蛋白激酶C在鼻息肉组织嗜酸性粒细胞浸润增多中的调控作用

目的 :探讨蛋白激酶C(PKC)何种亚型对鼻息肉组织中嗜酸性粒细胞 (EOS)浸润增多具有调控作用。方法 :采用原位杂交法和免疫组织化学MGG染色 ,观察 2 6例鼻息肉组织中PKC几种亚型PKCα、PKCβ1、PKCβ2 、PKCγ的表达 ,分析何种亚型在鼻息肉EOS增多中起调控作用。 结果 :2 6例鼻息肉组织EOS中均有PKC表达 ,且与Bcl 2mRNA及其蛋白成正相关 (r1=0 .0 87 5 ,r2 =0 .0 82 3,P <0 .0 1) ,其中PKCα为强表达 ,而PKCβ1、PKCβ2 为弱表达 ,PKCγ则不表达。结论 :EOS增多主要是由于激活了PKC这一信号传导途径 ,使EOS凋亡受到抑制、生存延长 ,致使其数量增多 ,且主要是PKC亚型中的PKCα在鼻息肉组织EOS增多中起调控作用     

Bcl-x_l和Bcl-2在鼻息肉组织嗜酸粒细胞中的表达

目的　探讨B细胞淋巴瘤 白血病 2 (B celllymphoma leukemia 2 ,Bcl 2 )基因及B细胞淋巴瘤 白血病 x基因长片段 (B celllymphoma leukemia xlong ,Bcl xl)在鼻息肉组织嗜酸性粒细胞中的蛋白表达及鼻腔应用二丙酸倍氯米松 (biclomethasonedipropionate,Bdp)对其表达的影响。方法　采用May Gr櫣ｎｗａｌｄ Giemsa(MGG)染色和免疫组织化学染色 ,观察比较经Bdp治疗 10～ 12周鼻息肉组织 (2 5例 )和未治疗鼻息肉组织 (2 7例 )中嗜酸粒细胞的浸润状态和对Bcl xl,Bcl 2蛋白的表达。结果　①治疗组鼻息肉组织中嗜酸粒细胞的浸润程度弱于未治组 ,两者间差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1) ;② 5 2例鼻息肉组织均无Bcl 2蛋白的表达 ;③治疗组Bcl xl 表达率为 2 0 .0 % ,未治组表达率为 48.1% ,2组的表达率差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　Bcl xl 可能在鼻息肉组织嗜酸粒细胞凋亡中发挥抗凋亡作用 ,糖皮质激素可能通过抑制Bcl xl的表达而发挥其凋亡诱导作用     

细胞凋亡相关蛋白Fas、FasL和Bcl-2表达活性与鼻息肉上皮细胞增殖和凋亡活性平衡机制的相关性行

目的 探讨细胞凋亡相关蛋白Fas、FasL和Bcl-2表达活性与鼻息肉上皮细胞增殖和凋亡活性平衡机制的相关性.方法 鼻息肉组织标本29例,下鼻甲黏膜标本11例,免疫组化法检测上皮细胞Fas、FasL、Bcl-2和PCNA蛋白的表达活性,TUNEL过氧化酶原位标记法检测上皮原位细胞凋亡括性.结果 在鼻息肉组,PCNA阳性细胞指数(PIPCNA)大于自身的细胞凋亡指数(AI,P<0.01),而且PIPCNA和AI绝对值均大于下鼻甲组(P<0.01),但PIPCNA/AI比值(1.95±0.66)却小于下鼻甲组(P<0.01);FasL和Bcl-2阳性细胞指数(PIFasLL、PIBcl-2均大干自身的Fas阳性细胞指数(PIFasP<0.05),但该三指数均大干下鼻甲组(P<0.01);PIBcl-2/PIFas比值大于下鼻甲组(P<0.01),但组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 鼻息肉上皮细胞的增殖活性和凋亡活性均增强,但前者仍然大干后者;Bcl-2介导的细胞凋亡抑制机制和FasL介导的细胞免疫逃逸机制可能对鼻息肉上皮细胞凋亡活性产生部分抑制作用.     

喉鳞癌蛋白激酶C与Bcl-2基因表达的相关性

目的 探讨蛋白激酶C(protein kinase C,PKC)及Bcl-2基因在喉鳞癌组织表达及细胞凋亡中的意义。方法 采用免疫组化SP法检测28例喉癌手术切除的组织标本中PKC 、Bcl - 2 基因的表达情况,25例声带息肉作为对照。结果 喉鳞癌组织中Bcl - 2基因的阳性细胞表达率显著高于对照组(P < 0.01), PKC蛋白的阳性细胞表达率显著高于对照组(P < 0.01), 且PKC与Bcl - 2基因的表达呈明显正相关(r = 0.0875)。结论 喉癌组织细胞中PKC表达增多与凋亡抑制密切相关,推测喉癌组织细胞凋亡抑制可能是通过PKC这一信号转导途径实现的。     

Tenascin在鼻息肉组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的：探讨Tenascin(TN)在鼻息肉组织中的表达和分布特征及其在鼻息肉发生中的可能作用。方法：采用免疫组化链霉菌抗生物素蛋白—过氧化物酶(SP)法检测24例鼻息肉标本(鼻息肉组)和15例慢性肥厚性鼻炎下鼻甲标本(下鼻甲组)中TN的表达，并以5例健康者(对照组)下鼻甲黏膜作对照。结果：鼻息肉组和下鼻甲组黏膜上皮细胞及腺上皮细胞均表达TN；鼻息肉组TN的黏膜上皮阳性细胞表达的吸光度值显著高于下鼻甲组(P＜0．01)；鼻息肉组TN的腺上皮阳性细胞表达的吸光度值显著高于下鼻甲组(P＜0．01)；对照组下鼻甲组织中黏膜上皮及腺体几乎检测不到TN的表达；鼻息肉组腺体TN阳性率明显高于下鼻甲组(P＜0．05)。结论：TN在鼻息肉组织中的高表达与鼻息肉的发生、发展相关；TN在鼻腔内的表达细胞是黏膜上皮细胞和浆液性腺上皮细胞。     

鼻息肉中IL-15mRNA的表达及其作用

目的 观察IL-15mRNA在鼻息肉与下鼻甲中表达的差异及其与Bcl-2、Bcl-XL表达的关系,明确鼻息肉中IL-15的来源,探讨其在鼻息肉发病机制中的作用。方法 用原位杂交的方法测定24例鼻息肉与8例下鼻甲的IL-15mRNA的表达情况,同时用免疫组化法检测其组织中Bcl-2及Bcl-XL的表达情况。结果 鼻息肉组中IL-15mRNA在黏膜下固有层浸润的以EOS为主的炎症细胞有很强的表达,与下鼻甲组IL-15mRNA的表达差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。IL-15mRNA在多数鼻息肉中的黏膜下腺体上皮细胞有表达,且强于在下鼻甲组的表达。黏膜下固有层炎症细胞IL-15mRNA的表达与Bcl-XL的表达有相关性(r＝0.592)。结论 IL-15通过旁分泌或自分泌的方式作用于位于黏膜下固有层中以嗜酸性粒细胞为主的炎症细胞,并通过Bcl-XL途径诱导的凋亡抑制在鼻息肉的发病中可能起重要作用。IL-15在鼻息肉中黏膜下腺体的表达强于在下鼻甲中的表达,可能参与了鼻息肉形成过程中黏膜下腺体分泌功能紊乱的病理过程。     

鼻息肉组织嗜酸粒细胞中水通道蛋白-1和抗凋亡基因Bcl-2 mRNA的表达及意义

目的 明确水通道蛋白-1(aquaporin-1,AQP-1)mRNA、抗凋亡基因Bcl-2 mRNA在鼻息肉组织中的表达、分布及其相关性,探讨AQP-1 mRNA在鼻息肉组织嗜酸粒细胞中表达的意义。方法 16例鼻息肉组织标本来源于鼻息肉切除的患者(女11例,男5例,年龄20-65岁);10例下鼻甲黏膜组织来源于有变应性鼻炎病史的鼻整形患者(女7例,男3例,平均年龄16-58岁)。上述标本取组织相邻切片,应用原位杂交方法检测AQP-1 mRNA和Bcl-2 mRNA的表达;以麦格-姬姆萨(May-Griunwald-Giemsa,MGG)染色法鉴别嗜酸粒细胞。结果 16例鼻息肉组织嗜酸粒细胞中均有AQP-1 mRNA和Bcl-2 mRNA表达,其阳性细胞表达率分别为(93.16±13.25)％;(84.74±12.10)％;而10例下鼻甲组织嗜酸粒细胞中均有Bcl-2 mRNA表达,但仅有4例表达AQP-1 mRNA;AQP-1mRNA和Bcl-2 mRNA在下鼻甲组织嗜酸粒细胞中阳性细胞表达率分别为(19.54±4.98)％和(16.45±3.12)％。AQP-1 mRNA与Bcl-2 mRNA在鼻息肉组织嗜酸粒细胞的表达呈明显正相关(r=0.875,P<0.01)。结论 AQP-1能够平衡鼻息肉组织嗜酸粒细胞内外液体渗透压,维持其存活,在嗜酸粒细胞抗凋亡中具有重要的意义。     

变应性鼻炎大鼠鼻黏膜Bcl-2 mRNA及其蛋白的表达

目的 :探讨变应性鼻炎 (AR)大鼠鼻黏膜凋亡相关基因Bcl 2mRNA及其蛋白的表达 ,以进一步了解变应性鼻炎的发病机制。方法 :将 2 0只大鼠随机分为实验组和对照组 ,每组 10只。实验组以卵清蛋白腹腔注射致敏 ,继之鼻局部激发建立变应性鼻炎动物模型。取实验组与对照组动物鼻呼吸区黏膜 ,行Bcl 2mRNA原位杂交染色、Bcl 2与Bax蛋白免疫组化染色 ,并行苏木精 伊红染色以资对比。结果 :实验组Bcl 2mRNA与Bcl 2蛋白主要表达于鼻黏膜腺体细胞 ,其次是上皮层 ,鼻分泌物中可见大量呈强阳性反应的嗜酸性粒细胞 ,Bcl 2mRNA与Bcl 2蛋白表达水平显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,Bax蛋白与Bcl 2蛋白表达部位一致 ,两组表达水平差异无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :变应性鼻炎大鼠鼻黏膜凋亡调控基因Bcl 2mRNA及其蛋白表达上调 ,是变应性鼻炎鼻分泌物增多及鼻黏膜上皮破坏的机制之一     

细胞凋亡相关蛋白Fas、FasL和Bcl-2表达活性与鼻息肉上皮细胞增殖和凋亡活性平衡机制的相关性

目的探讨细胞凋亡相关蛋白Fas、FasL和Bcl-2表达活性与鼻息肉上皮细胞增殖和凋亡活性平衡机制的相关性。方法鼻息肉组织标本29例,下鼻甲黏膜标本11例,免疫组化法检测上皮细胞Fas、FasL、Bcl-2和PCNA蛋白的表达活性,TUNEL过氧化酶原位标记法检测上皮原位细胞凋亡活性。结果在鼻息肉组,PCNA阳性细胞指数（PIPCNA）大于自身的细胞凋亡指数（AI,P〈0.01）,而且PIPCNA和AI绝对值均大于下鼻甲组（P〈0.01）,但PIPCNA/AI比值（1.95±0.66）却小于下鼻甲组（P〈0.01）;FasL和Bcl-2阳性细胞指数（PIFasL、PIBcl-2）均大于自身的Fas阳性细胞指数（PIFas,P〈0.05）,但该三指数均大于下鼻甲组（P〈0.01）;PIBcl-2/PIFas比值大于下鼻甲组（P〈0.01）,但组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论鼻息肉上皮细胞的增殖活性和凋亡活性均增强,但前者仍然大于后者;Bcl-2介导的细胞凋亡抑制机制和FasL介导的细胞免疫逃逸机制可能对鼻息肉上皮细胞凋亡活性产生部分抑制作用。     

局部应用糖皮质激素对鼻息肉组织中蛋白激酶C和Bcl-2及Bax蛋白表达的影响

目的:探讨局部应用糖皮质激素对鼻息肉组织中蛋白激酶C(PKC)、抑制凋亡基因Bcl-2和促进凋亡基因Bax蛋白表达的影响及意义.方法:应用免疫组织化学方法检测PKC、Bcl-2和Bax蛋白在16例鼻息肉患者(鼻息肉组)中的表达,并在鼻腔局部应用糖皮质激素治疗4周后观察其表达的变化;以同期手术的6例鼻中隔偏曲患者的下鼻甲黏膜组织作对照组.结果:糖皮质激素治疗前,鼻息肉组中PKC主要表达在嗜酸粒细胞(Eos)、血管内皮细胞及腺体细胞, Bcl-2及Bax蛋白主要表达于鼻黏膜腺体细胞、上皮层及Eos;与对照组相比,PKC、Bcl-2表达有明显差异(P<0.01),鼻息肉组PKC、Bcl-2在使用激素后,表达明显减低;Bax蛋白在使用激素后,表达明显增加.结论:鼻息肉组中PKC及细胞凋亡相关基因表达异常可能与鼻息肉的发生、发展有一定关系,糖皮质激素可能通过抑制鼻息肉组织中PKC的表达,调节相关凋亡基因的表达,减少Eos的浸润,达到治疗鼻息肉的效果.     

Trends in blunt laryngotracheal trauma in children

Objective

To examine the presentation, mechanisms, and management of blunt laryngotracheal trauma in a pediatric population, emphasizing the rise in severity.

Design

Retrospective analysis of laryngotracheal trauma evaluated from 1995 to 2008. The presentation, mechanism, management and outcomes data are detailed.

Setting

Tertiary medical center.

Patients

Thirty-five patients were identified with major laryngotracheal trauma.

Main outcome measures

Surgical results, airway patency, voicing, swallowing and other residual disabilities are tabulated.

Results

Average age was 10.8 years, with boys outnumbering girls 22-13. In cases of major trauma, mechanisms were related to motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) in seven patients. Five of 11 major trauma victims were unconscious at presentation. Definitive airway reconstruction involved laryngotracheoplasty and tracheal resection/reanastomosis. Ten of 11 remain decannulated.

Conclusions

In an increasingly mobile society, major laryngotracheal trauma is occurring in a younger population. Victims of major laryngotracheal trauma may be unconscious or have other injuries that obscure airway injury, highlighting the need for vigilance. Once the airway is secured and the patient stabilized, airway reconstruction is undertaken, achieving decannulation in most patients. Hoarseness is often a lasting morbidity.     

HLA associations in otosclerosis in Japanese patients

Otosclerosis is a disease of the otic capsule that is caused by abnormal resorption and redeposition of bony tissue. Sixty-two unrelated Japanese patients exhibiting clinical otosclerosis were typed for HLA-A, -B,-C antigens. Twenty-one of the patients were also typed for DR antigens. The frequency of HLA-Aw33 was significantly higher in otosclerosis patients than in the control group (24.2% vs 9.5%). This finding suggests that the presence of HLA-Aw33 antigens may be related to an increased susceptibility to otosclerosis or to its clinical outcome.     

Changes in immunologic response in tonsillectomized children. I Immunosuppression in recurrent tonsillitis

The possible immunoregulatory role of the tonsils was studied by determining immunoglobulins IgG, A, M, E and factors C'3, C'4 and PFB of the complement system before and after tonsillectomy. The synthesis in vitro of IgG and IgM by lymphocytes stimulated with pokeweed mitogen was also measured. There were statistically significant differences between pre and post-operative levels of serum IgG, IgA and IgM, which decreased after surgery. Practically no change in the mean values of IgE and no significant differences in the levels of serum C'3, C'4, and PFB, were found. The in-vitro synthesis of both immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM) by lymphocytes increased significantly after tonsillectomy. Our results suggest that not only does tonsillectomy have no counterproductive effect on the immune system, but that, on the contrary, it seems to improve the immune response, since it appears to unblock the suppression to which the immune system was subject.     

Immunotype findings in macrophages in aural cholesteatomas

Summary Since a heavy cellular infiltrate is seen in the stroma of most aural cholesteatomas, we attempted to characterize this cell population in more detail using monocyte/macrophage-specific monoclonal antibodies. KiM1+ (specific for CD 11c antigen, the 150kDa -chain of a leukocyte integrin), and KiM6+ phagocytes were present in two- or fourfold higher numbers in the stroma of the six excised cholesteatomas than in the control tissues. Since the stroma of the cholesteatoma is devoid of microvessles, the typical perivascular localization of dermal macrophages was not seen in the cholesteatomas studied. The density of the macrophages in the normal ear skin was much higher in the upper dermis than in the lower dermis. In the cholesteatomatous specimens, the phagocytes were evenly scattered within the connective tissue and the cellular infiltrate. In contrast to diseased skin, no Mac 387+ macrophages were detected in the cholesteatomas. A great number of phagocytic cells closely resembling dermal macrophages was found in the stroma of the cholesteatomas and probably contributes to an active autoimmune process. Offprint requests to: B. Negri