含钙、氟的漱口液对唾液和菌斑中氟浓度的影响

目的:测定正常人应用加入钙离子的含氟漱口液漱口后菌斑和唾液中的氟离子浓度,并探讨其防龋作用。方法:成人自愿者15名,使用0.2%NaF 2?Cl2漱口液漱口1min,分别收集漱口后1h和2h的唾液和菌斑,用氟离子选择性电极测定氟离子浓度,并与基线水平以及0.2%NaF漱口液相比较。结果:两种漱口液漱口后1h和2h,牙菌斑及唾液中氟浓度较基线水平有显著性增高(P<0.05),尤其是0.2%NaF 2?Cl2漱口液差异较明显。结论:在相同的氟离子浓度条件下,加入钙离子的含氟漱口液可以增加菌斑和唾液中的氟离子释放,延长了氟作用时间,提高防龋效果。     

粘贴含氟正畸托槽后菌斑和唾液中氟离子的变化

目的 测定粘贴含氟正畸托槽后,口腔内菌斑及唾液氟离子浓度的变化,探讨采用含氟正畸托槽预防牙釉质脱矿的意义.方法 选择10名志愿者,口腔内粘贴含氟正畸托槽.用离子选择性氟电极测定口腔内菌斑及唾液氟离子浓度,并与粘贴托槽前的基线水平相比较.结果 粘贴含氟正畸托槽后,菌斑及唾液中氟浓度均升高,唾液氟浓度持续3天高于基线水平,...     

含氟牙膏刷牙后菌斑和唾液中氟离子浓度的变化

目的 :测定正常人使用含氟牙膏刷牙后 ,菌斑及唾液中氟离子浓度 ,并探讨其对龋病预防的意义。方法 :选择 16名自愿者 ,用离子选择性氟电极测定含氟牙膏刷牙后 2小时菌斑及唾液中氟离子浓度 ,并与基线水平相比较。结果 :含氟牙膏刷牙后 2小时 ,牙菌斑及唾液中氟浓度分别为 5 1.5 5± 14.15 μg/g菌斑湿重和 13.36± 3.81μmol/L ,较基线水平有显著性提高 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :用含氟牙膏刷牙后使菌斑和唾液达到并维持的氟浓度 ,尤其是菌斑中氟浓度 ,可有效地抑制菌斑细菌的糖酵解过程 ,从而起到预防龋病发生的作用     

四种方式局部用氟对牙菌斑产酸力的影响

目的探讨氟化物对含漱糖溶液后菌斑产酸力的影响，以期为合理、正确使用氟制剂防治龋齿提供实验依据。方法采用4种局部用氟方式，分别为含氟牙膏刷牙，含氟牙膏刷牙加每天1次0.05％氟化钠漱口液含漱，含氟牙膏刷牙加每周1次0．2％氟化钠漱口液含漱，含氟牙膏刷牙加试验时即刻使用0．2％氟化钠漱口液含漱。采用微型pH电极接触法检测使用氟化物后菌斑pH在含漱蔗糖溶液后1h内的变化；同时用分光光度计法检测菌斑内变形链球菌的含量。结果只有当含漱蔗糖的同时给予氟化物才能有效抑制菌斑pH下降，在含漱后各时间点菌斑pH均未发生明显变化，维持在6，0以上；而其他方式用氟后菌斑pH仍可下降至临界值5.5以下；4种用氟方式对菌斑内变形链球菌的含量无明显影响。结论氟化物可抑制菌斑内的产酸代谢活动，但这种抑制作用受菌斑内氟离子浓度的影响；在含漱糖溶液的同时给予氟可有效地抑制菌斑内酸的形成，降低菌斑的产酸力。     

使用不同氟制剂后菌斑氟浓度的动态变化

目的 通过测定志愿者使用不同氟制剂后菌斑氟浓度，观察Fluor Protector，Bilfluoride，0．2％NaF漱口水，1．23％APF泡沫四种氟制剂使用后，氟在口腔菌斑中的动态变化，了解不同剂型的氟制剂在口腔中的释放情况，为临床选择有效的氟制剂提供实验依据。方法 选择56名志愿者，用离子选择性氟电极测定使用四种氟制剂后1、3、7天菌斑氟浓度，并与基线水平相比较。结果 无论是使用哪种类型的氟制剂，菌斑氟浓度都显著提高，0．2％NaF漱口水，1．23％APF泡沫只在第一天时高于基线，Fluor Protector和Bilfluoride在第一天、第三天都高于基线，Bilfluoride在第七天时仍然高于基线。结论 作为缓释制剂的双氟漆和氟保护漆延长了氟在菌斑中的停留时间，使氟的清除速度降低，这有利于防龋作用的发挥。     

木糖醇加锌漱口液对牙菌斑pH值影响的实验研究

目的:对比含锌漱口液、木糖醇加锌漱口液以后对含漱蔗糖溶液后菌斑pH值变化的影响,从菌斑代谢角度探讨木糖醇的抗龋机制。方法:采用微型pH电极接触法,原位测定含锌和含木糖醇加锌漱口液 30、60、120min后,含漱蔗糖溶液 1h内的菌斑pH值变化。结果:使用含锌漱口液 60min后,仍可以抑制细菌糖代谢产酸;而用含锌和木糖醇的溶液可以持续发挥抑制作用达 120min。结论:含锌的木糖醇溶液具有抑制牙菌斑细菌糖代谢产酸的能力,在相同的锌离子浓度下,含锌和木糖醇溶液比单纯含锌溶液的抑制细菌代谢产酸力强,并且作用的时间也明显延长,这可能是两者共同作用的结果。     

使用不同氟制剂后唾液游离氟浓度的变化

目的　观测志愿者使用不同氟制剂后唾液游离氟浓度的动态变化 ,探讨各种氟制剂对唾液游离氟浓度的影响 ,为临床选择有效的氟制剂提供依据。方法　 4 0名志愿者 ,采用离子选择性氟电极测定使用氟保护漆(FluorProtector)、双氟漆、0 .2 %NaF漱口水、1.2 3%APF泡沫 4种氟制剂前后 0 .2 5、0 .5、1、2、6、2 4小时唾液游离氟的浓度 ,并与基线水平相比较。结果　各种氟制剂使用后 ,唾液氟浓度均迅速提高 ,以后降低。FluorProtector和0 .2 %NaF漱口水 2小时 ,1.2 3%APF泡沫和双氟漆 6小时唾液氟浓度回到基线水平 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;双氟漆在 2 4小时又显著高于基线 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,在唾液中停留的时间最长 ;FluorProtector 6小时氟浓度升高 ,与其它各组水平相当。结论　双氟漆和氟保护漆延长了氟在唾液中的停留时间 ,使唾液氟的清除速度降低 ,有利于防龋作用的发挥。     

氟化物涂膜后唾液氟浓度的变化

目的 观察并比较使用氟化物涂膜及氟化钠溶液后，唾液中氟离子浓度的变化。方法 选取20例5岁儿童。随机分为氟化钠涂膜组和氟化钠溶液组，每组10例。使用氟化物前及使用后0．25h、0．5h、lh、2h、6h、12h、24h分别留取非刺激性全唾液，唾液离心后用氟离子选择电极法测定唾液中的氟离子浓度。结果 使用氟化钠涂膜后0．25h、0．5h、lh、2h、6h，唾液中氟离子浓度高于用氟前；使用后0．5—6h，唾液中氟离子浓度高于使用氟化钠溶液组。结论 氟化钠涂膜与氟化钠溶液相比。能延长氟化物和牙釉质接触的时间和浓度。     

茶对菌斑和唾液中氟含量的作用

目的探讨茶源性氟对菌斑和唾液的影响。方法采用氟离子复合电极测定茶浸液中氟溶出量和饮茶者及非饮茶者菌斑和唾液中的氟浓度。结果档次低的茶叶氟含量高。菌斑氟含量：饮茶者高于不饮茶者；饮茶３周末时高于２周末时；饮高氟茶者显著高于饮低氟茶者（Ｐ＜０．０５）。唾液氟含量：不饮茶者较稳定；饮茶者略高于不饮茶者；饮高氟茶者略高于饮低氟茶者。饮茶者唾液氟２周末时升高，３周末时又下降。结论菌斑能够储留氟，唾液可能受外界氟的瞬时影响较大，无储留氟的能力。     

2种含氟窝沟封闭剂氟释放的体外研究

目的:观察和比较2种含氟窝沟封闭剂在人工唾液中的释氟情况.方法:将2种含氟窝沟封闭剂各制备5个6 mm×1.5 mm的盘状标本,浸入12 mL人工唾液中,恒温37℃.采用氟离子选择性电极法,分别于第1、2、3、7、14、21、28、35天测定2种窝沟封闭剂氟离子的释放量.结果:2种含氟窝沟封闭剂均在第1天的氟释放量最高,然后1周内急剧降低,在14～35 d内维持于稳定水平.在各时间点,玻璃离子封闭剂氟释放量均高于含氟树脂封闭剂,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论:新型含氟树脂窝沟封闭剂与玻璃离子封闭剂均能够作为氟库在一定时间内持续缓慢地向周围液体环境释放氟离子,对于窝沟封闭剂的防龋性能可能具有潜在的增强作用.     

Fluoride in plaque fluid, plaque, and saliva measured for 2 hours after a sodium fluoride monofluorophosphate rinse

Sodium monofluorophosphate (NaMFP) and sodium fluoride (NaF) are the two most common sources of fluoride used in currently marketed fluoride dentifrices. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mouth rinses containing NaF or NaMFP on the concentrations of fluoride, or the MFP ion, in saliva, whole plaque, and plaque fluid. Twelve subjects abstained from tooth brushing for 48 h, fasted overnight, and then rinsed 1 min with 12 mmol/l (228 ppm [microg/g] F) NaF or NaMFP in the morning. Before the rinse and at 30, 60 and 120 min afterwards, upper and lower molar and premolar plaque samples and whole saliva samples were collected. Aliquots of plaque fluid and centrifuged saliva were obtained from these samples, and the whole plaque residue acid extracted. The F and MFP concentrations were then measured in these samples using ultramicro methods. For both rinses, a higher concentration of plaque fluid fluoride was found at lower molar sites while the reverse was true for the whole plaque fluoride. Furthermore, for both rinses, plaque fluid, whole plaque, but not salivary, fluoride concentrations were above baseline at 120 min. Following the NaMFP rinse, a substantial amount of unhydrolyzed MFP was found in plaque fluid and saliva. Although there was a very large range in these measurements, fluoride in plaque fluid (excluding fluoride in unhydrolyzed MFP) and whole plaque were significantly (p<0.05) greater after the NaF rinse at all time periods. In saliva, the NaF rinse produced a statistically significant greater salivary fluoride (excluding fluoride in unhydrolyzed MFP) only at 60 min. The lack of a clear correlation between these measurements and clinical studies suggest a novel mechanism may enhance the effectiveness of NaMFP dentifrices.     

Fluoride concentrations in saliva and dental plaque in young children after intake of fluoridated milk

This study determined fluoride (F) concentrations in whole saliva and dental plaque after intake of fluoridated milk using a randomised crossover experimental design. Eighteen healthy children (6-8 years) were subjected to each of four different 3-day drinking regimens: (a) 200 ml F-free tap water; (b) 200 ml tap water with 1.0 mg F; (c) 200 ml standard milk, and (d) 200 ml standard milk with 1.0 mg F. A washout period of 7 days was organised between the different drinking regimens. All children used F-free toothpaste prior to and during the trial and were instructed to avoid F-rich food and drinks. F concentration in unstimulated whole saliva was determined at baseline and after 15 and 120 min and in plaque samples at baseline and after 2 h. The mean baseline values ranged from 0.01 to 0.02 mg F/l in saliva and between 10.4 and 14.2 mg F/l in dental plaque. A statistically significant (p < 0.05) increase of F was disclosed in saliva 15 min after drinking F-containing milk and water (0.052 and 0.058 mg F/l, respectively). After 2 h, the salivary F(-) concentrations were back to baseline values. In the plaque, however, a statistically significant (p < 0.01) twofold increase was found at 2 h after the intake of fluoridated milk and water, respectively. The results indicate that consumption of fluoridated milk contributes to a F storing process with significantly elevated F concentrations in dental plaque up to 2 h after intake. Further studies are required to determine the 'therapeutic concentration' of F in dental plaque after intake of fluoridated milk.     

Fluoride in plaque fluid and saliva after NaF or MFP rinses

A micro-analytic method, capable of measuring the fluoride concentration in 5 nl of plaque fluid, was used to follow changes in fluoride concentration in saliva and plaque fluid at 6 single tooth-sites in 6 subjects for 180 min after a 0.048 M fluoride rinse as a NaF or MFP (sodium monoftuorophosphate) solution. The maximum fluoride concentrations in saliva after NaF was 13 × higher than with MFP. About 5% of the total amount of fluoride following the 20 ml NaF rinse was retained in the oral cavity. The corresponding figure following MFP was < 1%. The saliva/plaque fluid fluoride ratios for upper molars and lower incisors were significantly higher than for the upper incisors and lower molars. There was a tendency for a decline in the ratios with respect to time for all sites. To characterize the plaque fluid fluoride intra-oral single-site distribution and clearance, fluoride concentration versus time (AUC) was calculated from 10 to 60 min after a rinse. The NaF AUC followed the order: upper incisor, lower molar, upper molar and lower incisors reflecting a different exposure and clearance pattern due to the different access of the plaque to saliva. The MFP AUC values varied more, but were all significantly lower than the NaF AUC values. Analysis of plaque fluid fluoride curves at various sites revealed an exponential decline in most cases. With NaF, the baseline plaque fluid fluoride levels were not reached within 3 h. It is concluded that NaF solutions result in a significantly higher intra-oral fluoride exposure than MFP solutions. The fluoride distribution and clearance of fluoride from different sites in the oral cavity are linked to salivary access to these sites. These site-specific differences may have clinical consequences with regard to the dynamics of fluoride in the de- and remineralization processes.     

Xylitol concentration in saliva and dental plaque after use of various xylitol-containing products

The study consisted of two sets of experiments, one in saliva and one in dental plaque. The xylitol concentration in saliva was determined enzymatically in 12 children (mean age 11.5 years) after a standardised use of various xylitol products: (A) chewing gums (1.3 g xylitol), (B) sucking tablets (0.8 g xylitol), (C) candy tablets (1.1 g xylitol), (D) toothpaste (0.1 g xylitol), (E) rinse (1.0 g xylitol), and (F) a non-xylitol paraffin. Unstimulated saliva was sampled 1, 3, 8, 16 and 30 min after use. The concentration in dental plaque was determined after mouthrinses with contrasting amounts of xylitol (LX = 2.0 g, HX = 6.0 g, and control) and supragingival plaque was collected and pooled after 5, 15 and 30 min. The mean xylitol concentration in saliva at baseline was approximately 0.1 mg/ml. All xylitol-containing products resulted in significantly increased levels (p < 0.05) immediately after intake and remained elevated for 8-16 min in the different groups. The highest mean value in saliva was obtained immediately after use of chewing gums (33.7 +/- 16.4 mg/ml) and the lowest was demonstrated after using toothpaste (8.2 +/- 4.9 mg/ml). No significant differences were demonstrated between chewing gums (A), sucking tablets (B), candy (C) and rinses (E). In dental plaque, the mean values were 8.6 +/- 5.4 and 5.1 +/- 4.0 mg/ml 5 min after HX and LX rinses. Concerning the higher concentration, the values remained significantly elevated (p < 0.05) during the entire 30-min follow-up. In conclusion, commonly advocated xylitol-containing products gave elevated concentrations of xylitol in unstimulated whole saliva and dental plaque for at least 8 min after intake.     

Fluoride concentration in supragingival dental plaque after a single intake or habitual consumption of fluoridated milk

The aim of this study was to evaluate the fluoride concentration in supragingival dental plaque after single and repeated intakes of fluoridated milk. The study group consisted of 22 schoolchildren, young adults and adults of both sexes, 8-41 years of age. After a 2-week fluoride depletion period and 3 days of plaque accumulation, 200 ml of fluoridated milk (1g F) was ingested along with a standardized lunch meal. Plaque samples were collected immediately before the intake and after 30, 120 and 240 min. From the adult participants (n = 9), additional samples were colleted after 12 and 18 h. After a fluoride-free washout period of at least 2 weeks, the whole experimental procedure was repeated after 4 consecutive daily intakes of fluoridated milk. The fluoride concentration was determined after micro-diffusion with a fluoride selective electrode. The results showed a statistically significant 3-fold increase of the plaque fluoride levels up to 4 h after the intake. At 12 and 18 h after the intake, the recorded levels went gradually back to baseline. There was no significant difference between the fluoride concentrations in the supragingival plaque after the single intake compared with the repeated intakes. In conclusion, the findings support the suggestion that milk is a suitable vehicle for local fluoride administration into the oral cavity, also when consumed together with a meal.     

Fluoride kinetics in saliva after the use of a fluoride-containing chewing gum

There is a relationship between the use of fluoride, the reduction of dental caries and the increase of dental fluorosis. The purpose of this study was to analyze the fluoride kinetics in saliva after using the Happydent chewing gum, which contains 3.38 mg of fluoride as monofluorophosphate. Fifteen 7-9-year-old volunteers were instructed to chew the gum Trident (control) and Happydent on different days. Total saliva was collected for 3 minutes, at 0, 3, 6, 9, 15, 30 and 45 minutes after starting chewing. Salivary fluoride was analyzed with a fluoride-specific electrode (Orion 96-09) after acid hydrolysis. The data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and by Tukeys post hoc test (p < 0.05). The mean amounts +/- sd (mg) of fluoride released in saliva were 0.276 +/- 0.126 and 0.024 +/- 0.014 for Happydent and Trident respectively. The fluoride amount in the saliva samples after the use of Happydent was significantly higher than after the use of Trident in all experimental periods, except after 30 and 45 minutes. The high fluoride presence in saliva after the use of Happydent may be significant to prevent dental caries and this should be evaluated in clinical researches. On the other hand, children at an age of risk for dental fluorosis should avoid the use of Happydent.     

Fluoride in the oral environment

A predominant part of the cariostatic activity of fluoride is a function of its concentration in the fluid environment of the teeth. The fluoride exposure results in a slightly elevated steady-state level of fluoride in the oral fluids, primarily in saliva and plaque fluid. So far, however, little is known about the intra-oral fluoride concentration necessary to achieve a cariostatic effect at the site of action. Following fluoride intake, the fluoride remaining in the oral cavity is diluted by the saliva pool. The remaining fluoride may be found in several compartments in the oral cavity. It may be ionized in saliva, ionized in plaque (plaque fluid), bound in plaque, bound as calcium fluoride, bound to enamel, and bound to soft tissues. Fluoride is also distributed to the oral tissues and into the dental plaque by diffusion. It is well established that plaque, after fluoride exposure, becomes a fluoride reservoir which stores for some time and releases fluoride. The present review gives an insight into the important parameters that determine the disposition and fate of fluoride in the oral environment. To achieve in-depth understanding, and hence formulation of the optimal fluoride therapy, more information is needed to consolidate our understanding of the distribution, retention, and elimination of fluoride in the oral cavity. Such knowledge will form a better basis for providing our patients with more effective dental fluoride products and regimens.     

Fluoride concentration in supragingival dental plaque after a single intake or habitual consumption of fluoridated milk

The aim of this study was to evaluate the fluoride concentration in supragingival dental plaque after single and repeated intakes of fluoridated milk. The study group consisted of 22 schoolchildren, young adults and adults of both sexes, 8-41 years of age. After a 2-week fluoride depletion period and 3 days of plaque accumulation, 200 ml of fluoridated milk (1g F) was ingested along with a standardized lunch meal. Plaque samples were collected immediately before the intake and after 30, 120 and 240 min. From the adult participants (n = 9) additional samples were collected after 12 and 18 h. After a fluoride-free washout period of at least 2 weeks, the whole experimental procedure was repeated after 4 consecutive daily intakes of fluoridated milk. The fluoride concentration was determined after micro-diffusion with a fluoride selective electrode. The results showed a statistically significant 3-fold increase of the plaque fluoride levels up to 4 h after the intake. At 12 and 18 h after the intake, the recorded levels went gradually back to baseline. There was no significant difference between the fluoride concentrations in the supragingival plaque after the single intake compared with the repeated intakes. In conclusion, the findings support the suggestion that milk is a suitable vehicle for local fluoride administration into the oral cavity, also when consumed together with a meal.