空气净化器对超声洁牙诊室空气颗粒物净化效果分析

为了解空气净化器对超声洁牙诊室内颗粒物的净化效果,探讨室内气温和相对湿度对净化器净化效果的影响,于2016年11—12月选择深圳市某超声洁牙诊室为研究对象,采用便携式气溶胶监测仪和粒子计数器监测诊室内颗粒物质量浓度和粒子数浓度,对比使用和未使用净化器两种情况下诊室内PM2.5质量浓度和粒径为0.3～0.5μm(PM0.3～0.5)、0.5～5.0μm(PM0.5～5.0)、≥5.0μm(PM≥5.0)的粒子数浓度,计算动态污染环境下的净化器净化效率,并同步监测室内气温和相对湿度,分析气温和相对湿度对净化器净化效率的影响。结果显示,净化器对诊室内PM2.5的净化效率为42.3%,并可缩小PM2.5浓度波动范围;开启净化器后,室内PM2.5浓度逐渐降低并趋于稳定;净化器关闭后,PM2.5浓度大幅升高。在未使用净化器时,PM0.3～0.5、PM0.5～5.0、PM≥5.0的粒子数浓度分别为5.3×107、18.7×106、34.1×103个/m3,净化器对其净化效率分别为17.4%,51.7%和51.7%。诊室内气温和相对湿度的变化可影响净化器对颗粒物的净化效率,净化器对不同粒径粒子净化效率最高时所对应的室内气温和相对湿度不同。提示超声洁牙诊室内颗粒物污染严重,引入空气净化器有助于降低室内颗粒物污染,室内气温和相对湿度需根据空气净化器净化效率进行调节,以达到最大净化效果。     

静电式空气净化器对PM2.5净化效果研究

为研究静电式空气净化器对PM2.5的净化效果,从阻力、臭氧和PM2.5净化效率三方面分别研究了风速、离子化电压和净化装置的不同组合对测试结果的影响.结果显示,当风速由1.5 m/s升高至3.0 m/s时,PM2.5净化效率下降,阻力有所增加;当电压由7.5 kV升高至9 kV时,PM2.5净化效率由75.0％提高至96.0％,但臭氧增加量从0.004 mg/m3升高到0.020 mg/m3;2台空气净化器串联模式、净化器与过滤器串联模式下,净化效果分别为95.2％和98.0％,后者阻力大而臭氧增加量低.提示静电式空气净化器及其与过滤器组合安装均可有效清除PM2.5,可根据需要选择安装模式.     

结合改性活性炭的负离子加催化技术在空气净化器中的应用

目的探讨结合改性活性炭的负离子加催化技术在室内空气净化器整机上的应用效果。方法以KOH改性活性炭吸附为主体,以负离子、O_3、MnO_2催化剂协同净化甲醛,辅以三级净化装置净化PM_(2.5),完成净化器样机的设计和定制,并进行了去除甲醛和PM_(2.5)的性能测试。结果该样机对甲醛和PM_(2.5)的清洁空气量(CADR)分别为46.1和407.9 m~3/h,去除率分别为78.5%(60 min)和98.3%(18 min),优于市场上销售的其他净化器。结论该组合技术有助于提高空气净化器净化能力。     

专家支招：“心知肚明”选购空气净化器

近几年,我国大部分地区持续遭遇”雾霾围城”．PM2．5这个专业名词受到了广大人民群众的空前关注。2013年10月17日,世界卫生组织将“空气污染”列为一类致癌物．并将其视为迄今为止”最广泛传播的致癌物”。已有充足证据表明,空气污染会导致肺癌、膀胱癌等．还会诱发呼吸系统疾病和心血管病。为了抵抗雾霾侵扰,维护自身和家人健康．空气净化器成了人们争相选购的热销品。在国外．空气净化器更是被当作”空调伴侣”来使用。     

旅客列车车厢空气净化器的研制

旅客列车车厢封闭后，给车厢空气带来了严重的污染。要治理这种严重超标的污染，必须研究空气净化技术和设计制造出能净化车厢空气的净化器。主要从三个方面加以论述：①车厢空气净化技术方案的制定，净化器主要技术参数的制定和净化器结构的设计；②净化器功能和性能的检测；③在几个车辆段实际应用的效果。从而可以证实该净化器是能够改善旅客环境，为保障乘务人员和旅客身心健康提供了有力的保证     

风速对无风量空气净化器净化效果的影响

测定了不同风速下空气净化灯净化颗粒物的衰减率和洁净空气量 ,得到风速对于无风量型空气净化器净化效果的影响规律并进行了分析 ,提出对《空气净化器》国家标准的修订建议     

买空气净化器，谨慎三问

空气净化器很红很火爆．但也很乱很迷人眼。论价格。从几百元到几万元的都有,“水分”多少,无从考证;论效果,类似“PM2．5去除率99％”的标签,随处可见;论可靠性．几乎每款产品都争先晒出“权威检测报告”。     

臭氧空气净化器对甲醛、苯净化效果的实验研究

目的：研究某型臭氧空气净化器的两种机型对模拟现场空气中甲醛，苯的净化效率，了解其净化效果。方法：采用模拟现场加入人工喷洒受试物质的方法，使用甲醛，苯试剂在试验室内分别按0.4mg/g^3进行喷洒，再经密闭0.5h自然挥发及平衡后，在开机0.5h,1h,2h以个体采样器分别使用酚试剂吸收液及活性炭管采样分析。结果：该臭氧型空气净化器在温度12．4℃－14．8℃，湿度36．3％－48．2％的范围内，小片型开机0.5h,1h,2h对模拟现场内苯的有效净化率分别为9．24％，44.42%，55．99％，对甲醛的有效净化率分别为3．19％，6．79％，10．41％。双片型开机0.5h,1h,2h对苯的有效净化率分别为58．81％，62．74％72．00％，对甲醛的有效净化率分别为6．57％，7．53％，11．20％，结论：该型空气净化器对室内空气中的有害气体苯，甲醛有一定的净化作用，由于甲醛，苯可吸附在房间墙面，故净化器必须持续开机才能保持对其净化作用。     

空气净化器全方位改善空气质量

近日,“2012年室内环境健康研讨会”在京举行。著名家电专家、中国电子商会副秘书长陆刃波指出,目前,针对室内空气的净化,主要分为过滤粉尘、消除有害气体、杀灭致病细菌三个方面。而在空气净化市场中,夏普空气消毒机成为当前能够在过滤粉尘、消除有害气体、杀灭致病细菌三方面全面实现的空气净化产品。另外,据权威机构检测证实,搭载夏普专利净离子群技术的空气消毒机和FU—A420S系列空气净化器持续使用半小时以上,PM2．5固态颗粒物去除率达到了99％。     

空气净化器对室内有害气体净化效果的研究

采用“清洁空气量”（ＣＡＤＲ）作为评价指标,对四种国产空气净化器去除有害气体的性能进行测试。结果表明,该四种空气净化器对ＳＯ２,ＮＯＸＣ,ＨＣＨＯ等有害气体均有一定的吸附效果。     

细颗粒物免疫毒性研究进展

大气中细颗粒物的暴露是多种健康问题的危险因素 ,而免疫系统是细颗粒物毒性作用的靶器官之一 ,细颗粒物对非特异性免疫系统和特异性免疫系统均有一定影响。免疫系统作用有两面性 ,既对颗粒物具有一定的清除能力 ,同时也是机体受损的重要原因。免疫毒性与颗粒物产生的其他生物效应有密切关系。免疫毒性的作用机制可能通过氧化、炎症刺激和神经性炎症反应等有关 ,但具体致病机制仍不清楚 ,有必要从整体上研究颗粒物的毒性及其作用机制。本文从不同角度和不同水平对细颗粒物的免疫毒性进行综述。     

Ambient particulate air pollution and cardiac arrhythmia in a panel of older adults in Steubenville, Ohio

Objectives

Ambient particulate air pollution has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Pathways by which particles may act involve autonomic nervous system dysfunction or inflammation, which can affect cardiac rate and rhythm. The importance of these pathways may vary by particle component or source. In an eastern US location with significant regional pollution, the authors examined the association of air pollution and odds of cardiac arrhythmia in older adults.

Methods

Thirty two non‐smoking older adults were evaluated on a weekly basis for 24 weeks during the summer and autumn of 2000 with a standardised 30 minute protocol that included continuous electrocardiogram measurements. A central ambient monitoring station provided daily concentrations of fine particles (PM_2.5, sulfate, elemental carbon) and gases. Sulfate was used as a marker of regional pollution. The authors used logistic mixed effects regression to examine the odds of having any supraventricular ectopy (SVE) or ventricular ectopy (VE) in association with increases in air pollution for moving average pollutant concentrations up to 10 days before the health assessment.

Results

Participant specific mean counts of arrhythmia over the protocol varied between 0.1–363 for SVE and 0–350 for VE. The authors observed odds ratios for having SVE over the length of the protocol of 1.42 (95% CI 0.99 to 2.04), 1.70 (95% CI 1.12 to 2.57), and 1.78 (95% CI 0.95 to 3.35) for 10.0 μg/m³, 4.2 μg/m³, and 14.9 ppb increases in five day moving average PM_2.5, sulfate, and ozone concentrations respectively. The other pollutants, including elemental carbon, showed no effect on arrhythmia. Participants reporting cardiovascular conditions (for example, previous myocardial infarction or hypertension) were the most susceptible to pollution induced SVE. The authors found no association of pollution with VE.

Conclusion

Increased levels of ambient sulfate and ozone may increase the risk of supraventricular arrhythmia in the elderly.     

Influences of study design and location on the relationship between particulate matter air pollution and birthweight

A large number of studies have identified a relationship between particulate matter air pollution and birthweight. Although reported associations are small and varied, they have been identified in studies from places around the world. Exposure assignment, covariates and study inclusion criteria vary among studies. To examine the effect of these and other study characteristics on associations between particulate matter and birthweight, US birth records for singletons delivered at 40 weeks gestation in 2001-03 during the months of March, June, September and December were linked to quarterly estimates of pollution exposure, both particulate matter exposure and exposure to multiple pollutants, by county of residence and month of birth. Annual, 9-month and trimester-specific exposures were assigned. Among births linked to particulate matter exposure there was a small association between coarse particle exposure and birthweight (beta -13 g per 10 microg/m(3) increase [95% CI -18.3 g, -7.6 g]) after controlling for maternal factors; this association was attenuated slightly and remained statistically significant after further adjustment for contextual factors, year of birth, region, or urban-rural status. The associations were slightly weaker among births linked to multiple pollutant exposure than among births linked to just particulate matter exposure. The association varied markedly by region, ranging from a decrement of 43 g per 10 microg/m(3)[95% CI -58.6 g, -27.6 g] in the north-west to a null association in the south-west. Trimester findings were smaller, yet remained significant and varied regionally. The association between fine particle exposure and birthweight varied considerably, with an overall small positive association that became null after control for region. This study found that wide regional differences in association may contribute to the varied published findings. The association between coarse particle exposure and birthweight appeared robust, if small; fine particles had no overall association with birthweight.     

常州市大气细颗粒物对老年人死亡影响的时间序列研究

目的 分析常州市大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)暴露对老年人死亡的影响。方法 收集常州市2015年1月1日至2017年12月31日的居民全死因个案资料和同期常州市大气污染物浓度及气象监测资料,采用广义线性模型(GLM)在控制长期趋势、星期几效应及气象因素等混杂因素的基础上,分析PM2.5对老年人(≥65岁)死亡的影响。结果 2015-2017年常州市大气PM2.5浓度均值为50.0μg/m³,超标天数共178天,老年人每日非意外总死亡54.6例,其中呼吸系统疾病日死亡7.7例,循环系统疾病日死亡22.1例。在单污染物模型中,大气PM2.5浓度(lag04)每增加10μg/m³时,老年人日非意外总死亡、呼吸系统疾病和循环系统疾病日死亡数分别增加0.92%(95%CI:0.29%～1.56%)、1.66%(95%CI:0.10%～3.31%)和1.22%(95%CI:0.24%～2.22%)。多污染物模型中,单独调整SO2、NO2或同时调整SO2和NO2后,PM2.5对老年人非意外总死亡、呼吸系统疾病和循环系统疾病死亡的影响效应消失(P>0.05)。结论 常州市大气PM2.5污染对老年人死亡影响有一定的时间滞后性,显著增加老年人日非意外总死亡、呼吸系统疾病和循环系统疾病死亡数。     

大气颗粒物与上海浦东新区流感确诊病例相关性的时间序列研究

目的 了解大气颗粒物与上海市浦东新区流感确诊病例的相关性,为制定相关控制措施提供依据.方法 收集上海市浦东新区2014年1月1日至2018年12年31日气象因素(平均气温、相对湿度、大气压)、大气污染物(PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、CO、O3)及不同年龄和性别流感确诊病例数等资料,拟合Poisson分布广义相...     

住宅室内空气颗粒物污染状况及其与大气浓度关系的初探

目的了解当前住宅室内空气PM2.5和PM10的污染水平及其与室外大气浓度的关系。方法选择10户市区常住家庭,采用单孔多段冲击式颗粒物采样仪进行室内外空气PM2.5、PM10浓度的同时监测。结果非采暖期室内空气PM2.5和PM10的浓度范围分别为27.0～272.9μgm3和42.9～309.6μgm3;采暖期分别为20.7～251.4μgm3和34.0～283.9μgm3。PM2.5与PM10浓度之间呈良好的直线相关关系。室内外颗粒物浓度的相关关系在非采暖期和采暖期有所不同。结论住宅室内空气颗粒物污染比较严重,今后应进一步研究室内颗粒物的污染规律,探讨颗粒物对人群健康的影响。     

沙尘与非沙尘PM_(2.5)对人肺成纤维细胞存活率及细胞间通讯的影响

目的探讨沙尘与非沙尘PM2.5对人肺成纤维细胞存活率及细胞间通讯的影响。方法使用沙尘与非沙尘PM2.5的全颗粒、无机提取物和有机提取物,按它们在PM2.5中的质量比例,确定各自的染毒浓度。受试物处理细胞24小时后,采用MTT法测定细胞的存活率,并用划痕染料标记示踪法测定细胞缝隙连接通讯(GJIC)水平。结果在按上述确定的染毒浓度范围,沙尘和非沙尘全颗粒、沙尘无机提取物表现出明显的细胞毒性,有剂量-反应关系,且沙尘全颗粒的毒性最大。细胞划痕实验结果显示,沙尘和非沙尘PM2.5的全颗粒及其提取物均可抑制细胞间荧光扩散,抑制作用随剂量增高而增强,且有机提取物的抑制作用最强,其次是全颗粒,再次为无机提取物。结论颗粒物的来源和成分是影响其毒性的重要因素;沙尘与非沙尘PM2.5都能抑制细胞间通讯,GJIC可能为颗粒物的毒性机制之一。     

Genotoxicity of urban air particulate matter: Correlations between mutagenicity data,airborne micropollutants,and meteorological parameters

The mutagenicity of airborne particulate matter was monitored at a site representative of the high traffic density of the city of Rome. Inhalable (less than 10 μm) particles were collected every other day with a high‐volume sampler from November 1990 to April 1991. Mutagenicity of particle extracts was evaluated by the microsuspension procedure with Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98. Mutagenic activities of particle extracts displayed a fourfold variation during the period of sampling, with the lowest values in April (about 600 induced revertants mg^‐1), and the highest in February (about 2500 revertants mg^‐1). Multivariate statistical analyses on the interrelationships between mutagenicity, micropollutants levels and meteorological parameters highlighted a close inverse relationship between air mutagenicity and ambient temperature. Lower temperatures determined both an increased content of organic matter on air particles, and an increased mutagenicity (on a weight basis) of particle extracts, which was associated with a relative enrichment of the more volatile PAHs.     

上海市宝山区空气中PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)污染状况分析

[目的]了解上海市宝山区空气中颗粒物PM10和PM2.5的污染水平,为PM2.5污染防治提供参考。[方法]2007年选择钢研所和罗泾监测点分别作为污染区和对照区,采用称重法进行PM10、PM2.5浓度测定。[结果]宝山区空气中PM10、PM2.5年平均浓度分别0.102mg/m3和0.054 mg/m3;冬春季节浓度高于夏秋季;钢研所监测点浓度高于罗泾监测点浓度;PM2.5占PM10的比值为0.55。[结论]上海宝山区空气中颗粒物污染较严重,存在明显季节变化和地区差异。PM2.5在PM10的比例已超半,应重视细颗粒物的空气污染和健康危害。     

珠海市空气污染对人群死亡的影响

目的 研究珠海市空气污染对居民死亡的短期影响。 方法 从中国空气质量在线监测分析平台获得2014-2017年每日空气污染物颗粒物质(particular mater,PM)、二氧化硫(sulfur dioxide,SO₂)、一氧化碳(carbon monoxide,CO)、二氧化氮(nitrogen dioxide,NO₂)、臭氧(ozone,O₃)等数据。结合人群死亡监测数据,采用泊松回归分析方法分析空气污染物对人群死亡的影响。 结果 2014-2017年空气中PM_2.5、NO₂污染物对人群非意外总死亡、呼吸系统疾病死亡和心血管系统疾病死亡发现显著的关联。随着PM_2.5每升高10 μg/m³,人群非意外总死亡人数在滞后0~3 d均上升3.89%(95%CI:1.40~6.44%);呼吸系统疾病死亡人数在当天、滞后2~3 d分别上升9.84%(95%CI:2.24~18.0%)、12.6%(95%CI:4.81~21.1%)、12.7%(95%CI:4.91~21.1%);心血管系统疾病死亡人数在滞后2~3 d分别上升5.00%(95%CI:1.26~8.88%)、4.44%(95%CI:0.72~8.29%)。随着NO₂每升高10 μg/m³,人群非意外总死亡人数在滞后0~3 d均上升1.73%(95%CI:0.26~3.22%);心血管系统疾病死亡人数在滞后0~1 d分别上升2.98%(95%CI:0.75~5.26%)、2.68%(95%CI:0.45~4.96%)。 结论 2014-2017年监测数据发现PM_2.5对人群非意外总死亡、心血管系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病死亡有显著影响。NO₂对人群非意外总死亡、心血管系统疾病死亡有显著影响。