SCREENING FOR ANTIBODIES ASSOCIATED WITH HALOTHANE HEPATITIS

The diagnosis of halothane hepatitis (HH) may be assisted bydetection of antibodies reacting to trifluoroacetylated proteins(anti- TFA antibodies). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) utilizing trifluoroacetylated rabbit serum albumin (TFA-RSA)as antigen detected anti-TFA antibodies in 67% of sera frompatients for whom a clinical diagnosis of HH was made. Anti-TFAantibodies were detected in 33% of sera when using an EL ISAwith liver microsomal protein from halothane-treated rabbitsas antigen. Absorption of the sera with untreated rabbit livermicrosomal protein before using the microsomal protein ELISAresulted in detection of anti-TFA antibodies in 42% of sera.Using the presumptive hapten N-e-trifluoroacetyl-l-lysine toblock antibody binding in an ELISA resulted in positive detectionin 50% of sera: the results did not always agree with the otherELISA methods. The TFA-RSA ELISA was the most sensitive methodand, combined with the TFA-lysine blocking ELISA, resulted in92% of sera from HH patients testing positive for HH-associatedantibodies.     

应用试管-玻片凝集试验和酶联免疫吸附试验检测不育患者抗精子抗体

应用试管-玻片凝集试验测定96例不育男性血清和/或精浆抗精子抗体,阳性率为33.3％,其中血清阳性率31.2％、精浆阳性率为16.3％。血清和精浆两者间的阴性、阳性符合率为75.9％。抗精子抗体对精液量、精子密度和精子的活率等指标无明显影响。并对58例患者血清和精浆标本采用酶联免疫吸附测定法对比测定,结果显示血清和精浆的阴、阳性符合率分别为67.2和74.1％。对56对夫妇分析显示,男方阳性率33.0％,女方阳性率25.0％,其中男女双方均为阳性的发生率为16.1％。夫妇双方有一方阳性者占42.9％。     

HYBRIDOMAS AND MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES: APPLICATIONS IN ONCOLOGY

The fusion of individual lymphocyte and myeloma cells to produce a hybridoma has led to the production of monoclonal antibodies. These highly specific reagents are now being used to define tumour associated antigens – important for the diagnosis, localization and treatment of cancer.     

SPERM ACROSOME STATUS AND SPERM ANTIBODIES IN INFERTILITY

Purpose

We studied whether the spermatozoa from sperm autoimmune infertile men undergo premature acrosomal loss and whether this relates to the presence of sperm antibodies in wives.

Materials and Methods

We evaluated acrosome status of live washed native and overnight capacitated spermatozoa from 17 sperm nonautoimmune fertile and 23 sperm autoimmune infertile men using an immunofluorescent peanut lectin binding assay. We used cytotoxic and immunobead binding assays to prescreen the serum and seminal plasma of these men, and serum and cervical mucus of the wives for immunological infertility. We performed immunofluorescent sperm antibody assays on all study samples to ascertain sperm antibody isotype levels in each sample. Levels of acrosomal loss in husband native and capacitated spermatozoa were correlated with levels of IgG, IgA and IgM sperm antibodies in the study samples.

Results

Sperm autoimmune infertile men had a significantly larger percentage of sperm (p <0.0001) that had lost the acrosome and a lower percentage of sperm with intact acrosome (p <0.0001) in native and capacitated preparations in contrast to those of fertile controls. Levels of cytotoxic and IgA antibodies, especially in seminal plasma and cervical mucus, correlated significantly with percentages of sperm with a total loss of acrosome in native and capacitated sperm preparations (p [less than =] 0.01).

Conclusion

Infertile men with sperm antibodies in serum and seminal plasma undergo premature acrosome loss. This loss may expose the reproductive tract immune system, especially that involving IgA, in autoimmune infertile men and the wives to high immunogenic levels of sperm acrosome membrane antigens, thereby rendering them immunologically infertile.     

SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES TO HALOTHANE-INDUCED LIVER ANTIGENS IN HALOTHANE-ASSOCIATED HEPATITIS

Antibodies to halothane-altered liver cell determinants (halothaneantibodies) have previously been detected in serum of patientswith fulminant hepatic failure after halothane anaesthesia.However, their diagnostic value has not been reported in patientswith non- fulminant hepatitis. Sera from 39 patients who developedhepatitis following halothane anaesthesia between January 1983and December 1985 were tested for antibodies to halothane -inducedliver antigens using an ELISA; 22 of these patients had hepatitiswithout encephalopathy. Nineteen of the sera were from patientsanaesthetized during 1985; four of the patients were aged 15yr or less. All patients had undergone previous anaesthesia17 days to 13 yr (median 3 yr) earlier. In 19 of the patientsthe final operation was a minor surgical procedure, lastingless than 45 min. In 13 patients a previous adverse reactionto halothane was documented in the case records. Twelve of thepatients died. Halothane antibodies were detected in 12 of the16 (75 %) patients with hepatic encephalopathy and 16 of the23 (70%) who did not develop encephalopathy, demonstrating thathalothane antibodies are detectable in a wider spectrum of halothane-liverassociated liver damage than previously appreciated.     

大鼠抗小鼠组织相容性抗原抗体的制备与纯化

为进一步了解异种移植间免疫排斥反应的抗体特性，采用NIH小鼠牌细胞免疫SD大鼠，制备大鼠抗小鼠组织相容性抗原抗血清，经辛酸沉淀、羟基磷灰石层析技术纯化抗体。结果：制备的大鼠抗小鼠组织相容性抗原抗血清具有较高效价（＞1：640），辛酸、羟基磷灰石二步法纯化的抗体具有纯度好、收获率高、能保留免疫原性、条件温和等特点。表明此法是制备各种抗组织相容性抗原抗体的有效方法。     

PARTIAL OBSTRUCTION, NOT ANTISPERM ANTIBODIES, CAUSING INFERTILITY AFTER VASOVASOSTOMY

Purpose

We determined whether men who may have partial obstruction and antisperm antibodies after vasovasostomy can be distinguished from other infertile men with antisperm antibodies only, and whether repeat microsurgical reversal is beneficial in such patients.

Materials and Methods

A total of 412 patients underwent indirect immunobead testing for antisperm antibodies at our laboratory from December 1991 through July 1996. Of 95 patients with an assay greater than 20% binding 49 had normal partners and were grouped by history of vasovasostomy (20), varicocele (9), cryptorchidism (8) and epididymo-orchitis (12). Semen analysis characteristics and antisperm antibody binding variables were compared across histories. Pregnancy rates were compared between patients treated surgically for partial obstruction and those treated for antisperm antibodies. Mean followup was 33.8 months.

Results

Compared to the other 3 groups, men with a history of vasectomy and reversal had significantly lower sperm concentration (p = 0.002), poorer motility (p <0.001), lower overall binding on the indirect immunobead assay (p <0.001) and lower IgA binding (p = 0.008). The clinical diagnosis of partial obstruction was based on a sense of epididymal fullness by palpation, as well as the aforementioned semen parameters. Of the 20 patients with a history of vasectomy and reversal 14 were diagnosed with partial obstruction and underwent repeat microsurgical reversal and 6 with a history of vasovasostomy but no evidence of obstruction received no further therapy and never established pregnancies. The remaining 29 patients underwent sperm washing and assisted reproduction. Of 14 patients 7 (50%) established pregnancies after repeat reversal compared to only 5 of 29 patients (17.2%) treated with assisted reproduction (P = 0.025).

Conclusions

Antisperm antibodies are not a significant factor in persistently infertile post-reversal cases with the aforementioned criteria. Repeat reversal appears to be the most successful treatment option in this setting.     

抗人精子抗原的单克隆抗体对人精子穿卵实验的影响

利用我所建立的抗人精子抗原的单克隆抗体2A9处理人精子后,进行了3次自身对照性的人精子穿透去透明带金黄地鼠卵实验,共观察了588个卵细胞,受精率从对照组的71％下降到24.5％,P<0.01。证实2A9能使人精子体外穿透功能下降。     

微型结节性多动脉炎患者血清抗髓过氧化物酶抗体的检测意义

抗髓过氧化物酶（抗ＭＰＯ）抗体是抗中性粒细胞浆抗体（ＡＮＣＡ）中的一种，其对结节性多动脉炎（ＰＡＮ）的诊断价值日益受到重视。我们应用ＥＬＩＳＡ方法对１９例ＰＡＮ患者血清进行检测，６／１９例抗体阳性（３２％），其中５例临床表现合并肺、肾损害，１例合并皮肤、肾脏病变；另外６例中的１例动态监测，当病变处于急性活动期时，抗ＭＰＯ抗体阳性；而病变趋于慢性化及临床症状趋于缓解时，抗ＭＰＯ抗体阴性。此外，对２２     

抗精子抗体和精子活力及顶体蛋白酶关系的研究

本文研究了抗精子抗体与精子活力和顶体蛋白酶活性的关系。用凝集试验(GAT)和制动试验(SIT)检测男性不育患者血清中的抗精子抗体。同时用多次曝光法和底物膜法测定精子的前向运动速度和顶体蛋白酶活性。结果,当抗体滴度≥1:16时,可明显地降低精子的前向运动速度,且在制动试验阳性的患者降低更为明显,更精确而有力地证明了抗精子抗体对精子运动的抑制作用。抗精子抗体与顶体蛋白酶活性则无明显关系。     

ELISA检测抗精子抗体中不同抗原包被法的比较

本文以兔抗人精子血清作阳性标准，比较ＤＴＴ、ＮＰ－４０、ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００提取的精子膜抗原和全精子抗原四种不同抗原成分的包被法对检测结果的影响。实验证明：ＤＴＴ提取的膜抗原的效果较为理想、重复性好，各项指标均优于其它包被方法。以ＤＴＴ方法对健康未婚女性和不育患者进行抗精子抗体测定，获得满意的结果。     

慢性前列腺炎及致不育者血清及精浆抗精子抗体的研究

作者用ELISA法研究了37例慢性前列腺炎(CP)患者(其中合并不育者23例,有生育力者14例)的血清及精浆抗精子抗体(AsAb)阳性率及其与精液常规质量的联系,发现CP者与正常人间的血清AsAb阳性率无明显差别(P>0.05),说明血清AsAb与CP及其不育无明显关系。CP者的精浆AsAb阳性率(56.76％)离于正常人(18.18％)(P<0.05),且CP不育者(69.56％)又高于CP生育者(35.71％)(P<0.05),说明CP可引起精浆AsAb升高,进而降低生育力。进一步分析发现精浆AsAb阳性者的精子活动力明显降低(P<0.01),提示精浆AsAb可通过降低精子活动力进而引起不育。     

ANAPHYLAXIS CAUSED BY ANTI-CREMOPHOR EL IgG STS ANTIBODIES IN A CASE OF REACTION TO ALTHESIN

The action of cremophor EL, the solubilizing agent of Althesinin a case of anaphylactic reaction which occurred during theinduction of anaesthesia has been demonstrated using the Prausnitz-Küstner(P-K) test 10 weeks later. This test was positive at 2 h, withthe heated serum and cremophor, proving the presence of allergicIgG STS antibodies.     

抗精子抗体阳性不育患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群检测及其意义

本文采用间接免疫荧光法(单克隆抗体)检测了23例抗精子抗体阳性不育男性外周血的淋巴细胞亚群。结果表明,患者CD_3、CD_4和CD_8细胞百分率均明显低于正常生育男性,而CD_4/CD_8、B细胞和D_r细胞则明显增高。提示抗精子抗体阳性不育症存在免疫细胞数目异常,且T抑制细胞明显不足和B细胞的明显增加是此类患者发病的重要机制。     

SERUM HETEROPHILE ANTIBODIES INTERFERE WITH PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN TEST AND RESULT IN OVER TREATMENT IN A PATIENT WITH PROSTATE CANCER

PURPOSE: We evaluated how naturally occurring heterophile antibodies in patient serum interfered with prostate specific antigen (PSA) immunoassay, resulting in over treatment for prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum samples were treated with heterophilic blocking reagent (Scantibodies Laboratory, Inc., Santee, California). Treated and untreated samples were tested by the Medics (Tosoh, Foster City, California ) Tandem-R (Beckman-Coulter Inc., Chaska, Minnesota) and Elecsys (Roche Molecular Biochemical, Indianapolis, Indiana) PSA assays. Heterophile antibodies were measured directly in treated and untreated samples by the human anti-mouse antibody immunoradiometric assay and heterophilic antibody identification enzyme immunoassay (Scantibodies Laboratories, Inc.). RESULTS: Human anti-mouse Ig heterophile antibodies in patient serum caused false-positive PSA test findings after radical prostatectomy, resulting in over treatment for presumed disease recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: If PSA is detectable after radical prostatectomy and the likelihood of incomplete resection or systemic disease is low, the presence of heterophile antibodies should be considered.     

128对不育夫妇血清、精浆抗精浆免疫抑制物抗体与精液检查关系的分析

我们检测了８９对生育夫妇和１２８对不育夫妇血清、精浆中抗精浆免疫抑制物抗体（ＳＰＩ—Ａｂ）的水平。结果表明，不育夫妇血清、精浆ＳＰＩＭ—Ａｂ的水平和检出率均明显高于生育组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；精浆ＳＰＩＭ—Ａｂ水平增高者的精子密度、精子活率、精子运动速度和ＳＰＩＭ活性均明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示：ＳＰＩＭ—Ａｂ水平增加可能影响生育。     

ABSENCE OF ANTISPERM SURFACE ANTIBODIES IN PREPUBERTAL BOYS WITH CRYPTORCHIDISM AND OTHER ANOMALIES OF THE INGUINOSCROTAL REGION BEFORE AND AFTER SURGERY

PURPOSE: Although the prepubertal immune system cannot recognize postmeiotic germ cell antigens, an overall 21 to 28% incidence of antisperm antibodies directed at these antigens has been reported preoperatively in prepubertal children with cryptorchidism and other inguinoscrotal anomalies. We investigated the prevalence of antisperm antibodies in these prepubertal patients before and after surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 82 prepubertal boys 0.6 to 13.2 years old, including 33 with unilateral cryptorchidism, 21 with inguinoscrotal anomalies and 28 who were normal. IgG, IgM and IgA antisperm antibodies were determined by the indirect Immunobead test. Serum testing was repeated 1 and 2 years postoperatively and annually for 2 more years in the normal children. Also sera from 183 infertile men 21 to 47 years old with a history of cryptorchidism and/or inguinal hernia operated on in childhood were similarly studied. RESULTS: Of the adults 70 (39%) tested IgG positive, including 12 (7%) who were also IgA positive, and all tested IgM negative. Repeat measurements were negative for all IgG, IgA and IgM isotypes in all children, patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that there are no antibodies to sperm surface antigens in prepubertal children with cryptorchidism and inguinoscrotal anomalies before and within 2 years after surgery. Autoimmunity against postmeiotic sperm membrane antigens is apparent in adults only.