双侧颊粘膜肌瓣腭裂修复术

目的探索腭裂修复减轻对上颌骨生长发育的影响，又能达到腭咽闭合。方法应用双侧颊粘膜肌瓣对腭裂进行修复手术。结果应用该手术方法修复１６例腭裂患者，效果满意。结论该方法有以下优点：①手术不剥离硬腭区粘骨膜，对上颌骨的损伤很小，减轻了上颌骨的发育障碍；②采用两块带蒂颊粘膜肌瓣重建了腭帆提肌功能，促使异位的提肌悬吊再形成；③血运良好的颊粘膜肌瓣插入于软硬腭交界处，能使软腭充分后退，实现腭咽闭合，而且可有效地防止瘘孔的发生     

双侧带蒂颊粘膜肌瓣修补过宽腭裂

目的:探索修复过宽腭裂的手术方法,以达到良好的腭咽闭合效果。方法:应用双侧颊粘膜肌瓣对过宽腭裂进行修复手术。 结果:应用该手术方法修复 12 例过宽腭裂患者,效果满意。 结论:该方法有以下优点:①手术不剥离硬腭区粘骨膜,对上颌骨的损伤很小;②采用两块带蒂颊粘膜肌瓣重建了腭帆提肌功能,促使异位的提肌悬吊再形成;③血运良好的颊粘膜肌瓣插入于软硬腭交界处,能使软腭充分后退,实现腭咽闭合,而且可有效地防止瘘孔的发生。     

双侧颊粘膜肌瓣腭裂修复术

探索腭裂修复减轻对上颌腭骨生长发育的影响，又能达到腭咽闭合。方法应用双侧粘膜肌瓣对腭裂进行修复术手术。结果，应用该手术方法修复１６腭裂患者，效果满意。     

后推,减张,缩咽综合手术修复腭裂

对修复腭裂畸形１９９２年１月以来，应用硬腭粘膜瓣后推，软腭鼻腔粘膜Ｚ成形术，腭帆提肌吊带重建，颊肌粘膜瓣移转修复硬腭裂隙及腭部创面，选择性地施行１神经的拇短伸肌游离移植行腭咽环扎等综合手术，修复２０例腭裂及腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全患者，效果满意。     

后推、减张、缩咽综合手术修复腭裂

为修复腭裂畸形1992年1月以来,应用硬腭粘膜瓣后推,软腭鼻腔粘膜 Z 成形术,腭帆提肌吊带重建,颊肌粘膜瓣移转修复硬腭裂隙及腭部创面,选择性地施行去神经的(足母)短伸肌游离移植行腭咽环扎等综合手术,修复20例腭裂及腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全患者,效果满意。     

后推、减张、缩咽综合手术修复腭裂

为修复腭裂畸形１９９２年１月以来，应用硬腭粘膜瓣后推，软腭鼻腔粘膜Ｚ成形术，腭帆提肌吊带重建，颊肌粘膜瓣移转修复硬腭裂隙及腭部创面，选择性地施行去神经的　短伸肌游离移植行腭咽环扎等综合手术，修复２０例腭裂及腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全患者，效果满意。     

腭后推上提和颊肌黏膜瓣修复10岁以上患者过宽腭裂

目的 探索修复10岁以上患者过宽腭裂畸形的手术方法.方法 通过腭后推、上提、腭大孔凿开、腭骨水平板凿断、双侧软腭后推、宋儒耀软腭上提术,结合一侧带蒂颊肌黏膜瓣转移修复过宽腭裂畸形.结果 2002年以来,运用该方法治疗13例10～25岁的腭裂患者,术后颊肌黏膜瓣完全成活,双侧软腭与咽后壁上提的组织瓣愈合良好,软、硬腭同时得到延长,腭咽闭合不全获得充分矫正,语音有明显改善,无腭瘘发生.结论 该方法具有无张力关闭过宽裂隙,软腭延长效果显著、持久,腭咽闭合效果良好,语音改善较明显的优点,尤其适合修复10岁以上患者过宽腭裂畸形.     

应用烦肌粘膜瓣转移延长软腭

目的:探讨颊肌粘膜瓣的解剖及应用其延长软腭,同时改善腭咽闭合不全.方法:在软硬腭交界处切开腭粘膜肌层,腭肌下分离,形成以舌腭弓为蒂的口腔侧腭粘膜肌瓣.由软腭正中纵形切开鼻腔侧粘膜,形成边长为1.0～1.5cm的对偶三角瓣,交叉缝合.口腔侧腭粘膜肌瓣后推位与鼻腔侧粘膜瓣缝合固定,软硬腭交界处形成一个横形创面,应用一侧颊肌粘膜瓣转移覆盖以延长软腭,供瓣区直接缝合.结果:本组16例患者,软腭平均延长1.0～1.5cm,腭咽闭合不全基本矫正.颊肌粘膜瓣无一例出现血运障碍.结论:应用鼻腔粘膜的"Z"字成形及口腔侧的腭粘膜肌瓣后推,颊肌粘膜瓣转移,能有效地延长短缩的软腭,明显改善腭咽闭合不全,使腭裂音质的改善有了解剖学基础.     

应用颊肌粘膜瓣转移延长软腭

目的：探讨颊肌粘膜瓣的解剖及应用其延长软腭,同时改善腭咽闭合不全。方法：在软硬腭交界处切开腭粘膜肌层,腭肌下分离,形成以舌腭弓为蒂的口腔侧腭粘膜肌瓣。由软腭正中纵形切开鼻腔侧粘膜,形成边长为1．0—1.5cm的对偶三角瓣,交叉缝合。口腔侧腭粘膜肌瓣后推位与鼻腔侧粘膜瓣缝合固定,软硬腭交界处形成一个横形创面,应用一侧颊肌粘膜瓣转移覆盖以延长软腭,供瓣区直接缝合。结果：本组16例患者,软腭平均延长1．0～1．5cm,腭咽闭合不全基本矫正。颊肌粘膜瓣无一例出现血运障碍。结论：应用鼻腔粘膜的“Z”字成形及口腔侧的腭粘膜肌瓣后推,颊肌粘膜瓣转移,能有效地延长短缩的软腭,明显改善腭咽闭合不全,使腭裂音质的改善有了解剖学基础。     

应用单侧岛状颊肌黏膜瓣和双反向双Z成形术修复宽大腭裂

目的应用单侧岛状颊肌黏膜瓣加双反向双Z成形术修复较宽大的腭裂,延长软腭,不做牙槽弓内侧松弛切口,腭部无骨性创面裸露和瘢痕形成,以减少或避免对上颌骨和牙槽弓生长发育的影响。方法应用改良的双反向双Z成形术延长软腭,裂缘蒂的口腔侧黏骨膜瓣翻转关闭鼻腔侧的裂隙,一侧岛状颊肌黏膜瓣修复腭部口腔侧创面,牙槽弓内侧不做松弛切口。结果应用该法共治疗36例,2例出现了腭瘘,其余伤口愈合良好,软腭延长显著,无组织瓣坏死、伤口感染、张口困难、面神经损伤等并发症发生。随访8例患者,均获得完善的腭咽闭合功能。结论一侧岛状颊肌黏膜瓣与双反向双Z成形术联合应用修复较宽大的腭裂,既延长了软腭,又避免了腭部骨性创面裸露、瘢痕形成而影响上颌骨和牙槽弓生长发育,是一项安全可靠的手术。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.