老年非心脏手术围手术期心血管并发症危险因素分析

目的　探讨非心脏手术围手术期心血管并发症的影响因素。方法　将 1988年至 1997年住院的 6 0岁至 99岁大中型非心脏手术患者 16 5 8例分为心血管并发症组和无心血管并发症组 ,对比分析两组年龄、性别、手术类型、内科主要疾病史等对围手术期心血管并发症的影响 ,并探讨其发生的时间分布。结果　 2 72例心血管并发症中 80 %以上发生在术中及术后 72h以内。心血管并发症组平均年龄 (6 9± 6 )岁 ,无心血管并发症组 (6 7± 6 )岁(P <0 .0 1)。与无心血管并发症相比 ,心血管并发症组年龄≥ 70岁、男性、急诊手术、肺叶切除术、前列腺摘除术多。心血管并发症组心血管疾病及其他内科疾病史及体征 ,特别是患有两种以上心血管疾病及其他内科疾病者较无心血管并发症组显著增多 (38.6 %比 18.6 %和 5 7.4 %比 32 .0 % ,P <0 .0 0 1)。结论　年龄、性别、手术类型、心血管和其他内科病史及体征 ,尤其是患有两种以上心血管及其他内科病是老年非心脏手术围手术期心血管并发症发生的主要危险因素。术中、术后 72h内是心血管并发症的高发期 ,应严密监测 ,积极防治。     

Physician estimates of perioperative cardiac risk in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery

BACKGROUND: We know little about how physicians assess perioperative cardiac risk in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate preoperative medical consultations and determine the extent to which consultants used validated cardiac risk indices and specialized noninvasive cardiac tests, and to assess agreement between physician ratings of cardiac risk (low, moderate, or high) and risk estimates derived using validated cardiac risk indices or, in the case of vascular surgery, a risk index. METHODS: This observational study was conducted at 5 Canadian teaching hospitals affiliated with 2 universities. We retrospectively evaluated 308 preoperative consultations performed in 297 patients and examined the frequency with which consultants recorded the use of validated cardiac risk indices. We used K statistics to quantify the extent to which physician ratings of cardiac risk agreed with risk estimates derived using validated cardiac risk indices. RESULTS: Physicians recorded use of a risk index in 31% of the consultations, but the index used was almost always the suboptimal classification of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. The agreement between physician estimates of cardiac risk and the validated cardiac risk indices was only fair, with a weighted K of 0.38 (95% confidence interval, 0.28-0.49). Overestimation and underestimation of cardiac risk occurred in 16% and 13% of the consultations, respectively. Consultants did not order dipyridamole thallium imaging or dobutamine stress echocardiography for any moderate-risk patients undergoing vascular surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians underuse validated cardiac risk indices, and the agreement between the cardiac risk estimates and risk as determined by validated cardiac indices is suboptimal. Physicians are also underusing dipyridamole thallium imaging and dobutamine stress echocardiography for moderate-risk patients undergoing vascular surgery.     

Aortic stenosis: an underestimated risk factor for perioperative complications in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery

PURPOSE: To determine the incidence of perioperative events in patients with aortic stenosis undergoing noncardiac surgery. METHODS: We studied 108 patients with moderate (mean gradient, 25 to 49 mm Hg) or severe (mean gradient, > or =50 mm Hg) aortic stenosis and 216 controls who underwent noncardiac surgery between 1991 and 2000 at Erasmus Medical Center. Controls were selected based on calendar year and type of surgery. Details of clinical risk factors, type of surgery, and perioperative management were retrieved from medical records. The main outcome measure was the composite of perioperative mortality and nonfatal myocardial infarction. RESULTS: There was a significantly higher incidence of the composite endpoint in patients with aortic stenosis than in patients without aortic stenosis (14% [15/108] vs. 2% [4/216], P <0.001). This rate of perioperative complications was also substantially higher in patients with severe aortic stenosis compared with patients with moderate aortic stenosis (31% [5/16] vs. 11% [10/92], P = 0.04). After adjusting for cardiac risk factors, aortic stenosis remained a strong predictor of the composite endpoint (odds ratio = 5.2; 95% confidence interval: 1.6 to 17.0). CONCLUSION: Aortic stenosis is a risk factor for perioperative mortality and nonfatal myocardial infarction, and the severity of aortic stenosis is highly predictive of these complications.     

Perioperative sublingual isosorbide dinitrate for the prevention of cardiac complications in cardiac patients undergoing noncardiac surgery

One hundred fifty-two consecutive patients with a known or suspected diagnosis of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease were administered 5 mg sublingual isosorbide dinitrate 2 hours and (1/2) hour preoperatively and every 4 hours postoperatively for 3 days, for the prevention of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, which could result from various noncardiac surgical procedures; 125 patients received general anesthesia. Cardiovascular complications occurred in 3 patients (1.9%). Two patients did not enter the study, owing to side effects of the medication (1.3%). The complications were 1 each (0.6%) of the following: atrial fibrillation, hypotension, and cardiac arrest. Mortality was 0%. These results are exceptionally favorable when compared to the average cardiovascular morbidity rate of 2.8% to 49% in patients assigned to various risk stratifications in the medical literature.     

Statins in perioperative prevention of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery

I would like to congratulate Liakopoulos et al.¹ on their excellentwork on the     

Impact of age on perioperative complications and length of stay in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery

BACKGROUND: Major surgical procedures are performed with increasing frequency in elderly persons, but the impact of age on resource use and outcomes is uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of age on perioperative cardiac and noncardiac complications and length of stay in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Urban academic medical center. PATIENTS: Consecutive sample of 4315 patients 50 years of age or older who underwent nonemergent major noncardiac procedures. MEASUREMENTS: Major perioperative complications (cardiac and noncardiac), in-hospital mortality, and length of stay. RESULTS: Major perioperative complications occurred in 4.3% (44 of 1015) of patients 59 years of age or younger, 5.7% (93 of 1646) of patients 60 to 69 years of age, 9.6% (129 of 1341) of patients 70 to 79 years of age, and 12.5% (39 of 313) of patients 80 years of age or older (P < 0.001). In-hospital mortality was significantly higher in patients 80 years of age or older than in those younger than 80 years of age (0.7% vs. 2.6%, respectively). Multivariate analyses indicated an increased odds ratio for perioperative complications or in-hospital mortality in patients 70 to 79 years of age (1.8 [95% CI, 1.2 to 2.7]) and those 80 years of age or older (OR, 2.1 [CI, 1.2 to 3.6]) compared with patients 50 to 59 years of age. Patients 80 years of age or older stayed an average of 1 day more in the hospital, after adjustment for other clinical data (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Elderly patients had a higher rate of major perioperative complications and mortality after noncardiac surgery and a longer length of stay, but even in patients 80 years of age or older, mortality was low.     

Association between cardiac and noncardiac complications in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: outcomes and effects on length of stay

PURPOSE: To determine the relation between cardiac and noncardiac complications and their effects on length of stay in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. METHODS: We collected detailed information from the history, physical examination, and preoperative tests of 3970 patients aged > or =50 years who were undergoing major noncardiac procedures. Serial electrocardiograms and cardiac enzyme measurements were performed perioperatively, and cardiac and noncardiac complications were recorded prospectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between cardiac and noncardiac complications, and linear regression was used to assess their effects on length of stay. RESULTS: Cardiac complications occurred in 84 patients (2%), and noncardiac complications developed in 510 patients (13%). Both types of complications occurred in 40 patients (1%). The most common cardiac complications were pulmonary edema (n = 42) and myocardial infarction (n = 41). The most common noncardiac complications were wound infection (n = 291), confusion (n = 87), respiratory failure requiring intubation (n = 62), deep venous thrombosis (n = 48), and bacterial pneumonia (n = 46). Patients with cardiac complications were more likely to suffer a noncardiac complication than were those without cardiac complications, even after adjustment for preoperative clinical factors (odds ratio = 6.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.9 to 10.6). Mean length of stay was markedly increased in patients who experienced cardiac (11 days; 95% CI: 9 to 12 days) or noncardiac (11 days; 95% CI: 10 to 12 days) complications, or both (15 days; 95% CI: 12 to 18 days), as compared with patients without complications (4 days; 95% CI: 3 to 4 days), even after adjustment for procedure type and clinical factors. CONCLUSION: Cardiac and noncardiac complications were strongly linked in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Patients who experienced one type of complication were at increased risk of developing the other type of complication as well as prolonged perioperative length of stay.     

Usefulness of tissue Doppler echocardiography to predict perioperative cardiac events in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery

Guidelines have not recommended routine echocardiography to predict perioperative cardiac events (PCE). We aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of tissue Doppler echocardiography-derived E/E′ for risk stratification before noncardiac surgery. We reviewed 445 consecutive patients with cardiovascular diseases who had undergone tissue Doppler echocardiography before noncardiac surgery. The revised cardiac risk index (RCRI) was assessed from clinical records. After excluding patients who could not have E/E′ measurements, 200 patients were further analyzed. PCEs included death, arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, heart failure and deferred surgery. Eleven patients developed PCEs. E/E′ was significantly higher in patients with PCE (18.4?±?5.8 vs. 12.2?±?4.5, p?<?0.0005). Multivariate analysis showed E/E′ (odds ratio 1.2, p?<?0.007) and RCRI (OR 4.8; 95%, p?<?0.006) were independent predictors of PCE. E/E′ appeared to be useful in perioperative risk stratification among patients with cardiovascular diseases undergoing noncardiac surgery.     

Prospective evaluation of cardiac risk indices for patients undergoing noncardiac surgery

BACKGROUND: Prediction of perioperative cardiac complications is important in the medical management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Several indices have been developed to aid prediction, but their performance has not been systematically compared. OBJECTIVE: To compare four existing methods for predicting perioperative cardiac risk. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Two teaching hospitals in London, Ontario, Canada. PATIENTS: 2,035 patients referred for medical consultation before elective or urgent noncardiac surgery. MEASUREMENTS: Myocardial infarction, unstable angina, acute pulmonary edema, or death. The indices were compared by examining the areas under their respective receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS: Cardiac complications occurred in 6.4% of patients. The area under the ROC curve was 0.625 (95% CI, 0.575 to 0.676) for the American Society of Anesthesiologists index, 0.642 (CI, 0.588 to 0.695) for the Goldman index, 0.601 (CI, 0.544 to 0.657) for the modified Detsky index, and 0.654 (0.601 to 0.708) for the Canadian Cardiovascular Society index. These values did not significantly differ. CONCLUSIONS: Existing indices for prediction of cardiac complications perform better than chance, but no index is significantly superior. There is room for improvement in our ability to predict such complications.     

Coronary risk assessment in the management of patients undergoing noncardiac vascular surgery

Patients scheduled for noncardiac vascular surgery are at significant risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality due to underlying symptomatic or asymptomatic coronary artery disease. This review will give an overview of current preoperative cardiac risk assessment strategies for patients undergoing noncardiac vascular surgery. Clinical cardiac risk scores are useful tools for the simple identification of patients with an increased perioperative cardiac risk. These risk scores include factors as age, history of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular events, diabetes mellitus, and renal dysfunction. Based on these cardiac risk scores further cardiac testing might be warranted in patients at increased risk. Recent developments in laboratory tests, noninvasive cardiac imaging, cardiac stress testing, and invasive cardiac imaging in the preoperative work-up of vascular surgical patients are reviewed.