients; replacement of the pulse generators was performed in an elective manner. CONCLUSIONS: CAVB is a rare indication for the implantation of a permanent pacemaker. In children, in the majority of cases, endocardial stimulation is possible in spite of the obvious technical difficulties due to low weight. Sequential, more physiological, stimulation systems should be preferred. However, VVIR stimulation systems of smaller dimensions can be the first choice of mode of stimulation in smaller children, mainly due to anatomical and technical limitations.     

THE ROLE OF PERMANENT PACING AFTER ANTERIOR MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION COMPLICATED BY TRANSIENT COMPLETE ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK

A randomised study was performed to assess the influence of prophylactic permanent pacing on the incidence of late sudden death in patients surviving transient complete atrioventricular block with acute anterior myocardial infarction. Fourteen patients were studied, of whom ten died within two years, confirming the high overall late mortality in this group. The deaths included eight of the nine paced patients, of whom seven died suddenly. We conclude that prophylactic permanent pacing is not warranted in patients surviving transient complete atrioventricular block with acute anterior myocardial infarction.     

Late recurrence of atrioventricular block in acute anterior and/or septal myocardial infarcts. Discussion of the implantation of a permanent pacemaker. Apropos of 2 cases

Does the high incidence of post hospital sudden death in patients surviving acute anterior and or septal infarction complicated by transient intraventricular or atrioventricular block have any relation to a late recurrence of the conduction defect and is prophylactic permanent pacing justified from the outset? These questions remain controversial and, to illustrate the problem, two cases of infarction, one an extensive anterior infarct and the other a deep septal infarct are reported. Both developed late recurrences of atrioventricular block without recurrent myocardial infarction requiring permanent pacing. In practice, the usual poor prognosis of these infarcts make comparative survival studies very difficult. The authors suggest permanent pacing for a very restricted group of patients surviving acute anterior and or septal infarction complicated by transient complete atrioventricular block.     

Artificial cardiac stimulation in the newborn infant with complete congenital atrioventricular block. Study of 16 cases

This is a retrospective study of 16 children with congenital complete atrioventricular block (CAVB) who were fitted with a pacemaker in infancy. All were neonates admitted at the age of 1 to 9 days for bradycardia; 3 had a cardiopathy. In 8 children a permanent pacemaker was implanted in the first two days of life on account of a heart rate slower than 50 beats/min, accompanied with threatening symptoms (heart failure or syncopes) in 4 cases. In 6 children the pacemaker was implanted at the age of 2 to 3 months; in spite of reassuring electrocardiograms, 5 of them were readmitted in an emergency for heart failure or syncope with slow heart rate; the 6th patient had disorders of ventricular excitability. Finally, 2 asymptomatic infants underwent pacing: one at 20 days for bundle branch block, the other at 6 months for slow phase abnormalities. Pacing was epicardial in all patients, the chamber being positioned in the space that separates the kidney from the parietal peritoneum. Ventricular synchronous pacing (VVI) was applied in 14 cases and atrioventricular pacing (DDD) in the two most recent cases. Two children died post-operatively, due to inadequate attachment of the electrode resulting in loss of ventricular capture in one case, and to extensive left atrial thrombosis in the other case. Two children died at a later stage of severe respiratory pathology. The 12 survivors were followed up for a mean period of 3.7 +/- 3.1 years. Three pacemakers were replaced: one at 28 months for infection, the others at 3 and 6 years respectively for running down of the batteries.2 +     

The clinical features and significance of bifascicular block complicating acute myocardial infarction.

Two series of patients with anterior myocardial infarction complicated by right bundle branch block with either left anterior hemiblock (RBBB+LAH) or left posterior hemiblock (RBBB+LPH), have been studied. The first was a retrospective analysis taken from a time when prophylactic pacing wires were not inserted, and the second was a prospective series in whom pacing wires were inserted as soon as the condition defect was seen. The overall prevalence of RBBB+LAH was 3.3% compared to 1.6% for RBBB+LPH, and complete atrioventricular block was seen in 36% of the former and 66% of the latter. From the retrospective data it was apparent that hospital death was usually associated with massive myocardial infarction, although 3 of the 25 patients in this series died in hospital from sudden development of complete atrioventricular block. If the defect was transitory (1-3 days) then the prognosis was that of acute anterior infarction uncomplicated by fascicular block. The policy of prophylactic pacing failed to show any overall change in hospital mortality, and only 3 patients survived long enough to have permanent pacemakers inserted. This procedure has been of benefit to only one of these cases.     

Acute predictors of subacute complete heart block after alcohol septal ablation for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Acute and subacute complete heart block (CHB) are sequelae of alcohol septal ablation (ASA) for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Temporary pacemakers are routinely placed at the time of ASA, but there are no widely accepted guidelines for their management. This study examined acute predictors of subacute CHB in 52 consecutive ASA procedures in 48 patients without preexisting permanent pacemakers. Acute CHB occurred during 32 ASA procedures (62%), with the return of atrioventricular conduction on the day of ASA in all cases. New intraventricular conduction defects (IVCDs) were noted after 32 procedures (62%); in 9 of these, there was new first-degree atrioventricular block as well. CHB recurred subacutely 36 +/- 22 hours after 13 ASA procedures (25%). In 5 of these cases, there was absent or inconsistent ventricular escape rhythm. Subacute CHB did not occur in 9 cases without acute CHB during ASA or new IVCDs after ASA. Acute CHB during ASA, new IVCDs after ASA, and new first-degree atrioventricular block after ASA incrementally increased the risk for subacute CHB. In conclusion, patients with acute CHB during ASA or new IVCDs after ASA are at high risk for developing subacute CHB, sometimes without a reliable escape rhythm; these patients should therefore have temporary pacing support for > or = 48 hours after ASA or the last occurrence of CHB. Patients without acute CHB during ASA or new IVCDs after ASA are at low risk for subacute CHB.     

Disopyramide induced second and third degree atrioventricular block in patients with bifascicular block. An acute stress test to predict atrioventricular block progression

Syncopal attacks in patients with bifascicular block may be due to both ventricular tachyarrhythmias and intermittent atrioventricular block in addition to non-cardiac causes and lead to antiarrhythmic treatment with drugs or pacemaker or both. The acute electrophysiological effect of intravenous disopyramide 2 mg/kg body weight given over five minutes on the His-Purkinje system was assessed in 27 patients with chronic bifascicular block undergoing evaluation for permanent pacemaker treatment. The predictive value of this pharmacological stress test as regards the development of atrioventricular block during follow up was analysed. The HV interval increased (mean 43%) and the QRS duration was prolonged (mean 24%). Intrahisian or infrahisian second or third degree atrioventricular block occurred in 14 patients after disopyramide administration, requiring temporary pacing in four of them. Before the electrophysiological study 15 of the 27 patients had had at least two syncopal attacks of suspected cardiac origin but no evidence of second or third degree atrioventricular block. Second or third degree atrioventricular block was subsequently recorded in five of these 15 patients during a mean of two years follow up. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of second or third degree atrioventricular block produced by disopyramide administration including subsequent atrial pacing--a positive disopyramide test--as regards later development of atrioventricular block were 80%, 90%, and 80% respectively. Intravenous administration of disopyramide to patients with bifascicular block and syncopal attacks of suspected cardiac origin may provoke atrioventricular block and asystole requiring immediate temporary pacing. Furthermore, a positive disopyramide test seems to have a significant value in predicting the later development of atrioventricular block.