腹腔镜手术和开腹手术治疗良性卵巢囊肿的比较研究

目的探讨腹腔镜手术治疗良性卵巢囊肿的临床应用价值。方法 回顾性分析1999年1月至2001年8月间80例腹腔镜手术治疗的卵巢囊肿病例(其中完成腹腔镜手术者为腹腔镜组),选择同期54例开腹手术治疗的良性卵巢囊肿病例作为对照组。结果80例腹腔镜手术有4例术中转开腹,其中1例为卵巢恶性肿瘤;76例卵巢囊肿为良性,以子宫内膜异位囊肿和成熟性畸胎瘤最多见。囊肿切除术腹腔镜组占88.2％,开腹手术组占64.8％。两组手术时间差异无显著性。腹腔镜手术组术中出血、术后住院及恢复时间短于开腹手术组,差异有显著性。结论腹腔镜手术治疗良性卵巢囊肿比开腹手术更具优越性。     

Vaginal Myomectomy: Literature Review

The objective of this literature review was to evaluate the results obtained at vaginal myomectomy. The databases consulted were Medline, Cochrane Library, National Guideline Clearinghouse, and Health Technology Assessment Database. Keywords used for research were colpotomy, myomectomy, and vaginal myomectomy, and then abdominal myomectomy, laparoscopic-assisted vaginal myomectomy, and laparoscopic myomectomy. Eight case series and 2 case reports were analyzed, and included 372 patients. Reported rates of conversion to laparotomy during the operation ranged from 0% to 17.6%. The most frequently described risk factors for conversion to laparotomy were location of the myoma in the fundus and a large volume of myoma to be extracted, although no maximum threshold size can be defined. Performing laparoscopy first does not seem to limit the risk. Reported rates of transfusion during the operation ranged from 0% to 40%. Several cases of pelvic abscess have been described, with reported frequency of 2.2% to 5.7%. Authors mentioned the role of the vaginal drain that is inserted at the end of the procedure. No specific studies have been performed on long-term effectiveness, postoperative adhesions, integrity of the scar, or subsequent fertility. There are no good controlled studies of this technique. Feasibility seems to be acceptable, although the risk of pelvic infection in the postoperative period may be increased. Long-term effectiveness and safety were not assessed. A vaginal approach may be considered an alternative to laparotomy or laparoscopy in surgery to treat accessible myomas, and seems to be the simplest method.     

Heterotopic cervical and intrauterine pregnancy in a spontaneous cycle

BACKGROUND: Myomectomy is classically performed via laparotomy. Endoscopic surgery is limited for some indications. Vaginal myomectomy is a surgical procedure that has recently been evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, reproducibility and complication rate of vaginal myomectomy via posterior colpotomy. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed from November 1998 to February 2001 in three departments of gynaecology. RESULTS: Forty-five patients were involved, 17 (37.8%) of whom underwent laparoscopy before vaginal myomectomy for evaluation or treatment of a second pelvic disorder. Myomectomy was performed vaginally in 40 (89%) of the 45 patients. Peroperative laparotomy was required in five patients (11%), either because vaginal myomectomy proved impossible (four cases) or because of rectal injury (one case). One patient needed supplementary laparotomy on day 8 for the treatment of a pelvic abscess. CONCLUSION: Posterior vaginal myomectomy seems to be a feasible and reproducible surgical procedure. The success rate of vaginal myomectomy in this study was over 80%. Further randomised studies are needed to compare this procedure with laparotomy and laparoscopy.     

Laparoscopic excision of ovarian dermoid cysts with controlled intraoperative spillage. Safety and effectiveness.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the operative and postoperative course in patients undergoing laparoscopy for dermoid cyst to that observed in subjects with other types of ovarian masses and of patients undergoing laparotomy for teratomas. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. From 1994 to 1996, 49 women underwent laparoscopic cystectomy for dermoid cysts. The operative and postoperative course was compared to that of 190 patients undergoing operative laparoscopy for other adnexal masses and to that of 43 patients undergoing laparotomy for dermoid cysts from 1992 to 1996. The cysts were aspirated to reduce spillage and removed via a laparoscopic bag inserted in a 10-mm trocar. Culdotomy was never used. The abdominal cavity was abundantly flushed during the procedure and before closure. RESULTS: Dermoid cystectomy was successfully performed laparoscopically in 47 of 49 cases. Spillage occurred in 43 cases (88%), and postoperative fever occurred in 3 (6.1%). No case of peritonitis was recorded. Significant differences between laparoscopy and laparotomy were observed in the rate of bilaterality (4% vs. 25%), spillage (88% vs. 9%) and mean hospital stay (37 vs. 83 hours). When laparoscopic excision of dermoid cysts and other masses was compared, we did not observe any significant difference in operative time or complication rates, apart from transient fever. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopy is safe and effective for dermoid cysts and allows shorter hospitalization than laparotomy. As observed for other benign cysts, laparoscopy should become the technique of choice for the removal of most, if not all, ovarian dermoid cysts.     

腹腔镜与剖腹行良性卵巢囊肿剥出术的对照研究

目的:比较腹腔镜术与剖腹术两种方法行良性卵巢囊肿剥出术的结果。方法:将妇科手术治疗的75例良性卵巢囊肿患者随机分为腹腔镜组(38例)和剖腹术组(37例),对两组患者的特征及术中、术后情况进行对比分析。结果:两组在年龄、体重、剖腹术史、囊肿大小、病理类型等方面差异无显著性(P>0.05)。术后病率、对镇痛药的需求、术后住院日及恢复时间,腹腔镜组显著减少(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论:腹腔镜行良性卵巢囊肿剥出术优于传统剖腹术。     

Laparoscopic management of ovarian dermoid cysts: potential fear of dermoid spill, myths and facts

The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and potential advantages of laparoscopic approach for management of ovarian dermoid cysts and challenge the potential fear of spillage of contents of dermoid cyst during laparoscopic surgery. Out of 384 operative laparoscopies conducted at Al Ebtesama Hospital, Unit of Advanced Laparoscopic Surgery, and Cairo University Hospital, during the period May 1999 to February 2005, 26 patients underwent laparoscopic removal of dermoid cysts. We employed the three-puncture technique: a 10-mm umbilical trocar for the telescope and two auxiliary 5-mm punctures for operative intervention. Thirty-one dermoid cysts with a mean diameter of 7.5 cm were removed successfully in 26 patients. The operative techniques employed were ovarian cystectomy for 28 cysts, salpingo-oophorectomy for three cysts, and one case had salpingo-oophorectomy together with laparoscopy-assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH). In one case, we performed concomitant hysteroscopic excision of complete uterine septum. Fourteen cysts were removed through enucleation and removal through the trocar sleeve. Ten cases were treated via enucleation and removal within impermeable endobag. Seven cases were managed by removal of cysts via posterior colpotomy; one was managed during LAVH. We encountered 14 spillages during the procedures: in ten cases (71%) of trocar removal without the use of endobag, in one case (10%) of removal within an impermeable endobag, and in three cases (42%) of colpotomy removal. After a review of 14 studies in the literature, added to our study, we found only 0.2% incidence of chemical peritonitis following laparoscopic removal of dermoid cysts. Laparoscopic approach allows proper exposure of the cul-de-sac and forceful jet lavage aspiration, ensuring pelvic clean out from any microscopic material of the dermoid cyst. Such a situation may not be available during open laparotomy.     

卵巢粘液性囊腺瘤患者不同手术治疗预后的对比研究

目的 :对比卵巢粘液性囊腺瘤 (囊瘤 )患者不同手术方法治疗的预后。方法 :回顾分析 81例卵巢粘液性囊腺瘤患者手术治疗后的随访情况 ,分析比较囊瘤切除和子宫附件切除术后及采用腹腔镜手术和剖腹手术后的复发率 ,也比较两种切除术中肿瘤破裂与否的癌变率和复发率。结果 :81例患者平均 4 2岁 (16～ 6 7岁 ) ,均随诊 2年以上 ,平均随诊时间 4 9个月 (2 4～ 12 0个月 )。癌变率为 1.2 % ,复发率为 8.6 %。囊瘤切除术 37例中 ,腹腔镜手术和剖腹手术途径的复发率分别为 16 .7%和 12 .5 % ,差异无显著性 ;切除术中肿瘤破裂与否的复发率分别为 16 .7%和 14 .3% ,差异亦无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :卵巢粘液性囊腺瘤切除术后的复发率显著高于子宫附件切除术。腹腔镜手术和剖腹术两种途径以及手术中囊腺瘤破裂与否对患者预后无显著影响     

Management of ovarian dermoids without laparoscopy or laparotomy

OBJECTIVE: To report experience of managing ovarian dermoids via the vaginal route. STUDY DESIGN: A series of 26 cases managed this way either with or without hysterectomy and for comparison 10 women managed by laparotomy and 6 who underwent laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy or oophorectomy were considered. RESULTS: The vaginal approach was successful in all patients, without need for laparoscopic assistance or a switch over to laparotomy. Spill was minimal or absent in the vaginal group and recovery significantly faster in the vaginal and laparoscopic groups compared to the laparotomy group. Hospital stay was slightly shorter in the vaginal than the laparoscopic group. No disposable material or equipment was used in the vaginal or laparotomy group. CONCLUSION: For mobile, benign ovarian teratoma, the vaginal route should be strongly considered to minimise invasive surgery, particularly when the operator is an experienced vaginal surgeon or laparoscopic equipment or laparoscopic surgeons are not easily available. Reduced spillage and speedier recovery are important advantages.     

Are borderline tumors of the ovary safely treated by laparoscopy?

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the risk of the laparoscopic approach to patients with borderline ovarian tumors compared to the laparotomic management. METHODS: We treated or followed in our institution 479 women with borderline ovarian tumor. Sixty-two patients had fertility-sparing surgery followed by restaging or follow-up intervention: 30 operated by laparoscopy, 32 by laparotomy. Restaging surgery was performed in five cases and second-look surgery in 57. RESULTS: The diameter of the cyst is significantly lower in patients treated by laparoscopy, especially in women who underwent cystectomy (4.7 cm) compared to oophorectomy (10 cm, P = 0.008). Rupture of the cyst and stage IC were more frequent in the laparoscopic group. After a median follow-up of 61 months for the laparoscopic group and 77 months for the laparotomic group, we observed 11 patients (37%) with persistent disease after primary laparoscopy (adnexa, five cases; peritoneal implants, three cases; both patterns, three cases). After primary laparotomy, no patients showed early persistence of tumor, and ovarian relapses were diagnosed in seven women (22%) 33-138 months after laparotomy. The univariate analysis for the risk of neoplastic persistence after primary laparoscopy shows that patients with cysts greater than 5 cm have a higher risk (odds ratio 9.7, P = 0.02) compared to smaller cysts. No other factors proved significant, but the odds ratios for patients with serous tumor (5.8), stage IC (2.0), and those undergoing cystectomy (1.9) suggest a relationship to the probability of persistence. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic treatment in borderline ovarian tumors should be reserved to masses not greater than 5 cm. When conservative therapy is desired, the entire affected ovary should be removed. If the neoplasia is bilateral, cystectomy could be allowed in women who wish to preserve fertility, although they are at high risk of relapse.     

Complications of vaginal myomectomy by posterior colpotomy

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the morbidity of vaginal myomectomy by posterior colpotomy. STUDY DESIGN: From January 1, 1994, through December 31, 2003, 108 patients in our department underwent a vaginal myomectomy procedure by posterior colpotomy. This study assessed the intra-operative (conversion to laparotomy, organ injury, hemorrhage) and post-operative (hematoma, abscess) complications as well as the risk factors for conversion to laparotomy. RESULTS: There were 27 intra- or post-operative complications (25%), 17 (15.7%) of which concerned conversion to laparotomy necessary for successful myomectomy. One case involved rectal injury (0.9%), three hemorrhages (2.8%), one hematoma (0.9%) and five abscesses (4.7%). The mean weight of fibromas was significantly higher in the group of patients undergoing laparotomy (19 cases) than in the vaginal-myomectomy-only group (89 cases) (270+/-197 g versus 181+/-143 g, p=0.02). Similarly, the fibroma size measured by ultrasound was higher in the laparotomy group than in the vaginal-myomectomy-only group, but this difference was not significant (82.6+/-27.1 mm versus 73.7+/-21.8 mm, p=0.13). CONCLUSIONS: The principal risk of vaginal myomectomy is that it will require conversion to laparotomy. The risk of pelvic abscess also appears greater in myomectomy than in other procedures. However, apart from the risk of conversion to laparotomy, vaginal morbidity is lower with this procedure. Vaginal myomectomy is a useful alternative to laparotomy for specific indications.     

Excision of mature teratoma using culdotomy, with and without laparoscopy: a prospective randomised trial

Objective To compare the results of removing mature teratoma with laparoscopy or without laparoscopy.
Design A prospective, randomised trial.
Setting Medical centre.
Participants Seventy-nine women with mature teratomas identified using results of ultrasound examinations and biochemical markers.
Intervention Cystectomy with laparoscopic approach or without laparoscopic approach through a culdotomy.
Methods Patients were randomly assigned to have their cysts removed via vaginal cystectomy without laparoscopy (   n= 37, Group A  ) or laparoscopic cystectomy via culdotomy opening (   n= 42, Group B  ). Inclusion criteria were history of vaginal delivery, no previous abdominal surgery, no history of pelvic inflammatory disease, no medical illness, and no presenting symptoms. Eight women randomised to Group A withdrew before surgery. The laparoscopically resected tumours were each put into a cellulose bag, and tumours without laparoscopic-assistance were removed directly via the vagina.
Results Blood loss in Group A (  88±37 ml  ) was significantly more than that in Group B (  64±20 ml, P=0.000  ). The post-operative recovery times were 20 and 17 hours, respectively (  P=0.030  ). The rates of successful surgery were 58.6 and 97.6%, respectively (  P=0.002  ). The spillage rates were 44.8% and 19.0%, respectively (  P=0.006  ). There were no significant differences in tumour size, patient age, and operative time between groups.
Conclusion Cystectomy without assistance of laparoscopy could be applied to manage mature teratoma of the ovary; however, because of the difficulty of this technique, we had high percentages of tumour spillage and more blood loss during operation and a high percentage of patients who required conversion to laparotomy compared with laparoscopic cystectomy. We favoured laparoscopically assisted cystectomy to manage mature teratoma.     

The Safety of Laparoscopic Treatment for Ovarian Dermoid Tumours

Summary: Whilst laparoscopic surgery has largely replaced laparotomy as the standard surgical option for the management of benign ovarian cysts, concern remains regarding the safety of laparoscopy for benign cystic teratomas. This is based on a higher rate of cyst content spillage compared to laparotomy and the known sequelae of chemical peritonitis and granuloma formation. We present 18 cases of laparoscopic dermoid cystectomy with recommendations for specimen removal from the peritoneal cavity. Our findings together with evidence from the literature confirms the safety of laparoscopy for the treatment of ovarian dermoid cysts.     

The Safety of Laparoscopic Treatment for Ovarian Dermoid Tumours

Summary: Whilst laparoscopic surgery has largely replaced laparotomy as the standard surgical option for the management of benign ovarian cysts, concern remains regarding the safety of laparoscopy for benign cystic teratomas. This is based on a higher rate of cyst content spillage compared to laparotomy and the known sequelae of chemical peritonitis and granuloma formation. We present 18 cases of laparoscopic dermoid cystectomy with recommendations for specimen removal from the peritoneal cavity. Our findings together with evidence from the literature confirms the safety of laparoscopy for the treatment of ovarian dermoid cysts.     

Management of borderline ovarian tumors: results of an Italian multicenter study

OBJECTIVE: A rising number of patients affected by ovarian masses suspected of borderline ovarian tumor are operated on primary laparoscopic procedure. METHODS: From January 1992 to June 2004, 113 patients affected by low malignant ovarian tumor were followed at the Gynecologic Departments of five Italian Institutions. Fifty-two (46.0%) patients were operated on laparoscopic surgery, whereas traditional laparotomic approach was preferred in 61 cases (54%). In 53 patients (46.9%), a fertility-sparing surgical treatment was chosen. RESULTS: The diameter of the ovarian cysts ranged between 20 and 300 mm; in 20 out 113 patients (17.7%), the borderline tumor was bilateral. In 22/113 (19.5%) cases, we observed tumor rupture or spilling during surgery, and this incidence was greater in the group of patients treated by laparoscopy compared to laparotomy, and this difference is statistically significative. In 13/113 (11.5%) patients, we observed a relapse; the incidence of relapse, however, is not dependent on the type of surgical approach. The progression-free survival is higher for stages IA-IC if compared to stages more than Ist and the difference is statistically significant. Type of surgical approach, laparoscopic versus laparotomic, does not seem to influence the PFS; when cystectomy is performed, the PFS is significantly lower if compared with demolitive surgery or monolateral annessectomy. Eight pregnancies were obtained: in one case, miscarriage was observed, whereas 7 healthy babies were born all but two by vaginal delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Conservative laparoscopic surgery may be the treatment of choice; an attractive option is that this surgery should be performed by an oncologist surgeon to obtain correct surgical staging and better results in terms of both relapse-free survival and pregnancies.     

Laparoscopy and laparotomy in the operative treatment of ovarian cysts

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of our study was to compare operative procedures, histologic types of tumours, and intra- and postoperative complications of patients operated for benign ovarian cysts by laparotomy or laparoscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 257 patients with different types of ovarian cysts underwent operations by laparoscopy (51 cases) or laparotomy (206 cases). Careful selection for operative treatment was made on the basis of clinical findings, ultrasound scans (using colour Doppler), patient's age and history. Operative laparoscopies were performed in patients with "unsuspected" ovarian cysts with diameter < or = 8 cm. During every operation, a histologic examination of tumour was performed. RESULTS: In 42 patients the cysts were found in both ovaries. Remaining 215 women had unilateral ovarian tumours. Adnexectomy was carried out in 142 cases, cystectomy in 131, ovariectomy in 18, and aspiration and electrocoagulation of ovarian cysts in 8 cases. The most common laparoscopic procedures were cystectomy (41) and aspiration and electrocoagulation of ovarian cysts (8); while by laparotomy: adnexectomy (142) and cystectomy (131); p < 0.0001. The histopathological assessment showed as follows: serous cysts in 98 cases, dermoid cysts in 75, endometrial cysts in 63, mucous cyst in 23, and others (mainly haemorrhagic, functional cysts and fibrothecomas) in 40 cases. The incidence of operative complications (3/257--all due to insufficient hemostasis) and postoperative complications (infection--7/257, anaemia--4/257, peritonitis--1/257) was rather low and similar in patients operated by laparoscopy and laparotomy. Patients were generally discharged from the hospital on the fourth (median) postoperative day after laparoscopies and the seventh (median) day after laparotomies (p < 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: Operative treatment of ovarian benign cysts is connected with a very low risk for intra- and postoperative complications. The operative laparoscopy brings better cosmetic effects and seems to be safe and effective method of treatment of ovarian benign cysts.     

The Vecchietti procedure for surgical treatment of vaginal agenesis: comparison of laparoscopy and laparotomy.

OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to describe the outcomes of women with vaginal agenesis who had surgical creation of a neovagina using the Vecchietti technique over a 20-year period. We also sought to determine whether the laparoscopic approach would result in similar outcomes as laparotomy. METHOD: Retrospective analysis of 76 women with vaginal agenesis treated at the University of Verona Hospital between 1976 and 1996 with the Vecchietti procedure. Operative and postoperative records were reviewed, and sexual histories were obtained. Data were analyzed based on surgical approach and postoperative sexual satisfaction. Continuous data were analyzed with student's t-test, and categoric data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test. RESULT: Those who underwent the Vecchietti procedure with a laparoscopic approach (N = 7) had similar complication rates (0% vs. 13.0%, P = 0.59) and postoperative neovaginal depth (74.9 mm vs. 73.7 mm, P = 0.93) as those with laparotomy (N = 69). Similar proportions of women reported inadequate vaginal lubrication (28.6% vs. 17.4%, P = 0.61) and sexual satisfaction (100% vs. 78.3%) in the laparoscopy and laparotomy groups as well. Operative complications, neovaginal depth, or degree of lubrication were not good predictors of sexual satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Outcomes in those women who underwent the Vecchietti technique via the laparoscopic approach are comparable to those who underwent laparotomy.     

Gasless laparoscopic cyctectomy due to to ovarian cyst torsion in 14 weeks pregnant patient

We present a case of gasless laparoscopic cystectomy due to ovarian cyst torsion in pregnant women. The course of an operation and postoperative period were uncomplicated. The gestation continued to term without any complication and the patient delivered an average-sized infant. We confirm that the gasless laparoscopy is a safe procedure for a certain group of pregnant women and allows to avoid laparotomy.     

Operative treatment of benign ovarian tumours in adolescent patients: laparotomy or laparoscopy?

THE AIM: The aim of the study was a retrospective analysis of operative procedures, laparoscopy or laparotomy, carried out in cases of benign adolescent ovarian tumours. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective review of 709 patient charts with ovarian tumours, who had undergone surgical interventions at The Department of Surgical Gynaecology and Endoscopy of The Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital--Research Institute in ?ód?--has been conducted. Among groups of girls treated either with laparoscopy or laparotomy, the following parameters were analysed: age of the patients, character of the tumour (based on the pathological result), size of the lesion, type of the surgical procedure, duration of the hospitalisation and postoperative complications. RESULTS: 109 girls had ovarian tumours operated--54 times laparoscopy and 55 laparotomy times were performed. An average age of patients who underwent laparoscopy was 16.2 years, in case of laparotomy: 15.3 years (p > 0.05). An average size of tumours excised in laparotomy was 82 mm (60-190 mm), whereas in laparoscopy 64 mm (30-80 mm) (p > 0.05). The most common laparotomic procedure was the ovarian cystectomy (63%) and cystovariectomy (32%), while during laparoscopy the cystectomy was performed in 92% (p > 0.05). Duration of the laparoscopy was shorter, average was 46.7 min, whereas mean time of laparotomy was 49.2 min (p > 0.05). Also duration of postoperative hospitalisation was longer in case of laparotomy, its average time was 5.4 days in comparison with laparoscopy--2.8 days (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopy performed in adolescents due to benign ovarian tumours seems to be a very safe way of the surgical treatment. Moreover, laparoscopy reduces duration of hospitalisation and convalescence, also giving a nice cosmetic effect.     

Laparoscopic management of early uterine cancer: 10-year experience in Asan Medical Center

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of laparoscopic surgery in the treatment of patients with early uterine cancer and to compare their outcomes with those of patients treated with laparotomy. METHODS: The records of 388 patients with clinical stage I or II uterine cancer treated by laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH) or total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) between January 1997 and April 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. After excluding 39 patients with uterine sarcoma and 40 with upstaging or conversion to laparotomy procedures, the case-controlled study was performed. RESULTS: Laparoscopic procedures were converted to laparotomy in 10 of 188 patients (5.3%), whereas laparoscopic surgery was successful in 178 (94.7%). Histopathologic results led to upstaging of 32 of 349 patients (9.2%), including 15 of 188 (8.0%) in laparoscopy group and 17 of 161 (10.6%) in laparotomy group. The two groups were similar in age, parity, BMI, surgical stage, histological grade, tumor size, operating time and number of lymph nodes removed. Fewer complications and shorter hospital stay were observed in laparoscopy group. Between groups, recurrence rate did not differ significantly. Four recurrences in vaginal stump occurred in the only laparoscopy group, but the difference was not statistically significant. There were no significant differences between the two groups in progression-free and overall survival. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopy is a valid alternative to conventional laparotomy and does not worsen the prognosis of patients with early endometrial carcinoma. Efforts should be made during laparoscopic procedures to minimize the risk of vaginal recurrence.