气相色谱法测定培美曲塞二钠中溶剂残留

建立气相色谱法分析培美曲塞二钠中溶剂残留。采用HP-1毛细管柱,以苯为内标进行定量。甲醇、二氯甲烷、乙醇、醋酸乙酯的线性范围分别为10.02~50.10μg.ml-1(r=0.9996),4.12~20.6μg.ml-1(r=0.9990),15.08~75.40μg.ml-1(r=0.9990),15.13~75.65μg.ml-1(r=0.9990),回收率分别为100.10%,100.25%,101.00%,100.93%,RSD分别为0.8%,1.3%,0.6%,0.9%。本方法简单、准确、灵敏度高、重现性好。     

卡马西平中残留溶剂的研究

目的:用气相色谱的顶空进样法建立卡马西平中的残留溶剂氯苯、甲醇和乙醇的测定方法.方法:使用配置顶空进样器的气相色谱仪,采用HP-INNOWAX(交联聚乙二醇),30m×0.32mm×0.25μm色谱拄,以氮气为载气,FID检测器,顶空进样.通过外标法计算残留溶剂的含量.结果:卡马西平中有残留溶剂甲醇、乙醇检出.标准曲线的线性范围:氯苯为0.07～3.62μg·mL-1(r=0.9992),甲醇为0.60～30.1μg·mL-1(r=0.9978),乙醇为1.00～50.08μg·mL-1(r=0.9986),定量限氯苯为0.1μg·mL-1,甲醇为0.7μg·mL-1,乙醇为0.4μg·mL-1;平均回收率氯苯为99.12%(RSD=2.52%,n=6),甲醇为97.51%(RSD=4.31%,n=6),乙醇为98.52%(RSD=3.12%,n=6).结论:本方法简便,灵敏度高,重复性好,结果准确.     

顶空气相色谱法测定硝酸芬替康唑原料药中有机溶剂残留量

目的：：建立测定硝酸芬替原料药中二氯甲烷、甲醇和乙醇3种有机溶剂残留量的分析方法。方法：采用毛细管气相色谱法,色谱柱：OV-1301毛细管色谱柱(30 m ×0.53 mm,3.0μm),检测器：FID;检测器温度：250℃;进样器温度：200℃;载气：氮气;顶空进样。结果：在上述色谱条件下,二氯甲烷、甲醇和乙醇分别在2.436~21.924μg·ml-1(r=0.9988),12.268~110.412μg·ml-1(r=0.9995),20.052~180.468μg·ml-1(r=0.9969)质量浓度范围内线性关系良好。平均回收率分别为99.30%(RSD=2.36%,n=9),100.21%(RSD=1.07%, n=9),100.15%(RSD=1.27%, n=9)。结论：该检测方法灵敏、准确、可靠,可用于硝酸芬替康唑原料药的质量控制。     

顶空气相色谱法测定溴吡斯的明原料药中的残留溶剂

目的采用顶空气相色谱法测定溴吡斯的明原料药中的残留溶剂。方法色谱柱为PEG-20M(38 mm×0.25mm,0.32μm),氢火焰离子化检测器,载气为氮气,进样口温度为200℃,检测器温度为250℃。柱温为程序升温:初始温度50℃,保持5 min,再以10℃.min-1的速率升温至150℃,保持5 min,顶空条件:顶空平衡温度80℃,平衡时间30 min。结果该方法中溴吡斯的明的残留溶剂得到了较好的分离与测定。丙酮在0.25~0.75 mg.mL-1,乙醇在0.25~0.75 mg.mL-1,甲苯在0.044 5~0.133 5 mg.mL1线性关系良好,相关系数分别为0.999 2、0.998 2、0.995 6。丙酮、乙醇和甲苯的精密度(RSD)分别为3.2%、2.8%、4.1%(n=6),回收率分别为100.5%(RSD=4.6%)、98.4%(RSD=5.5%)和101.2%(RSD=3.7%)(n=6)。结论该方法可用于溴吡斯的明原料药中的残留溶剂测定。     

顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定盐酸丁卡因原料药中的残留溶剂

目的:建立了顶空毛细管气相色谱法同时测定盐酸丁卡因原料药中乙醇、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、溴丁烷、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺等5种残留溶剂的分析方法。方法:采用Agilent DB-624毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.53 mm×3.0μm),FID检测器,二甲基亚砜(DMSO)为溶剂。结果:5种残留溶剂在各自的浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.99882~0.99994,n=8),最低检出限范围为1.2~112μg.g-1;5种残留溶剂检测的日间稳定性(以RSD)计)为0.5%~2.2%(n=3),3种加标浓度的平均添加回收率为94.9%~105.6%(RSD为0.6%~3.4%,n=3)。结论:本方法简单、灵敏、可靠,适用于盐酸丁卡因原料药中残留溶剂的分析检测。     

HPLC测定安乃近片中的安乃近和4-N-去甲安乃近

目的采用HPLC法同时测定安乃近片中的安乃近及4-N-去甲安乃近。方法采用Shim-pack VP C18色谱柱(150mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸(45:55:0.5),检测波长251 nm。结果安乃近和4-N-去甲安乃近的线性范围分别为2.00~100.20μg.ml-1(r=0.9999)、0.08~105.10μg.ml-1(r=0.9999)。平均回收率分别为100.07%、RSD=0.56%(n=6)和100.33%、RSD=0.75%(n=6)。结论所建方法快速、准确,能有效控制安乃近片的质量。     

气相色谱法测定非布索坦中残留有机溶剂的含量

目的建立非布索坦中4种有机溶剂残留量的分离测定方法。方法采用溶液直接进样气相色谱法,色谱柱为PEG-20M填充柱(2 m×3 mm),载气为氮气,以二甲基亚砜为溶剂,测定了非布索坦原料药中丙酮、乙酸乙酯、乙醇与N,N-二甲基甲酰胺的残留量。结果 4种有机溶剂完全分离,在所考察的浓度范围内线性关系良好,其中丙酮的线性范围在1.056~105.6μg.mL-1(r=0.999 8),乙酸乙酯的线性范围在1.028~102.8μg.mL-1(r=0.999 98),乙醇的线性范围在0.992~99.2μg.mL-1(r=0.999 8),N,N-二甲基甲酰胺的线性范围在0.361~36.1μg.mL-1(r=0.999 8)。各残留溶剂的精密度试验RSD均小于5%,平均回收率在97.75%~102.83%之间。结论本实验所建立的方法简便、灵敏、准确,可用于非布索坦中有机溶剂残留量的测定。     

顶空气相色谱法测定地西他滨中的有机溶剂残留量

目的:建立地西他滨中多种有机溶剂残留量的测定方法。方法:采用顶空气相色谱内标法,色谱柱为DB-624毛细管柱(30 m×0.53 mm,3.0μm),载气为氮气,氢火焰离子化检测器,柱温程序升温(初始柱温40℃平衡8 min,以25℃·min^-1的速率升温至200℃,平衡10 min,再以35℃·min^-1的速率降温至40℃,平衡2 min)。结果:4种组分甲醇、甲酸甲酯、乙腈、对甲基苯甲酸甲酯在此条件下能有效分离,线性范围分别为0.6094~314.8236μg·ml-1(r=0.9998)、0.1614~25.2360μg·ml^-1(r=0.9997)、0.5762~24.8868μg·ml-1(r=0.9996)、2.0304~25.5870μg·ml^-1(r=0.9987),平均回收率分别为102.4%(RSD=1.7%),104.0%(RSD=1.1%),99.7%(RSD=1.8%),101.3%(RSD=1.8%)(n=9),检测限(LOD)分别为:0.2742,0.0726,0.2593,0.9137μg·ml^-1。结论:该方法简单、准确、灵敏度高、重复性好,适合于地西他滨中残留溶剂的检测。     

毛细管气相色谱和HPLC法检测头孢美唑中的残留溶剂

目的 建立测定头孢美唑原料药中残留溶剂甲醇、乙醇、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、苯甲醚、N,N-二甲基苯胺的检测方法.方法 用Agilent HP-5毛细管气相色谱柱和氢焰离子化检测器,按顶空进样的方式同时测定了头孢美唑中甲醇、乙醇、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、苯甲醚的残留量.用高效液相色谱法,以甲醇-水(75:25)为流动相,检测波长254nm,测定头孢美唑中N,N-二甲基苯胺.结果 甲醇、乙醇、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、苯甲醚、N,N-二甲基苯胺的线性范围分别为121.5～607.5μg/mL(r=0.9997,n=5)、199.8～998.9μg/mL(r=0.9998,n=5)、199.5～1247.1μg/mL(r=0.9999,n=5)、15.6～125.2μg/mL(r=0.9993,n=6)、249.5～1247.7μg/mL(r=0.9993,n=5),0.096～0.256μg/mL(r=0.9995,,n=5);3种浓度的平均加样回收率(n=3)为91.34%～104.84%(RSD为1.2%～6.5%).结论 两种检测方法简单,可靠,可以用于头孢美唑原料药的质量控制.     

顶空气相色谱法测定盐酸依匹斯汀中溶剂残留

建立顶空气相色谱法分析盐酸依匹斯汀中溶剂残留.采用DB-1大口径毛细管柱,以正丙醇为内标进行定量.甲醇、乙醚、三氯甲烷、四氢呋喃的线性范围分别为7.9 ～ 317.0μg·ml-1 (r=0.9996),0.7～35.5μg·ml-1(r=0.9998),1.5～73.5μg·ml-1 (r=0.9992),0.9～44.4μg·ml-1(r=0.9994),回收率分别为101.64%,97.18%,99.32%,101.12%,RSD分别为1.97%,1.10%,2.40%,0.84%.本方法简单、准确、灵敏度高、重现性好.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.