应用超声刀行局限性肺切除的初步体会

作者应用超声刀进行局限性肺切除治疗肺部病灶８例，１１次手术。其中两肺多发性转移瘤３例，手术６次；单发转移瘤、周围型肺癌（病人肺功能严重低下）、肺结核瘤、慢性肺脓肿、肺囊肿各１例，手术５次。全部病例术后恢复顺利，效果满意。４例肺转移瘤病人生存至今（３．５，１，０．５年，４个月）。作者认为：超声刀用于肺局限性切除术有较多优点：失血少、操作简便，对于肺实质深部病灶和肺多发性病灶也可切除，避免了肺叶切除和全肺切除，从而最大限度地保存了肺组织．     

肺转移瘤的外科治疗（附40例报告）

报告外科治疗肺转移瘤４０例，其中肉瘤肺转移１３例，癌肺转移２７例，无手术死亡。术后１、３、５、７和１０年生存率分别为８９．５％、３８．９％、２８．６％、１６．６％和７．６％。肉瘤和癌肺转移瘤切除后５年生存率分别为２５．０％和３１．３％。作者对手术适应证、手术方法和影响预后的因素进行了讨论。主张对肺转移瘤不论是孤立性或单侧多发性，还是双侧肺转移瘤均应积极争取外科治疗。在临床上估计可以切除且及早切除肺转移瘤可能获得较好治疗效果时，就不必去考虑转移瘤的倍增时间（ＴＤＴ）和无瘤间期（ＤＦＩ）。     

肺转移性肿瘤的外科疗效分析

作者对５８例肺转移性肿瘤行肺切除术５９例次，２例剖胸探查活检，手术近期死亡率６．６％。出院５２例，随访６个月～２５年。原发肿瘤控制，转移肿瘤作手术切除者中，术后１年、３年、５年累积生存率分别为７６．８％、３７．９％和１８．０％。临床分析结果提示多个转移瘤术后生存率低于单个转移瘤（Ｐ＜０．０５）；肿瘤倍增时间与术后生存期长短高度相关（ｒ＝０．８４６０）。     

40例胸腺肿瘤合并重症肌无力的手术治疗

报告４０例胸腺肿瘤合并重症肌无力（ＭＧ）的手术治疗效果。本组包括完全切除肿瘤和胸腺２６例，次全切除肿瘤１０例，组织活检４例。结果手术死亡１例（２．５％），术后１年内死亡８例（２０．５％）。３１例术后随访３～１２年，５年生存率为６１．３％，１０年生存率２７．７％；其中非浸润型胸腺瘤分别为７６．９％和３０．０％，浸润型胸腺瘤则为５０．０％和２５．０％。ＭＧ术后缓解改善率为８０．６％，术后肌无力危象发生率为４０．０％，抢救成功率为９３．８％，结论显示手术治疗胸腺肿瘤合并ＭＧ，如严格掌握手术指征，可获得较好的疗效和预后。     

气管,支气管成形术40例

作者报告了４０例气管、支气管成形术的治疗体会。其中气管成形术３例,隆凸成形术２例,支气管成形肺切除术３４例,肺动脉成形术１例。术后并发症４例（１０％）,手术死亡２例（５％）。恶性肿瘤３０例,随访１～１０年,术后１年、３年、５年、１０年生存率分别为８３．３％、５３．３％、４０％、２３．３％。作者对手术适应证及麻醉的处理、手术方法及结果进行了讨论。这种手术能最大限度地清除病灶和保留健肺,但其手术并发症和死亡率均高于肺癌常规手术。因此要严格掌握手术适应证。     

保留肾组织手术治疗肾癌

１９８９年１２月～１９９７年４月行保留肾组织手术治疗肾癌１４例，其中双侧肾癌５例，对侧肾有病变或潜在功能受损的肾癌３例，对侧肾正常肾癌６例。肿瘤平均直径２９ｃｍ，病理分期为Ｔ１、Ｔ２。１４例中５例行剜出术，９例行肾部分切除术。本组术后无外科并发症，平均随访４６６个月，无瘤存活１２例，无局部复发。存活时间超过７年者２例，５年者４例，３年者１例，１年者２例，半年者３例。保留肾组织手术是早期局限性肾癌的有效治疗方法，可用于对侧肾正常、肿瘤体积较小的早期肾癌的治疗     

腺泡状软组织肉瘤41例临床分析

本文综合国内报告的腺泡状软组织肉瘤４１例，以２５～３５岁中青年男性多见，四肢占６３．４％，尤以下肢多发，肿瘤生长慢，平均病程７年。单纯肿块切除２７例，平均２．５年内７例复发，１３例分别出现肺、脑、骨及十二指肠等转移，６例死亡，术后平均死亡时间１．５年；单纯切除术后化疗１例，于术后１．５年死于转移；单纯切除术后局部放疗１例，１１年后死于肺转移；７例截肢者有２例于１７年后死于肺、脑转移，５例生存；单纯切除加中药治疗２例，随访４年未见复发及转移。     

胆囊癌的外科治疗

探讨各种手术对胆囊癌预后的影响。方法 ６０例胆囊癌患者病变早期组５例，行单纯胆囊切除术；晚期组５５例，行探查活检术２４例，姑息切除２６例，根治性切除术５例结果 早，晚期组１，３，５年生存率分别为１００％，６０％，２０％和１８．２％，５．５％，１．８％，晚期组探量活检术者均在１年内死亡；姑息性切除术者１年生存率２３．１％，无３年，５年生存；根治性切除术者１，３，５年生存率分别为８０％，６０％，２０％     

用截除肢体复合软组织瓣修复截肢残端缺损

介绍７例临床应用截除肢体复合软组织瓣修复截肢残端缺损的方法：（１）截肢部位带蒂正常组织瓣移位，５例；（２）截除肢体远端正常组织瓣游离移植，２例。经２．５～４年随访，３例死于肺转移，４例健在，局部病变均无复发。初步体会，用截除肢体复合软组织修复截肢残端缺损，具有能降低截肢平面，彻底切除病变，避免从非患肢切除组织瓣等优点。     

原发性胆囊癌

目的探讨胆囊癌的早期诊断及各种手术对其预后的影响。方法对５６例胆囊癌患者的致病因素进行分析。结果按照Ｎｅｖｉｎ分期Ⅰ期５例,Ⅱ期７例,Ⅲ期１０例,Ⅳ期１３例,Ⅴ期１０例。行各类切除性手术３２例（５７１％）,剖腹探查取活检１３例（２３２％）,非手术行放疗或化疗１１例（１９７％）。各类切除性手术的１,３,５年生存率分别为５６３％（１８／３２）,２８１％（９／３２）,１２５％（４／３２）,探查活检的１３例及非手术治疗的１１例均在明确诊断后５个月内死亡。结论早期诊断和及时行根治性手术是改善胆囊癌预后的关键     

Subsequent pulmonary resection for bronchogenic carcinoma after pneumonectomy

BACKGROUND: Patients who have undergone a pneumonectomy for bronchogenic carcinoma are at risk of cancer in the contralateral lung. Little information exists regarding the outcome of subsequent lung operation for lung cancer after pneumonectomy. METHODS: The records of all patients who underwent lung resection after pneumonectomy for lung cancer from January 1980 through July 2001 were reviewed. RESULTS: There were 24 patients (18 men and 6 women). Median age was 64 years (range, 43 to 84 years). Median preoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 second was 1.47 L (range, 0.66 to 2.55 L). Subsequent pulmonary resection was performed 2 to 213 months after pneumonectomy (median, 23 months). Wedge excision was performed in 20 patients, segmentectomy in 3, and lobectomy in 1. Diagnosis was a metachronous lung cancer in 14 patients and metastatic lung cancer in 10. Complications occurred in 11 patients (44.0%), and 2 died (operative mortality, 8.3%). Median hospitalization was 7 days (range, 2 to 72 days). Follow-up was complete in all patients and ranged between 6 and 140 months (median, 37 months). Overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survivals were 87%, 61%, and 40%, respectively. Five-year survival of patients undergoing resection for a metachronous lung cancer (50%) was better than the survival of patients who underwent resection for metastatic cancer (14%; p = 0.14). Five-year survival after a solitary wedge excision was 46% compared with 25% after a more extensive resection (p = 0.54). CONCLUSIONS: Limited pulmonary resection of the contralateral lung after pneumonectomy is associated with acceptable morbidity and mortality. Long-term survival is possible, especially in patients with a metachronous cancer. Solitary wedge excision is the treatment of choice.     

肺切除加左心房部分切除术治疗局部晚期肺癌

目的 为寻求晚期肺癌患者的外科治疗方法，提高手术疗效，总结34例局部晚期肺癌患者行肺切除加左心房部分切除术的经验。方法 对34例局部晚期肺癌患者施行了肺切除加左心房部分切除术。左肺下叶切除术19例，左全肺切除术4例，右肺中下叶切除术6例，右肺下叶切除术2例，右全肺切除术3例。肿瘤侵及肺静脉根部与心房交界处近心端25例，明显侵犯左心房9例，其中2例同时侵及靠近肺动脉分叉处，常规无法处理肺动脉，在体外循环下切除全肺并同时切除部分左心房。结果 本组无手术死亡，术后发生并发症11例，其中心律失常8例次，肺炎5例次，心功能不全1例次。1年、3年生存率分别为79．4％、44.1％，6例生存＞5年。结论 肺癌累及左心房或肺静脉根部时应切除部分左心房以达到根治性切除，从而延长患者寿命，提高生存质量。     

Survival after surgical resection for high-grade chest wall sarcomas

Indications for chest wall resection of metastatic or locally recurrent sarcoma and for subsequent bony reconstruction are controversial. Twenty-eight patients had chest wall resection for high-grade primary, metastatic, or recurrent sarcoma. In all patients, resection with selective reconstruction of the bony thorax was performed without operative mortality. Since 1980, only patients with four or more ribs resected have had selective bony reconstruction. Follow-up ranged from 8 to 132 months (median follow-up, 42 months). All deaths were related to sarcoma recurrence. The overall actuarial survival rate was 85% at 1 year, 65% at 3 years, and 59% at more than 5 years. The overall actuarial proportion without disease recurrence was 64% at 1 year, 52% at 3 years, and 40% at more than 5 years. There was no significant difference in overall or disease-free survival for patients with primary, metastatic, or recurrent tumors. The most important prognostic factors were positive margins and concomitant pulmonary resection for synchronous lung metastases. These data support aggressive resection to obtain pathologically tumor-free margins for chest wall sarcomas, whether primary, metastatic or recurrent. Reconstruction can be individualized based on the extent of resection.     

Comparison of lobectomy and wedge resection for carcinoma of the lung

To evaluate comparatively lobectomy and wedge resection for carcinoma of the lung, we reviewed retrospectively 1,000 consecutive cases of lung cancer at a Veterans Administration Hospital. Of these cases, 252 were operable; 199 were resectable. Thirty-three patients underwent resection of their lesion as primary treatment. The indications for wedge resection were (1) insufficient pulmonary reserve, (2) resectable cerebral metastasis, (3) frozen-section results reportedly benign. One hundred twelve patients underwent standard lobectomy procedures. Of these patients, 40 were comparable to those patients undergoing wedge resection on the basis of age, histopathological examination, tumor size and location, and the presence of metastatic disease. One, 2, and 5 year survival rates were 85%, 58%, and 26%, respectively, for wedge resection and 75%, 55%, and 25%, respectively, for lobectomy. The operative mortality rate was 0% for wedge resection and 5% for lobectomy. These results indicate that for the patient with a peripheral lung carcinoma and no evidence of metastatic disease a wedge resection offers comparable survival rates with minimal risk of death.     

隆凸部位原发性肺癌的手术治疗

作者对１３例涉及隆凸部位的中心型肺癌行切除治疗。鳞癌１１例,腺癌２例Ｔ３Ｎ２Ｍ０３例,Ｔ４Ｎ２Ｍ０１０例。根治手术１０例,姑息手术３例。右全肺切除隆凸全切除３例。右全肺切除隆凸部分切除６例,左全肺切除隆凸部分切除１例,右上中叶切除隆凸部分切除下叶隆凸部位吻合３例。无手术并发症及手术死亡。３年治愈率５４％,５年治愈率３０％,１例已存活８年。该类患者如纵隔淋巴结无广泛转移,局部病灶允许切除,手术效果仍较满意。作者对术中血管、支气管隆凸部的处理提出了自己的经验。     

Results after pancreatic resection for metastatic lesions

Background Unlike primary pancreatic carcinoma, isolated metastatic lesions to the pancreas are uncommon. Although the value of surgical resection is poorly documented, resection may be deemed appropriate in selected cases. The aim of this study was to review our experience with the operative management of pancreatic metastases Methods Sixteen patients who underwent pancreatic resection for the treatment of metastatic disease were identified from a prospective pancreatic database. The clinical features of and results after resection were examined. Results Renal cell carcinoma was the most frequent primary histopathology (10 of 16; 62%). In the remaining patients, the primary histopathology was non-small-cell lung cancer (n=3), sarcoma (n=1), melanoma (n=1), or transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (n=1). A prolonged disease-free interval (median, 7.5 years) was characteristic of most patients. Operative procedures performed included eight pancreaticoduodenectomies, seven distal pancreatectomies, and one total pancreatectomy. The operative mortality was 6%, and the morbidity was 25%. The overall 2- and 5-year actuarial survival rates were 62% and 25%, respectively. A trend toward improved survival was observed in the renal cell carcinoma patients, but this finding was not statistically significant. Conclusions Long-term survival after pancreatic resection for metastatic disease is achievable, and patients with primary renal cell carcinoma seem to have a more favorable prognosis. Surgical resection should thus be offered to selected patients with isolated metastatic disease to the pancreas.     

Changing the way we think about medical technology policy

BACKGROUND: Lung biopsies are frequently needed to diagnose diffuse interstitial lung diseases. Both limited thoracotomy (open lung biopsy) and thoracoscopy can be used for lung biopsies, but both procedures have traditionally required hospital admission. We report a series of patients that underwent outpatient open lung biopsy to show the safety and effectiveness of this practice. METHODS: We reviewed records of ambulatory, nonoxygen dependent patients with a clinical diagnosis of diffuse interstitial lung disease that underwent outpatient open lung biopsy between January 1997 and December 1999. All procedures were done by a senior surgeon using single lumen endotracheal anesthesia, a small anterolateral thoracotomy without rib spreading, stapled wedge resection, and no chest tube. Patients were discharged the same day. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients with a clinical diagnosis of diffuse interstitial lung disease underwent outpatient open lung biopsy. Mean age was 58 years (range, 21 to 74 years). Preoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 second was 74.3%+/-7.0% of predicted. A pathologic diagnosis was established in all patients: usual interstitial pneumonia, 26 patients; sarcoidosis, 2; metastatic carcinoma, 2; desquamative interstitial pneumonia, 1; and mixed dust pneumoconiosis, 1 patient. No patient required a chest tube, overnight observation, or hospital admission. No complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Selected patients with a clinical diagnosis of diffuse interstitial lung disease can safely and effectively undergo diagnostic outpatient open lung biopsy. However, careful patient selection and attention to operative detail are essential.     

Role of brachytherapy in the management of pulmonary and mediastinal malignancies

Brachytherapy, the permanent or temporary implantation of radioactive sources, has been performed in limited numbers of patients with lung cancer over the last 50 years. Because of renewed interest in this modality, we reviewed our experience with 103 patients treated over a 7-year period. The mean age of this group was 55.5 years (range, 1 to 84 years). Primary lung cancer accounted for 82 patients (79.6%); metastatic lesions to the lung, 13 (12.6%); and mediastinal malignancies, 8 (7.8%). Indications for brachytherapy included mediastinal and chest wall invasion in 42 patients (40.8%), unresectable tumors and mediastinal adenopathy in 30 (29.1%), medical contraindications to extensive pulmonary resection in 20 (19.4%), and irradiation of excised lymph node beds in 11 (10.7%). Seeds labeled with radioactive iodine 125 alone were used in 65 patients (63.1%), afterloading catheters containing iridium 192 sources in 25 (24.3%), and both in 13 (12.6%). There were no operative deaths. With a mean follow-up of 18.6 months, the mean and median survivals for the entire group were 17.3 and 14.0 months, respectively. The 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year survivals for the entire group were 67.9%, 38.7%, and 27.8%, respectively. In summary, brachytherapy offers a useful surgical approach in patients in whom unresectable pulmonary or mediastinal malignancies are found at the time of thoracotomy or in patients previously treated with other modalities for whom limited therapeutic alternatives exist.     

Second primary bronchogenic carcinoma: life-table analysis of surgical treatment.

Twelve patients had curative resection of primary bronchogenic carcinoma. Eleven to 84 months later, a second primary bronchogenic carcinoma was discovered and was operated on. Six patients underwent wedge resection, while the others had a lobectomy or pneumonectomy. There was no operative mortality. Two patients survived longer than 5 years. In addition to these patients, 26 patients who also had successive surgical resections for primary lung cancers were collected from the literature. Two operative deaths were related to respiratory insufficiency. Life-table analysis of this accumulated series of 38 patients revealed the survival rate 1 year after the resection of a second tumor to be 70%, and 2 and 3 years later, 55% and 27%, respectively. Thus, in patients in whom a second primary carcinoma of the lung develops, successive resections tailored to preserve respiratory reserve are compatible with low operative mortality and, in some instances, long-term survival.     

Thoracotomy in the octogenarian

Octogenarians are rarely referred for thoracic operations, presumably owing to the perceived morbidity of thoracotomy and the presumed frailty and limited life span of the 80-year-old patient. To determine if these concerns are valid, we reviewed our operative experience in 50 patients 80 years of age or older (mean age, 82.7 years; range, 80 to 91 years; 29 men, 21 women) undergoing thoracotomy between Nov 1, 1980, and May 1, 1990, for cancer (39 patients) and benign disease (11 patients). Procedures included 25 lobectomies (24 cancer, 1 abscess), 4 pneumonectomies (all cancer), 3 esophagectomies (1 perforation, 2 cancer), 3 explorations for cancer, 2 bullectomies, 12 wedge or segmental resections (5 open lung biopsies, 5 cancer, and 1 each for benign nodule and hemoptysis), and 1 thymectomy. Five patients (10%) were operated on emergently for massive hemoptysis (1), Boerhaave's syndrome (1), or rapidly progressive respiratory insufficiency (3) with an operative mortality of 80%. Mortality for elective cases was significantly lower (13%, p less than 0.01). Major complications occurred in 19 patients (38%). Univariate analysis performed to identify predictors of operative mortality demonstrated no significant relationship between operative death and patient age, sex, type of operation, diagnosis of malignancy, or the presence of either cardiac disease or chronic obstructive lung disease. Twenty-three patients are alive 2 months to 5 years after thoracotomy. Actuarial survival for the 45 elective patients was 56% and 44% at 1 and 2 years, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)