肝素对RhoA/Rho激酶信号通路激活致心肌肥厚的影响

目的 探讨激活心肌细胞三磷酸肌醇受体(IP3R)是否能触发RhoA/Rho激酶介导的心肌肥厚信号通路及肝素的干预作用,阐明除经典信号传导通路之外的作用途径及干预方式. 方法 培养Wistar乳鼠心肌细胞,RT-PCR法检测应用三磷酸肌醇(IP3)刺激后RhoA、Rho激酶基因表达,Western blotting法检测IP3刺激后胚胎基因α-肌动蛋白(α-actin)、β主要组织相容性复合体(β-MHC)及即早基因(c-fos、c-myc)蛋白表达及肝素的干预作用. 结果 给予IP3(10-7mmol/L)刺激心肌细胞IP3R,能明显激活心肌细胞RhoA/Rho激酶信号通路,促使心肌细胞的即早基因和胚胎基因表达(P＜0.05),且随时间延长而作用明显,肝素可抑制上述作用(P＜0.05). 结论 激活IP3R介导的RhoA/Rho激酶信号通路能显著地促使心肌细胞肥大,此信号通路不同于已知的G蛋白耦联受体介导的心肌肥厚信号转导途径,且肝素有望成为抑制心肌细胞生长的药物之一.     

羟丁酸钠通过Rho / Rho 激酶信号通路减轻脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑损伤

目的:探讨羟丁酸钠通过Rho/Rho激酶信号通路对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑损伤的作用。方法:通过右侧血管内大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)构建局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型。造模前40 min腹腔给予50、100、200 mg/kg羟丁酸钠,1次/d,连续灌胃1周。尼莫地平组腹腔每天给予0.7 mg/kg尼莫地平,水仙环素组和给药高剂量+水仙环素组以相同方式每天给予10 mg/kg水仙环素。对照组和模型组大鼠注射等体积生理盐水。开场行为检测自发活动情况,T迷宫实验检测学习记忆能力,检测脑组织含水量,HE染色观察脑损伤,TUNEL染色检测脑细胞凋亡情况,qRT-PCR检查RhoA、Rho-kinaseα和Rho-kinaseβmRNA表达水平,Western blot检测cleaved caspase-3、 Bax、Bcl-2、RhoA、Rho-kinaseα和Rho-kinaseβ蛋白表达水平。结果:与模型组相比,给药高剂量组大鼠10 min内爬行经过的格子数目明显减少(P0.01),选择正确次数明显增多(P0.01),脑组织含水量明显减少(P0.01),脑组织细胞凋亡率明显减少(P0.01),脑组织cleaved caspase-3和Bax表达明显下调、Bcl-2表达明显上调(P0.01),脑组织RhoA、Rho-kinaseα和Rho-kinaseβmRNA表达水平明显下调(P0.01),给予Rho/Rho激酶信号通路激活剂水仙环素后,可逆转上述改变。结论:羟丁酸钠通过抑制Rho/Rho激酶信号通路减轻脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑损伤。     

TGFβ1，CTGF信号转导通路的变化在实验性小鼠肝纤维发生中的作用

 摘要：目的 探讨实验性肝纤维化小鼠肝组织中TGFβ1,CTGF信号转导通路的变化及意义。方法30只C57BL6/J小鼠随机分为正常对照组、肝纤维化模型组,采用10%的CCL4橄榄油腹腔注射诱导小鼠肝纤维化模型,对照组给予生理盐水灌胃,共造模8周。观察血清ALT、HA水平,HE染色、Masson染色观察肝组织炎症及纤维化程度,免疫组化法和RT-PCR法对肝组织α-SMA、TGFβ1、TGFβRⅡ、Smad3,Smad7,CTGF蛋白和mRNA水平进行检测,并与对照组肝组织进行比较。结果 模型组小鼠血清ALT及HA水平明显高于对照组;模型组小鼠肝组织α-SMA、TGFβ1、TGFβRII、Smad3、CTGF蛋白表达和TGFβ1、Smad3、CTGF mRNA表达明显高于对照组,而模型组肝组织Smad7蛋白和Smad7 mRNA表达较对照组小鼠显著降低。结论 TGFβ1和CTGF信号转导通路过度活化,Smad7表达和负调节TGFβ、CTGF信号转导通路的功能被抑制可能与肝纤维化的发生和发展密切相关。     

RhoA/Rho激酶在2型糖尿病大鼠肝脏纤维化中的作用

目的阐明RhoA/Rho激酶在糖尿病大鼠肝纤维化中的作用。方法通过高脂饮食和小剂量链脲佐菌素(STZ,30 mg/kg)腹腔注射建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型。实验分为对照组、糖尿病组和法舒地尔干预组(法舒地尔10 mg/(kg·d),分两次腹腔注射)24周末。测定血糖、血脂、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶;Masson染色和羟脯氨酸测定评估肝胶原沉积;RT-PCR测定转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)和结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)mRNA表达;免疫组化测定TGF-β1蛋白表达;Western blot测定肝组织肌球蛋白磷酸酯酶靶点亚单位1磷酸化(p-MYPT1)水平。结果与对照组比较,糖尿病组大鼠血糖、血脂和转氨酶显著增高,肝组织大量胶原沉积,p-MYPT1水平、TGF-β1与CTGF mRNA表达显著上调(P0.01)。与糖尿病组比较,法舒地尔干预组大鼠转氨酶降低,肝胶原沉积明显减轻,p-MYPT1水平、TGF-β1与CTGF mRNA表达显著下降(P0.01)。结论高血糖激活了肝组织RhoA/Rho激酶,通过调控TGF-β1/CTGF表达,在糖尿病肝纤维化中起着重要作用。     

PI3K/Akt信号通路及内质网应激在肝纤维化大鼠肝细胞凋亡中的作用

目的观察磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶/蛋白激酶(PI3K/Akt)信号通路及葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)、生长停滞及DNA损伤基因(CHOP/GADD153)在四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导的肝纤维化中的表达并探讨其可能的作用。方法将30只SD大鼠随机分为正常组、肝纤维化模型(皮下注射40%CCl4橄榄油溶液)4及8周组。HE染色法观察肝组织病理形态学;用real-time PCR技术检测肝脏内GRP78及CHOP mRNA的表达;用Western blot检测肝脏内PI3K/Akt信号通路中Akt1、磷酸化Akt1及内质网应激相关蛋白GRP78及CHOP的表达;用原位末端转移酶标记(TUNEL)检测细胞凋亡。结果与正常组大鼠比较,肝纤维化模型4及8周组大鼠肝脏内GRP78及CHOP mRNA和蛋白表达均明显升高(P0.05),而肝脏内Akt1和磷酸化Akt1蛋白的表达则较正常大鼠显著降低(P0.05);与正常组大鼠比较,肝纤维化模型4及8周组大鼠肝细胞凋亡显著升高(P0.05)。结论 PI3K/Akt信号通路及内质网应激可能在肝纤维化大鼠肝细胞凋亡中发挥了重要作用。     

卡维地洛与压力负荷心衰大鼠心室重塑和Rho激酶表达的关系

目的研究卡维地洛(α1肾上腺素受体阻断剂、β肾上腺素受体非选择性阻断剂)对升主动脉缩窄压力超负荷心力衰竭大鼠心室重塑、RhoA、Rho激酶表达的影响,探讨卡维地洛改善心力衰竭的新机制。方法将升主动脉缩窄术后心力衰竭Wistar雌性大鼠随机分为2组,一组为心力衰竭组,给予生理盐水灌胃,每日2次(n=10);一组为卡维地洛组,12.5mg/Kg卡维地洛灌胃,每日2次(n=10),治疗12周。同时制备模型设置假手术组作为对照(n=10),不予处置。观察各组大鼠各项指标变化。结果与假手术组相比,心力衰竭大鼠心肌肥厚指数增加,HE染色心肌排列紊乱,血液动力学指标明显异常,心肌细胞RhoA、Rho激酶表达显著升高(P<0.05);药物治疗12w后,与心力衰竭组对比,卡维地洛治疗组心肌肥厚指数降低,HE染色示心肌重塑不明显,血液动力学参数改善,RhoA、Rho激酶表达显著降低。结论卡维地洛可通过对心肌细胞α-Gq-RhoA/Rho激酶通路表达干预,明显缓解心力衰竭症状、改善心室重塑,卡维地洛这种α1肾上腺素受体阻断剂可能对心力衰竭更有利。     

miR-146a介导PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制肝星状细胞诱导的肝纤维化

目的探讨微小RNA(miR)-146a在转化生长因子-β1 (TGF-β1)诱导的肝星状细胞活化中的作用,并通过磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)/丝氨酸-苏氨酸蛋白激酶(Akt)通路观察其对肝纤维化的影响。方法采用四氯化碳(CC1_4)建立肝纤维化大鼠模型,检测大鼠血清透明质酸(HA)、层粘连蛋白(LN)、Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ)和Ⅰ型胶原(Ⅰ-C)水平,Masson染色观察肝组织病变,实时定量聚合酶链反应(Real-time PCR)检测肝组织miR-146a表达,蛋白免疫印迹实验(Westem blot)检测肝组织α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)、PI3K和磷酸化(P)-Akt蛋白表达。HSC (肝星状细胞)-T6细胞分为Normal组、TGF-β1组、TGF-β1+miR-NC组和TGF-β1+miR-M组。TGF-β1+miR-NC组和TGF-β1+miR-M组分别转染miR-146a mimics阴性对照物和miR-146a mimics,然后除Normal组外,其余各组采用TGF-β1诱导HSC-T6细胞。四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)法观察细胞增殖情况,Real-time PCR法检测miR-146a表达,Western blot法检测α-SMA、Ⅲ-C、Ⅰ-C、PI3K和p-Akt蛋白表达。结果与正常组比较,模型组大鼠肝组织胶原沉积明显增加,纤维增生显著;血清HA、LN、PCⅢ和Ⅳ-C水平显著升高;肝组织miR-146a表达明显降低;而PI3K和P-Akt蛋白表达明显增加。TGF-β1组和TGF-β1+miR-NC组HSC-T6细胞各指标差异均无统计学意义。与TGF-β1+miR-NC组比较,TGF-β1+miR-M组miR-14表达明显增加,细胞活性、α-SMA表达、Ⅲ-C和Ⅰ-C均明显降低,PI3K和P-Akt蛋白表达明显下调。结论 miR-146a能够抑制TGF-β1诱导的肝星状细胞活化,其抗肝纤维化机制可能与抑制PI3K/Akt信号通路有关。     

RhoA/ROCK-I信号通路与增生性瘢痕成纤维细胞结缔组织生长因子的表达

背景:前期实验表明增生性瘢痕中RhoA和ROCK-I基因表达较正常皮肤高,提示RhoA/ROCK-I信号通路可能参与了增生性瘢痕的发生,但其在病理性瘢痕中的作用尚不清楚。目的:研究RhoA/ROCK-I信号通路在增生性瘢痕成纤维细胞结缔组织生长因子(connective tissue growth factor,CTGF)表达调控中的作用。方法:分离培养人增生性瘢痕组织来源的成纤维细胞,应用转化生长因子β1及Rho激酶的特异抑制剂Y-27632对细胞进行干预实验。采用实时荧光定量PCR及免疫荧光细胞化学方法检测瘢痕成纤维细胞中RhoA,ROCK-I及CTGF mRNA与蛋白的表达。结果与结论:给予转化生长因子β1后,增生性瘢痕成纤维细胞中RhoA,ROCK-I及CTGF mRNA与蛋白表达明显增多(P0.01);而Y-27632能阻碍转化生长因子β1的作用;但单独给予Y-27632并不引起瘢痕成纤维细胞中RhoA,ROCK-I及CTGF的mRNA与蛋白表达改变。说明转化生长因子β1可通过RhoA/ROCK-I信号通路调控CTGF mRNA与蛋白的表达,即RhoA/ROCK-I信号通路参与了瘢痕成纤维细胞CTGF的表达调控,阻断RhoA下游通路是增生性瘢痕治疗靶点之一。     

SIRT1/AMPK通路在利拉鲁肽早期干预缓解高脂饮食导致的大鼠非酒精性脂肪性肝病中的作用

目的:探讨胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)受体激动剂利拉鲁肽(Lira)早期干预对高脂饮食(HFD)诱导的非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)大鼠的影响及沉默信息调节因子1(SIRT1)/AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)通路在其中的作用。方法:SPF级雄性SD大鼠随机分为普通饮食(ND)组、HFD组和HFD+Lira组,每组8只。适应性饲养1周后,按不同分组给药,HFD+Lira组大鼠每日固定时间皮下注射Lira(200μg/kg),其余2组注射等体积生理盐水。干预期间注意观察大鼠体重、毛发、食欲、大小便及活动情况,以便及时调整药量。每周记录体重、进食量和血糖,第16周行葡萄糖耐量实验;第18周末麻醉后行高胰岛素-正葡萄糖钳夹实验,该实验结束后颈动脉取血,处死后取肝脏及不同部位的脂肪组织。血清检测丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)等指标;HE染色法观察肝组织病理损伤变化;油红O染色法观察肝组织脂质蓄积程度;马松染色和天狼星红染色法观察肝脏纤维化程度;活性氧簇(ROS)染色观察肝脏氧化应激情况;免疫荧光染色观察肝脏GLP-1受体表达情况;免疫组织化学染色法观察SIRT1和第172位苏氨酸磷酸化的AMPK[p-AMPK(Thr172)]的表达及定位;Western blot法检测肝组织AMPK、p-AMPK(Thr172)、SIRT1、第372位丝氨酸磷酸化的固醇调节元件结合蛋白1c[p-SREBP-1c(Ser372)]、第79位磷酸化的乙酰辅酶A羧化酶[p-ACC(Ser79)]、肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶1A(CPT1A)和脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)的蛋白水平。结果:HE和油红O染色结果证实HFD组肝组织结构紊乱,脂质蓄积严重,马松和天狼星红染色显示纤维化程度严重,提示NAFLD大鼠模型建立成功。与ND组相比,HFD组血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、AST和ALT,以及肝组织丙二醛(MDA)、TC、TG和ROS水平均显著升高(P<0.01),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著降低(P<0.01),肝组织p-AMPK(Thr172)、SIRT1、p-SREBP-1c(Ser372)、p-ACC(Ser79)和CPT1A蛋白水平显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),FAS表达显著增加(P<0.01);与HFD组比较,HFD+Lira组大鼠肝组织脂质蓄积和纤维化程度明显减轻,血清TG、TC、AST和ALT,以及肝组织MDA、TC、TG和ROS水平均显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),SOD活性增强(P<0.05),肝组织p-AMPK(Thr172)、SIRT1、p-SREBP-1c(Ser372)、p-ACC(Ser79)和CPT1A蛋白水平显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),FAS表达显著减少(P<0.01)。结论:Lira能够减轻HFD诱导的NAFLD大鼠胰岛素抵抗、肝纤维化和氧化应激程度,并改善肝脏脂质代谢,其作用可能与SIRT1/AMPK通路有关。     

低氧预适应鼠脑内核糖体S6激酶磷酸化水平和蛋白表达量的变化

探讨核糖体S6激酶(ribosomal S6kinase,RSK)Ser221(PDK1磷酸化位点)和Thr359/Ser363(ERK1/2磷酸化位点)的磷酸化水平以及总RSK蛋白表达量在小鼠脑低氧预适应发生发展过程中的变化。将成年雄性BALB/c小鼠(18～22g)随机分为正常对照(H0)和重复性低氧1～4次(H1～H4)等5组(每组n=6)。应用蛋白凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)和蛋白印迹(Western blot)技术,定量检测整体低氧预适应小鼠海马和皮层组织内Ser221位点(p-Ser221 RSK)和Thr359/Ser363位点(p-Thr359/Ser363 RSK)的磷酸化水平以及总RSK蛋白表达量。结果表明,随着低氧暴露次数增加,小鼠海马和皮层组织内p-Ser221 RSK磷酸化的水平显著增高(P<0.05,n=6),伴随着p-Thr359/Ser363 RSK磷酸化的水平明显降低(P<0.05,n=6);而RSK总蛋白的表达量则无明显改变。结果提示,Ser221 RSK磷酸化水平增高和Thr359/Ser363 RSK磷酸化水平降低可能参与了小鼠脑低氧预适应的发生发展过程。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.